Trade Perspective Research Articles

Computational analysis of the Logistics Supply Chain from a global trade perspective

Global trade is based on coordinated factors, that means labor and products are moved from their point of origin to the point of use. Strategies have a significant impact on global trade because they enable the effective development of goods across international borders. The decision making is an important task for the development of Logistics Supply Chain (LSC) infrastructure and process. Decisions on supplier selection, production schedule, transportation routes, inventory levels, pricing strategies, and other issues need to be made. These decisions may have a big influence on customer service, profitability, operational efficiency, and overall competitiveness. The Artificial Intelligence (AI) approach of Fuzzy Preference Ranking Organization Method for Enrichment Evaluation (Fuzzy-Promethee-2) is used to assess the priority selection of the factors associated with the LSC and evaluate the importance in global trade. The role of AI is very useful compare to statistical analysis in terms of decision making. The computational analysis placed promotion of exports as the most important priority out of five selected attributes in LSC, with infrastructure development. The result suggests that LSC depends heavily on export promotion as the most significant attribute. Infrastructural development also appeared another factor influencing LSC. The foreign investment was ranked the lowest. The evaluated results are useful for the policy makers, supply chain managers and the logistics professionals associated with the supply chain management.

How to Transform Congenital Disadvantage into New Momentum for Economic Development: Based on the Study of Dutch Foreign Trade

The Netherlands is an ancient trading country, and due to geographical constraints, it has been actively seeking business opportunities and resources. This paper examines how the Netherlands transformed its natural disadvantages into new drivers of economic development since the fifteenth century. The purpose of this paper is to better understand the dynamics and paths of economic development in the Netherlands. This paper takes the perspective of Dutch foreign trade, combines literature analysis and case study methods, and adopts the method of diachronic research. The results of the study show that the Netherlands has transformed its geographical limitations into a new driving force for economic development in the development of maritime power, commerce, and foreign investment. The innovation of this paper lies in the unique perspective. Starting from the economic development process of the Netherlands since the 15th century, it presents readers with a comprehensive and in-depth economic development process of the Netherlands.

A Study of Virtual Water Trade among G20 Countries from a Value-Added Trade Perspective

Abstract: From a value-added trade perspective, this study utilizes the world input–output tables and the water footprint data of each industry in each country in the Eora database to explore the virtual water resources of 19 countries (the G20 countries excluding the European Union) in 2016. We calculated nine value chain decompositions and the pattern of virtual water flows and then explored the implied virtual water use due to the trade of intermediate goods and final goods, and we also analyzed the unequal trade of virtual water and added value among countries. The results indicate the following. Firstly, in most countries, the largest portion of virtual water is attributed to exports of intermediate inputs that are produced in the source country and fully utilized by the direct import countries, followed by the foreign value-added component of intermediate goods, while the smallest share of virtual water is returned to the country. Secondly, in value-added trade, excluding the rest of the world (ROW), China, France, Italy, Japan, Mexico, South Korea, South Africa, Saudi Arabia, and Germany are net importers in the virtual water trade between G20 countries, and the USA is the largest net exporter of virtual water. Thirdly, intermediate product trade is the dominant form of implied virtual water trade among countries, which leads to a net flow ratio of implied virtual water of about 80% to 90%. Lastly, the Virtual Water Inequality Index shows that thirteen country combinations, including Brazil and Argentina, exhibit significant inequality, and most countries are in a relatively equal state. In addition, the virtual water and added value of the relatively economically developed regions benefit more from the virtual water trade. Therefore, it is crucial for countries to reduce their consumption of virtual water when trading intermediate products to develop high-value-added and low-water-consumption industries and to choose appropriate virtual water trade targets.

India’s Trade Integration with the Republic of Korea: A Services Trade Analysis of India–Korea CEPA

India and the Republic of Korea signed the India–Korea Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) in 2009 and have been actively engaged in upgrading this agreement since 2015. This article analyses the India–Korea CEPA from a services trade perspective. It compares the services commitments undertaken by the two countries under the India–Korea CEPA and the WTO. It further assesses the gains for India from the CEPA by comparing services exports and imports before and after the CEPA came into operation. The study finds that India’s services exports to Korea have increased more than its imports from Korea, resulting in an increase in India’s services trade surplus with Korea after the CEPA. The study recommends exploring bilateral labour agreements with Korea to facilitate the movement of natural persons in specific sectors and further liberalisation commitments from Korea in services of India’s interests during the CEPA upgradation. JEL Classification: F13, F14, F15

Assessment of export-embodied CO2 emissions from China’s ocean industries: implications for formulating sustainable ocean policies

The ocean industries are characterized by being export-driven. The exports of ocean industries (hereafter termed ocean exports) caused environmental pollution with amounts of CO2 emissions and thereby affected climate change. There is a need, therefore, for accurate assessments of CO2 emissions embodied in ocean exports—which can help policymakers adopt targeted emission-reduction measures to formulate sustainable ocean policies. However, few studies of ocean-industry emissions considered impacts in sectoral and trade pattern heterogeneity, especially from export perspective. To fill this gap, we measured and evaluated the export-embodied CO2 emissions from China’s ocean industries, based on our newly developed high-resolution and comparable time-series environmentally extended input–output database, called EE-DPN-OEIOT. The results showed that China’s ocean exports generated 94.3 Mt of embodied CO2 emissions in 2017, with nearly 40% originating from processing ocean exports. Regarding the evolution from 2007 to 2017, the total export-embodied CO2 emissions from ocean industries decreased by 7.3%, while the embodied CO2 emissions in processing ocean exports increased by 50.1%. From 2007 to 2017, the decrease in carbon emission intensity was the major driving factor of the downturn in export-embodied CO2 emissions across the total ocean economy and for seven ocean subsectors (60%), while the export-scale effect primarily drove the increases in CO2 emissions. Moreover, there were disparities in the driving factors behind changes in embodied CO2 emissions between processing and non-processing ocean exports. Based on our findings, we proposed three recommendations from a trade perspective to facilitate low-carbon sustainable transition of China’s ocean economy, thus better fulfilling Sustainable Development Goal 14.

Study on the Impact of State Relations on Chinas Industrial Supply Chain Upstream from the Perspective of International Trade: A Case Study of Mineral Resources

As a major global power, Chinas overseas interests are rapidly expanding. Ensuring the security of industrial supply chains has become a critical issue. This paper adopts the perspective of international trade, utilizing the random frontier gravity model, and focuses on the top five mineral products and raw materials exported from China to India according to the 2019 export composition table of the Ministry of Commerce of the Peoples Republic of China. Based on export data of these minerals from China to India between 2008 and 2023, this paper analyzes the trends in mineral import and export, studies the correlation between bilateral trade between China and India and changes in Sino-Indian relations, and points out the potential impact of current Sino-Indian relations on Chinas upstream industrial chain. The study finds that for mineral fuels, mineral oils and their products, asphalt, zinc and its products, and steel products, Sino-Indian relations have a relatively minor impact on Chinas imports of such minerals and raw materials from India. However, for steel resources, Sino-Indian relations show a significant positive correlation with their import situation. Based on the current state of Sino-Indian relations, the study will propose relevant recommendations for the production and export of Indian steel and other mineral resources, combined with the needs of Chinas upstream industrial supply chain. This study aims to provide relevant insights and references for safeguarding Chinas strategic mineral resource security.

News or noise? ESG disclosure and stock price synchronicity

Environmental, social, and governance (ESG), as an important mechanism to promote the sustainable development of the capital market, is bound to have a significant impact on its stock price synchronicity. This paper examines the impact and mechanism of corporate ESG disclosure on stock price synchronicity using data from Chinese A-share listed companies from 2013 to 2022. It analyzes the dual perspectives of information efficiency and noise trading. The findings support the noise trading perspective, as ESG disclosure significantly reduces the impact of noise on stock prices and enhances firms' stock price synchronicity, and the conclusions still hold after a series of endogeneity and robustness tests. It is also found that the positive impact of ESG disclosure on stock price synchronicity is mainly realized through the paths of reducing accrual earnings management and increasing analyst attention. Moreover, the positive impact of ESG disclosure on stock price synchronicity is more significant in the group of non-state-owned enterprises, higher quality of internal control, non-polluting industries, and less market-oriented enterprises. The study in this paper not only enriches the related literature in the field of ESG disclosure and stock price synchronicity but also reaffirms the noise trading theory of the irrational school.

AI-Driven Social Media E-commerce Advertising: A Cross-Cultural Communication Study from the Perspective of Yiwu's Trade and Commerce

In the contemporary era of globalization, cross-border e-commerce advertising has emerged as a pivotal conduit for interconnecting diverse cultures and marketplaces. This research delves into the nexus of Yiwu, China, a globally recognized hub for small commodity distribution, to examine the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) within the realm of social media e-commerce advertising. It places a particular emphasis on the strategies and efficacy of cross-cultural communication within this context. Employing an online survey methodology, this study has garnered consumer feedback encompassing both local vendors and international purchasers. The survey instrument was designed to assess various dimensions, including recognition of AI advertisements, perceptions of quality, the experience of personalization, and the adaptability to cross-cultural contexts. Subsequent analysis reveals that while AI-driven advertising excels in bolstering user engagement and propensity to purchase, it faces ongoing challenges in navigating cultural disparities. The findings of this research proffer strategic insights for enterprises in Yiwu and the broader cross-border e-commerce sector, advocating for the enhancement of cultural adaptability in AI-driven advertising initiatives and advocating a deeper understanding of consumer behaviors across different cultural landscapes.

Analysis of Albania’s Trade Direction: Is the Open Balkan a New Center of Gravity?

Trade is considered one of the main drivers of a country’s economic growth and development. Therefore, a successful analysis that identifies the bilateral trade flows, their determinants, and the regional integration costs and benefits opens new horizons for international trade perspectives. This study examines the effects of new and existing regional agreements on the international trade patterns of Western Balkan countries based on the Albanian case. In this regard, an extended trade gravity model is applied with a panel data set of trade flows between Albania and 43 of its regional strategic partners during the period of 2008 to 2022. This work considers two different similarity indexes to explain the effect of the economic structures of partner countries on their trade volumes: the relative factor endowment and the absolute factor endowment. The first is used to test the Linder Hypothesis, and the latter is used to test the effect of similarity in economic size between trading partners. Empirical results indicate that the effect of the selected explanatory variables, such as transportation costs, economic size, economic strength, exchange rate, and their relative as well as absolute endowment, is within expectations. Unexpectedly, the domestic economic size and strength are found to be insignificant in explaining the import flows and inversely proportional to the exports of Albania. Finally, it is indicated that trade flows are clearly dependent on traditional ties rather than on new incentives like the Open Balkan, which cannot offer a new regional center of gravity. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that the gravity of the Open Balkan initiative has been tested for one of the participating countries. The study concludes that while the Open Balkan initiative shows potential, the Berlin Process remains a more reliable path toward EU integration for Albania.

The adaptation and transformation of Yiwu's foreign trade enterprises amid major changes unseen in a century (2001–2021)

The world is undergoing major changes unseen in a century. The profound and complex changes in the international trade landscape since China's accession to the WTO have put China's foreign trade enterprises to the test as they have embarked on a path of transformation and upgrade. As a barometer of China's foreign trade sector, Yiwu has progressed through three stages of development: rapid development after China's WTO accession, adaptation and innovation following the global financial crisis, and coordinated development amid deepening reforms. This paper explores such an evolutionary journey from the perspectives of foreign trade, market development, logistics infrastructure, export modalities, policy support, and the trade environment.

Opportunities and Challenges of China’s Economic Ties with Kazakhstan: Looking Back to Look Forward

This paper examines contemporary Chinese-Kazakhstani political economic ties from the perspective of trade. In particular, it traces the evolution of this relationship before and after the critical juncture of 2013, when the Silk Road Economic Belt was announced in Astana, ushering the era of the Belt and Road Initiative. This paper advances three arguments. First and foremost, Kazakhstan has avoided developing a dependency on the Chinese economy. Its trade autonomy has been maintained before and after the Belt and Road Initiative was launched in 2013, as Kazakhstan benefited from the development of markets alternative to China. Secondly, trade between Kazakhstan and China was mostly focused on natural resources during the immediate pre-BRI years, but it has gradually shifted to a more balanced mix, encompassing intermediate goods, raw materials, and consumer goods. Thirdly, such diversification is the product of an increasingly sophisticated, complex value chain interconnecting Kazakhstan and the rest of the world, including but not limited to China. The growing complexity of these production networks, while certainly beneficial to Chinese firms, has also contributed to Kazakhstan’s multi-vector geopolitical strategy. In this environment, Kazakhstan demonstrates the capability to weather the ongoing deceleration of China’s economy, as the Central Asian country pursues the diversification of its own economy and external economic ties.

How does virtual water influence the water stress pattern in Africa? A research perspective from the perspectives of production and trade

Northern Africa has become the first region in the world to exhaust its water resources, with a 40 % decrease in per capita water availability south of the Sahara over the past decade. While adjusting production structures and consumption can regulate the supply-demand dynamics of water resources, the extent of the impact of virtual water-induced pressure on both the regional and national levels in Africa remains largely understudied. Applying the standard Penman formula, this research calculates the water footprint of eight cereal crops in 54 African countries from 1990 to 2021. By integrating corresponding data on cereal trade, the study analyzes changes in virtual water stress. The findings indicate a decline in the per-unit production and consumption water footprints for African cereals. However, the continuous expansion of cultivation areas contributes to a rising water stress. In comparison to 1990, the water stress for soybeans, sorghum, rice, maize, and cassava increased by 149.72 %, 146.88 %, 133.89 %, 123.30 %, and 90.8 %, respectively, in 2021. Only barley showed a reduction in water stress by 23.22 %. The study underscores the growing interconnectedness of virtual water trade (VWT) among African nations from 1990 to 2021, leading to a more balanced trade distribution. VWT has reduced water stress by 7.65 %, 2.08 %, and 1.8 % in Western, Central, and Northern Africa, respectively, while increasing pressure in Southern and Eastern Africa by 10.51 % and 1.01 %. The flow of virtual water in Africa is most influenced by spatial proximity, primarily occurring between adjacent countries or regions. Forecasts for water stress under the five scenarios of SSPs-RCP8.5 have been conducted, revealing a continuous increase in water stress across Africa. Furthermore, analysis of the SSP2-RCP8.5 scenario indicates that by 2030 and 2040, African cereal crops are projected to face virtual water resource stress increases of 7 % and 18.76 %, respectively, compared to 2020 levels. During the same period, Sierra Leone is anticipated to experience a growth rate in virtual water stress of approximately 1903.38 %. Consequently, altering crop cultivation structures and enhancing VWT are poised to alleviate water resource pressure, promoting the scientific management of agricultural water resources in Africa.

Temperature and domestic trade: City evidence from China

Climate change poses an enormous global challenge, particularly for human economic activities. Previous literature has paid limited attention to the impact of temperature change on domestic trade. To examine the nexus between temperature and domestic trade, we employ panel data from 285 Chinese cities from 2000 to 2021 and a spatial econometric model. First, we reveal significant spatial correlation between domestic trade between cities. More importantly, a city's domestic trade is found to be significantly influenced by temperature changes in neighbouring cities. Specifically, the significantly negative spillover effect of temperature changes on domestic trade is consistent with the significantly negative direct effect, suggesting an overall negative total effect. Temperature changes also have a cumulative impact on domestic trade. Labour productivity, population migration and meteorological disasters are the mechanisms through which temperature changes influence Chinese cities’ domestic trade. Furthermore, the negative impact of temperature changes is more pronounced in the retail sector and in cities with low air–conditioning penetration. We provide city–level evidence of the relationship between climate change and economic activities from a new perspective of domestic trade, highlight the influential channels and confirm the role of temperature change in impeding the prosperity of domestic trade.

Opportunistic behaviour behind corporate digitalization disclosure: The moderating role of economic policy uncertainty

We identify the opportunistic behavior behind corporate digitalization disclosure (CDD) from an insider trading perspective and the moderating effect of economic policy uncertainty (EPU) on this relationship using a sample of listed enterprises in China from 2009 to 2022. We find that insider opportunistic trading behavior significantly explains the phenomenon of more CDD in the prior period management discussion and analysis (MD&A) of the annual report, driven by CDD can elevate investor sentiment. The moderating model shows that EPU worsens the observed phenomenon. Overall, our findings suggest insider may exploit digital trends for self-interest in emerging capital markets.

Evaluation and impact factors of international competitiveness of China’s cobalt industry from the perspective of trade networks

In recent years, with the development of the new energy industry, the demand for cobalt as a raw material for power batteries has been increasing. However, China itself has a shortage of cobalt resources. Therefore, overcoming poor resource conditions and enhancing the international competitiveness of the cobalt industry have become urgent issues. This paper is based on global trade data on cobalt resources from 2007 to 2020. A panel regression model is constructed from the perspective of trade networks, and Entropy-Topsis is used to construct a comprehensive evaluation index system for the international competitiveness of critical nonferrous metals. This study empirically examines the impact of the trade network characteristics of cobalt resources on international competitiveness, assigns practical significance to trade network characteristic indicators, and analyses the overall competitiveness changes in the global cobalt industry chain and its upstream, midstream, and downstream sectors. The research findings reveal the following key points: (1) In recent years, the competitive focus of the cobalt industry chain in various countries has shifted from upstream and midstream to midstream and downstream, with increasingly fierce trade competition downstream, gradually tilting toward countries such as South Korea, Japan, and China. (2) Cobalt trade competition, which was initially characterized by competition among multiple countries, has gradually become more centralized and stable, with differences in the competitiveness of various countries occurring at different stages of the cobalt industry chain. (3) Network centrality and network heterogeneity both have a significant promoting effect on the international competitiveness of the industry, while network connectivity has a significant inhibitory effect on the improvement of international competitiveness.On this basis, the study also suggests some policy implications. The purpose of the study is to enhance the international competitiveness of China's cobalt industry from a trade perspective and to investigate the developments of cobalt trade between China and the rest of the world.

Evaluating the bulk commodities supply risk from the perspective of physical trade

Geopolitical conflicts, trade barriers, and other factors pose great risks to the stable supply of bulk commodities; however, cross-country and inter-temporal assessments and comparisons of various bulk commodity supply risks from the physical trade perspective are still lacking. This gap hinders a holistic understanding of global resource security and further appropriate policy formulation. Based on the Net Positive Import share, the Worldwide Governance Indicator (WGI), and the Bilateral Relationship Indicator which was innovatively quantified using the Global Database of Events, Language, and Tone (GDELT) this study evaluated 32 bulk commodity supply risks (including agricultural products, metals, and energy fuels) in China, Japan, and the USA for the period 1992–2019. We found that the three countries have experienced different supply risk evolutions related to their diverse domestic resource endowments and socioeconomic developmental stages. During the study period, China had increasing supply risks for 20 of the 32 bulk commodities compared to 10 for Japan and the USA. The overall bulk commodity supply risk increased substantially for China, remained high for Japan, and remained relatively low for the USA. Under increasing global trade system uncertainty, in addition to the supply diversification strategy, we advise net importer countries to utilise news media data such as GDELT to monitor and analyse geopolitical changes, especially for major suppliers, which would help improve resilience to supply disruptions.

Temporal-spatial evolution of environmental inequality of embodied energy transfer within inter-provincial trade of China

Reducing embodied energy inequality is the key to achieve sustainable development. However, research on the spatial-temporal impacts of embodied energy transfer within inter-provincial trade and regional energy inequality is insufficient. Taking the embodied energy inequality of China as the research object, this research establishes the environmentally extended multi-regional input-output model, traces the transfer path of embodied energy and value-added along the national supply chain, and calculates the embodied energy inequality using the regional environmental inequality index. The results show that the developed eastern coastal provinces mainly outsourced the consumption-based embodied energy to the developing regions, such as the northern provinces. Among them, S3 and S4 were the key sectors responsible for embodied energy consumption. Furthermore, when the developed regions traded with the developing regions, the value-added brought by their final demand was mainly retained locally. Some developing regions suffered double losses of embodied energy and value-added, leading to embodied energy inequality. From 2012 to 2017, China's inter-provincial trade witnessed a slight increase in the degree of embodied energy inequality. This study helps to understand the mismatch between domestic environmental burden and economic benefits from the perspective of inter-provincial trade, and provides a decision-making basis for realizing regional equity.

Evolution of spatiotemporal pattern of virtual water in the Yangtze River economic belt

Cross-regional water allocation within the river basin, coupled with the development of specialized industries based on comparative advantages, can effectively mediate overall water use efficiency. The uneven distribution of water resources and structural contradictions in water usage hinder the sustainable development of water resources in the Yangtze River Economic Belt (YEB). This study aims to address these issues from the perspective of virtual water trade, to facilitate cross-regional water resource allocation and guide structural adjustments in industrial water use, ensuring water security. In this study, we developed a dynamic multi-regional input–output model (MRIO) to explore dynamic change of virtual water trade pattern in the YEB that evolves over time. This model sheds light on evolving virtual water transfer patterns and the nuances of water resource pressure transmission. Additionally, it quantifies sectoral water use variations, pinpointing the cornerstone industries across different regions. The findings are as follows: (1) The pattern of virtual water transfer predominantly towards the developed downstream regions remains unchanged, but regional disparities are gradually diminishing. (2) The upstream regions of the YEB transfer more water resource pressures externally, while the downstream regions do not experience excessive external transfers of water resource pressures. (3) The pattern of Agriculture-driven virtual water transfers is gradually being disrupted. While the upstream regions continue to rely on Agriculture as their pillar industries, the downstream regions are progressively shifting towards tertiary industries such as Service. These results indicate that economic development is the primary driver of changes in the the pattern of virtual water transfer, and economic disparities are a key factor in shaping the latest virtual water transfer. Based on existing policies, there is a need for comprehensive coordination of water resource allocation and strengthening of virtual water trade exchanges between regions to address the uneven distribution of water resources. Additionally, it is necessary to resolve structural water use conflicts by developing specialized economic strengths based on the main industries for virtual water in each region.

Century of the East and Peaceful coexistence of China and India: Moderating role of Belt and Road Initiative in Emerging Asian Economies

The study focusses on historical perspective, contemporary historical perspective as well as futurologist perspective of Sino-India relations, economic development and bilateral trade. The economic growth has been examined with the interaction effect of Belt & Road Initiative. The purpose of this study is to find out the reasons of correlation between Sino-India economic growth patterns for last two thousand years as well as making recommendations for the optimal level of the relations in the region in the emerging century of East. The study further aims to examine the cross-country impact of infrastructure development on other countries. A total of thirty countries which are a part of Belt and Road Initiative were selected. The data is collected from World Bank Database from 1990 to 2019 (n=900). The data were analyzed using penal data regression models (fixed random effect regression models) to test the effect of macro-economic variables on economic growth, while hierarchical moderated regression analysis was used to determine the moderating effect of Belt and Road Initiative on the economic growth of participating economies. Belt & Road Initiative significantly moderate the relationship of economic growth with its factors. Therefore, we conclude that Belt & Road is pivotal for economic growth of region. In the century of Asia, China and India must understand that trade cooperation and congenial relations with in the region is beneficial for all the stakeholders in Asian Region while West and USA want to utilize India to halt the progress in the region and converting India a leading state to fight with China in the best interest of West. The only resolvable issues in Sino-India relations are border marketing in Tibrt, Arnachal Perdesh and Kashmir which are not only hampering the economic growth of these areas but also deviating the focus from economic growth towards militarization of the region. The limitations of this article is that the idea of Belt & Road was initiated in 2013 and different countries have joined BRI in different years. We have taken only those countries which have become a part of BRI till 2017. Another limitation is that we have selected few macroeconomic and social variables to test their effect on economic growth. We have selected those variables which are important for developing economies since majority of countries in BRI are developing. It is a unique study from the perspective, that it is using the available and estimated GDP of last two thousand years to find out the correlation between China’s and India’s economic growth and based on empirical analysis rather than theoretical one, suggesting the optimal level of relationship between China and India, why active participation of Betl & Road Initiative (BRI) by India is necessary for India’s growth.

Youth Perspective on Peace between India and Pakistan: A Quantitative Analysis

Since independence, India and Pakistan have cultivated hostile relations, over the issues such as Kashmir, civil war in East Pakistan, sharing of water resources and cross border covert operations etc. Although, the local politics in India has always been Pakistan centric, however, for the past decade, Indian national politics, particularly elections, have increasingly centered on an anti-Pakistan agenda, yielding favorable outcomes for proponents of such populist rhetoric. The younger generation, devoid of direct memories of past conflicts, is being swayed by narratives surrounding Kashmir, border skirmishes, and cross-border terrorism. The youth on both sides of the border have not seen an active war since the 1999 Kargil crises. Policy makers, politicians and defenders in Pakistan and India have not made efforts to apprise themselves with the opinion of youth that how do they see the hostilities between the two countries. This research is an attempt to explore the impact of propaganda and political exploitation regarding cross-border threats on the opinion of youth in both countries. Understanding the perceptions and insights of the youth regarding bilateral relations and conflicts is crucial for fostering peace in the region. Such studies are imperative for potential peace initiatives, future inter-state relations, trade perspectives and progressive interdependencies.