Trading Process Research Articles

Trade as a factor of cultural change: the case of Sardinia

The article, based on field research materials, examines from the anthropological and historical standpoints the origins of trade in the inner mountainous regions of Sardinia, considering it as a factor in changing the worldview of the population of this closed pastoral area. I discuss the specifics of artisanal, domestic, and mainly small-scale commerce and its agents, as well as the range of goods, the attitudes of the locals towards the sellers, etc. I further analyze in comparative terms the aspects of the vision of space and movement in the eyes of the pastoral and peasant populations and the merchants. I argue that the differences between the former and the latter in many ways influenced both the perception of commercial activities in the peasant milieu and the relationship between this milieu and the commercial strata. The research offers novel interpretations, since the issue of endogenous metamorphoses of traditional society, such as that of Sardinia in particular, has not been thoroughly studied up to date in the light of trade processes. Moreover, the research outcomes are relevant due to the fact that many aspects of commerce that had originated in ancient times can be still observed in the present-day trade relations of the region.

A Blockchain and Zero Knowledge Proof Based Data Security Transaction Method in Distributed Computing

In distributed computing, data trading mechanisms are essential for ensuring the sharing of data across multiple computing nodes. Nevertheless, they currently encounter considerable obstacles, including low accuracy in matching trading parties, ensuring fairness in transactions, and safeguarding data privacy throughout the trading process. In order to address these issues, we put forward a data trading security scheme based on zero-knowledge proofs and smart contracts. In the phase of preparing the security parameters, the objective is to reduce the complexity of generating non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs and to enhance the efficiency of data trading. In the pre-trading phase, we devise attribute atomic matching smart contracts based on precise data property alignment, with the objective of achieving fine-grained matching of data attributes between trading parties. In the trading execution phase, lightweight cryptographic algorithms based on elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) and non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs are employed for the dual encryption of trading data and the generation of attribute proof contracts, thus ensuring the security and privacy of the data. The results of experiments conducted on the Ethereum platform in an industrial IoT scenario demonstrate that our scheme maintains stable and low-cost consumption while ensuring accuracy in matching and privacy protection.

The formation of tea culture in British

When foreign people think of British culture nowadays, they can easily picture gentlemen and ladies elegantly dressed, surrounded by fine furniture and utensils, enjoying afternoon tea. The unique tea culture has already become a strong impression of Britain. This article explores the positioning of tea within the map of cultural differentiation, highlighting its status as a significant symbol of British culture, despite Britain not being its country of origin. The success of tea arose from the collision of Eastern and Western civilizations, with Chinese tea being introduced to Britain by Dutch merchant ships in the 17th century, marking its economic rise. The paper raises key questions about how tea transformed from an exotic product into a British cultural icon and whether the promotion of tea culture in Britain is mere imitation or rooted in local traditions. Additionally, it reviews research by Chinese and foreign scholars on British tea culture, focusing on the origins of tea culture in China, including the history of tea cultivation and consumption, and the evolution of tea culture in various dynasties. The second half describes in detail the thriving process of tea trade in Britain since the 17th century, the background of tea culture breaking the gender status and other restrictions in British society, and the different connotations and influences of tea culture in the British upper society and working class.

THE MODERATION ROLE OF E-INVOICING IN NATIONAL TRADE: THE IMPACT OF IT AUDITING ON E-ACCOUNTING INFORMATION SYSTEMS AT JORDANIAN CUSTOMS POINTS

This study investigates the moderation role of e-invoicing in national trade, specifically examining how IT auditing impacts electronic accounting information systems (EAIS) at Jordanian customs points. The primary aim is to analyze how effective IT auditing enhances EAIS effectiveness and explores the implications for operational efficiency and compliance within Jordan’s customs operations. A survey methodology was employed, gathering primary data from 322 employees across various customs points through distributed questionnaires. We utilized partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) to ensure methodological rigor in our analysis. The findings indicate that effective IT auditing significantly enhances EAIS effectiveness, with e-invoicing acting as a moderator that amplifies this effect. This underscores the critical role of auditing practices in improving operational dynamics at customs points, facilitating smoother national trade processes. The study offers actionable insights for industry professionals and policymakers, emphasizing the importance of integrating robust IT auditing practices with e-invoicing systems. By doing so, stakeholders can promote greater efficiency and compliance in national trade operations at Jordanian customs points, ultimately contributing to the optimization of trade processes and regulatory adherence. This research highlights the significance of strengthening auditing frameworks and leveraging technological advancements like e-invoicing to enhance operational effectiveness within Jordan’s customs environment.

Public health emergencies and international trade in the context of global value chains: Evidence from COVID‐19 in China

AbstractIn recent years, there has been a notable increase in the frequency of public health emergencies (PHE), which pose a substantial threat to the global supply and demand equilibrium as well as the stability of the global value chains (GVC). The article takes the example of the COVID‐19 pandemic and utilises China's foreign trade monthly data spanning from 2018 to 2021 for an empirical analysis of how COVID‐19 affected China's import and export trade, as well as its participation in GVC collaborations. The findings are as follows: (1) The proliferation of COVID‐19 significantly and negatively impacted China's export trade, while its impact on China's import trade was insignificant. (2) The impact of the COVID‐19 on processing trade exports was more pronounced compared to general trade exports, highlighting the detrimental effect of the pandemic on GVC collaboration. (3) The adverse influence of the COVID‐19 on China's foreign trade and GVC cooperation primarily stemmed from its impact on international effective demand. (4) The pandemic exerted a more substantial negative effect on processing trade involving supplied materials with low production value added compared to processing trade involving imported materials with high value added. And it had a greater adverse impact on low‐tech products as opposed to high‐tech products, indicating that industries with higher value‐added and high‐tech products exhibited greater resilience in the face of trade disruptions by COVID‐19.

An Optimization Strategy for EV-Integrated Microgrids Considering Peer-to-Peer Transactions

The scale of electric vehicles (EVs) in microgrids is growing prominently. However, the stochasticity of EV charging behavior poses formidable obstacles to exploring their dispatch potential. To solve this issue, an optimization strategy for EV-integrated microgrids considering peer-to-peer (P2P) transactions has been proposed in this paper. This research strategy contributes to the sustainable development of microgrids under large-scale EV integration. Firstly, a novel cooperative operation framework considering P2P transactions is established, in which the impact factors of EV charging are regarded to simulate its stochasticity and the energy trading process of the EV-integrated microgrid participating in P2P transactions is defined. Secondly, cost models for the EV-integrated microgrid are established. Thirdly, a three-stage optimization strategy is proposed to simplify the solving process. It transforms the scheduling problem into three solvable subproblems and restructures them with Lagrangian relaxation. Finally, case studies demonstrate that the proposed strategy optimizes EV load distribution, reduces the overall operational cost of the EV-integrated microgrid, and enhances the economic efficiency of each microgrid participating in P2P transactions.

The Study on The Development Trends of Cross-Border E-Commerce Platforms

With the continuous deepening of globalization and digitalization, cross-border e-commerce (CBEC) has become a critical driving force in promoting international trade and global market development. CBEC not only reshapes traditional trade models but also provides unprecedented internationalization opportunities for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), significantly enriching consumer choices and fostering the prosperity and diversification of the global market. Despite the rapid development of e-commerce, there remain numerous challenges in various areas that require further in-depth research and exploration. For instance, how technology can continuously drive the development of CBEC, how consumer behavior adapts to this emerging model, how trade processes can be optimized to accommodate digital transformation, and how CBEC can promote sustainable development and brand internationalization. The answers to these questions are crucial for a comprehensive understanding of CBEC and are the focus of both academic and industry attention. This paper aims to review and analyze the development trends of CBEC, delving into six aspects: technological drivers, consumer behavior, trade process reconstruction, challenges faced, sustainable development, and brand internationalization. The goal is to provide valuable insights and experiences for the further development of cross-border e-commerce.

Modelling an emission trading scheme based on a dual-market mechanism in multimode networks with customised bus services

ABSTRACT The transport-related emissions are one of the main contributors to air pollution. In this paper, we construct an efficient and stable emission trading scheme (ETS) to reduce emissions. We build a dual-market mechanism for carbon emission permit (CEP) in the transportation system to control emissions at source, where CEPs are issued in a paid way in the primary market and traded freely in the secondary market. At the same time, we include customised bus (CB) and describe the competitive relationship between CB and private car (PC) in a multimode network. The market trading process and travel choice behaviours are formulated as a variational inequality problem (VIP). The VIP is solved using a relaxation algorithm, and the multi-round iteration strategy is used for updating permit volumes. Finally, we conduct numerical experiments based on Braess and Sioux Falls networks to demonstrate the merits of the ETS based on a dual-market mechanism.

Trustworthy V2G scheduling and energy trading: A blockchain-based framework

The rapid growth of electric vehicles (EVs) and the deployment of vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology pose significant challenges for distributed power grids, particularly in fostering trust and ensuring effective coordination among stakeholders. Establishing a trustworthy V2G operation environment is crucial for enabling large-scale EV user participation and realizing V2G’s potential in real-world applications. In this paper, an integrated scheduling and trading framework is developed to conduct transparent and efficacious coordination in V2G operations. In blockchain implementation, a cyber-physical blockchain architecture is proposed to enhance transaction efficiency and scalability by leveraging smart charging points (SCPs) for rapid transaction validation through a fast-path practical byzantine fault tolerance (fast-path PBFT) consensus mechanism. From the energy dispatching perspective, a game-theoretical pricing strategy is employed and smart contracts are utilized for autonomous decision-making between EVs and operators, aiming to optimize the trading process and maximize economic benefits. Numerical evaluation of blockchain consensus shows the effect of the fast-path PBFT consensus in improving systems scalability with a balanced trade-off in robustness. A case study, utilizing real-world data from the Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), demonstrates significant reductions in EV charging costs and the framework’s potential to support auxiliary grid services.

The Impact of the Digital Economy on International Trade Models: Opportunities and Challenges

With the rapid development of the digital economy, international trade models are undergoing profound changes. Digital technology has reshaped traditional trade structures, driving the reorganization of global value chains and the rise of intangible assets. This paper explores the new characteristics of international trade in the context of the digital economy, including the transformation of trade structures driven by digitalization, the increasing importance of intangible assets in trade, and the influence of digital ecosystems. The digital economy has made trade processes more convenient and efficient, offering new globalization opportunities for emerging markets and small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), and promoting the growth of cross-border services and digital products. However, challenges remain, such as disparities in digital infrastructure, conflicts between digital governance and cross-border data flows, and the diversity of digital trade rules. This paper summarizes these opportunities and challenges and suggests future research directions to help policymakers, businesses, and technology providers navigate the complex landscape brought about by the digital economy.

Dynamic operating envelopes embedded peer-to-peer-to-grid energy trading

A novel decentralized peer-to-peer-to-grid (P2P2G) trading mechanism considering distribution network integrity is proposed. In order to direct prosumers’ peer-to-peer (P2P) trading behavior to be grid-friendly, the proposed method incorporates Dynamic Operating Envelopes (DOEs) into the existing P2P2G trading. Moreover, DOEs are determined through negotiations between the distribution system operator (DSO) and prosumers alongside the process of P2P trading, avoiding compromising prosumers’ privacy and network parameters leakage. To reduce communication costs during P2P trading, a variant of the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM), i.e., communication-censored ADMM (COCA) is used to solve the P2P2G trading problem. Finally, the DOE price is shown to be comprised of several economically interpretable components. Simulations validate the effectiveness of the proposed mechanism.

Discussion On The Development Of China's Regional Carbon Market Under The Background Of Double Carbon

Accelerating China's carbon trading market is one of the important means to deal with climate change and achieve the dual carbon goal. Due to the huge differences in China's regional economic development and carbon resource endowment, the impact of the establishment of the national unified carbon trading market on regional economic development is unstable and uncertain. For local governments to make full use of this empty window period, this paper combs the recent development of the carbon market, and discusses the development prospect of China's regional carbon market under the background of carbon trading. The results show that: ①in the current development of the national carbon emission trading market, we can not achieve the carbon unification of the market and abandon the local carbon trading market; ②In the process of regional carbon trading, it can promote the low-carbon development of local economy; ③In the process of regional carbon trading, it can increase the share of clean energy and improve the efficiency of regional ecological and environmental protection. Then, some suggestions are put forward for the development of local carbon trading: ①appropriately expand the pilot scale of local carbon trading, go up and down, and realize the double cycle development of carbon market; ②Strengthen the training of professionals and create an innovative and entrepreneurial business environment; ③build a carbon platform with big data technology and improve the Regional Internet plus carbon enterprise database; ④Actively promote the development of PPP model, explore the carbon sink transaction of cooperation between the government and social capital, continuously improve the regional green and low-carbon development, and jointly promote the realization of the "double carbon goal".

Digital trade liberalization and quality upgrading: evidence from Chinese intermediate imports

ABSTRACT This article investigates how the import quality of intermediate products responds to digital trade liberalization using Chinese Customs data and the composite index of digital trade liberalization obtained from OECD database for 2014–2019. The results reveal that digital trade liberalization has significantly improved the quality of Chinese manufacturing intermediate imports. Further mechanism tests show that digital trade liberalization will boost the improvements through trade cost reduction effects. For the influence path, digital trade liberalization will promote the quality upgrading through both intensive and extensive margins. The heterogeneity analyses find that imports from countries with high economic developments experienced larger quality promotion than those from lower economic area. Meanwhile, the quality upgrading effects of digital trade liberalization are mainly reflected in Chinese non-comparative industries, such as downstream, digital-intensive, R&D-intensive and technology-intensive industries. Moreover, compared to homogeneous products and those by processing trade mode, the quality of intermediate imports for differentiated products by general trade are more responsive to the liberalization of digital trade barriers.

An Introduction to Carbon Credit Markets and Their Potential for Florida Agricultural Producers

This publication is part of a larger body of work initiated by the UF/IFAS Extension Climate and Carbon Extension Educators that informs a general audience about climate issues and mitigation strategies. It was prepared to help Extension agents, farmers, and ranchers interested in carbon credit programs better understand the process of carbon credit trading, from credit generation to markets. Note that because carbon markets are relatively new, programs and prices are likely to change over time. This publication includes a list of resources for further information.

A Privacy-Preserving Electromagnetic-Spectrum-Sharing Trading Scheme Based on ABE and Blockchain

The electromagnetic spectrum is a limited resource. With the widespread application of the electromagnetic spectrum in various fields, the contradiction between the demand for the electromagnetic spectrum and electromagnetic spectrum resources has become increasingly prominent. Spectrum sharing is an effective way to improve the utilization of the electromagnetic spectrum. However, there are many challenges in existing distributed electromagnetic spectrum trading based on blockchain technology. Since a blockchain does not provide privacy protection, the risk of privacy leakage during the trading process makes electromagnetic spectrum owners unwilling to share. In addition, a blockchain only guarantees integrity, and the imperfect trading dispute resolution mechanism causes electromagnetic spectrum owners to be afraid to share. Therefore, we propose a privacy-preserving electromagnetic-spectrum-sharing trading scheme based on blockchain and ABE. The scheme not only designs an ABE fine-grained access control model in ciphertext form but also constructs a re-encryption algorithm that supports trading arbitration to achieve privacy protection for electromagnetic spectrum trading. Finally, we experimentally evaluated the efficiency of the proposed electromagnetic spectrum trading scheme. The experimental results show that the electromagnetic spectrum trading scheme we propose was highly efficient.

The Application of Financial Technology in Carbon Finance

With the rapid development of the economy, the pollution of the environment in various countries is also increasing, and the concept of carbon finance is gradually emerging. Fintech has gradually entered people's vision, and how to use Fintech to help the realization of carbon finance has become a research issue for some scholars. Existing research mainly focuses on a specific application and lacks a literature review. By summarising the literature on fintech and carbon finance, this paper outlines several currently common applications. It mainly covers the application of blockchain in carbon finance, such as using the tamper-proof nature of blockchain to make the carbon credit trading process more transparent, and using the contract layer of blockchain-smart contracts to prevent the accumulation of carbon credits by adding smart contracts into the trading process of carbon credits, etc. This paper concludes the application of big data and cloud computing in carbon finance, such as using big Data and cloud computing technology to analyze massive data, as a way to reduce the risk of carbon trading, etc. The research puts forward a certain degree of recommendations on the application of financial technology in carbon finance.

PLTBg investment analysis from agricultural organic waste to produce electrical energy: preliminary potential analysis study and investment in the Caringin Main Market, Bandung

Abstract Biogas is a product of the decomposition of organic matter by microbial decomposers under anaerobic conditions. Biogas consists of various gases, especially methane, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, H2S and other gases as impurities. Biogas can be converted into fuel or electrical energy. One of the potential biogas raw materials is agricultural organic waste. This article and study are based on a survey of the potential for agricultural organic waste produced by the Caringin Main Market. Bandung and the amount of organic waste production reached 84 tons/day, resulting from the trading process in the market. The waste produced by the market is suitable to be used as biogas with an organic content of more than 97.7%; the remaining 2.3% is inorganic waste. Based on the economic and financial analysis, the NPV value was 356,487,559,415.34 and the IRR was 23%, which means it was higher than the interest rate set by the bank, while the PBP value was 5.8 years, much lower set by investors for 10 years and Profitable Index of 4,2 so that this project is declared economically and financially feasible.

Розробка та впровадження удосконалених методів управління бізнес-процесами підприємств торгівлі та апк

The study aims to identify methods of improving the management of business processes in trade and agricultural enterprises. Integration and transformational processes in the Ukrainian economy, high competition, pressure of crisis factors, and high unpredictability of changes in the external environment require Ukrainian trade and agricultural enterprises to search for new, more effective management methods constantly. New management methods should be aimed at strengthening the competitive advantages of trade and agricultural enterprises in the market and the stable operation of the enterprise from a strategic perspective. Therefore, one of the most problematic areas is reorienting trade and agricultural enterprises to a high-tech model of improvement and development of business processes. However, the potential benefits of improving the methods of managing business processes of trade and agricultural enterprises within the framework of implementing the development strategy are promising. It allows them to optimize their activity (economic efficiency) while considering future management specifics. The conducted analysis, which was thorough and comprehensive, made it possible to develop and systematize the criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of managing business processes of trade and agricultural enterprises based on the proposed algorithm in accordance with the goals of business processes and consumer requirements. The work has developed a methodology for evaluating and improving the effectiveness of business process management of trade and agro-industrial complex enterprises, which allows the evaluate the business processes of the enterprise of the correspondingly achieved level (effectiveness of business processes) and increases the efficiency of business processes of trade and agro-industrial complex enterprises relative to the industry and global levels (benchmarking of business processes). During the research, the technology of conducting benchmarking was improved, which allows for an increase in the effectiveness of business processes of trade and agricultural enterprises due to the inclusion of a stage for evaluating the effectiveness of the developed measures in the benchmarking process. Thanks to this, a toolkit is proposed to determine the effectiveness of business process management and its ranking based on Harrington’s verbal-numerical scale. The Harrington scale allows you to determine the effectiveness of business processes, considering the results that are obtained that fall into numerical intervals. The paper proposes using the method of analyzing hierarchies to obtain the most reliable value of the performance indicator of the business process management system of trade and agricultural enterprises. Keywords: business process management, assessment criteria, business process performance, business process benchmarking.

Digital technology and domestic value-added ratio in export: Evidence from China's pilot zones for integrating informatization and industrialization

Accelerating the penetration of digital technology into industrial transformation is an important concern for developing economies that dedicate to achieve high-quality development of foreign trade. Regarding China's pilot zones for integrating informatization and industrialization (PZII) as an exogenous shock of digital technology application, this study sheds light on effects of digital technology on domestic value-added ratio in export (DVAR) based on fine-grained firm-level data covering 2002–2013. Our finding reveals that digital technology improves firms’ DVAR, and the results remain consistent after conducting a series of robustness checks and addressing potential endogeneity. The heterogeneity analysis suggests that digital technology exerts significantly positive effects on DVAR of processing trade rather than general trade firms, foreign rather than domestic firms, and eastern rather than middle and western firms. The mechanism test discloses that digital technology positively affects DVAR through cost reduction effects and technology progress effects. Further investigation shows that market competition plays a positive role in moderating effects of digital technology on firms’ DVAR. Lastly, this study puts forward corresponding policy implications based on the conclusions.

The Effect of Carbon Trading Pilot Policy on Resource Allocation Efficiency: A Multiple Mediating Effect Model of Development, Innovation, and Investment

This study extends the existing research on carbon trading policies from the perspective of mediating effects. Based on the difference-in-differences method, this study helps to understand the relationship between China’s carbon trading policies and resource allocation efficiency. The study finds that carbon trading policy promotes the optimization of capital allocation efficiency but does not promote the optimization of labor allocation efficiency. This conclusion has passed a series of robustness tests. Moreover, our analysis shows that carbon trading policies can influence resource allocation efficiency through per capita GDP, foreign direct investment, and innovation levels using multiple mediating models. Factors such as market size, the number of emission entities, and the behavior of market participants affect the resource allocation efficiency in the carbon trading process. Finally, the spatial spillover effect of the carbon trading policy is verified. This paper provides empirical evidence and policy implications for achieving the dual carbon goal and sustainable development.