Tourism Service Trade Research Articles

The Impetus for RCEP in Facilitating the High-Quality Development of the Tourism Service Trade in Yunnan Province, China

The Impetus for RCEP in Facilitating the High-Quality Development of the Tourism Service Trade in Yunnan Province, China

Foreign trade in tourism services of Portugal

EU members have a common customs union, a single market (in which goods, people and capital move freely), a common trade policy, a common agricultural policy and a common currency (the euro). In addition, the EU has taken steps to develop a common foreign and security policy. The EU currently faces a number of political and economic challenges, including slow growth and persistently high unemployment in many EU countries. Portugal, as a member of the EU, is experiencing a whole range of problems, like other member countries. But due to the peculiarities of the economy, these problems have their own specifics, including those related to the development of the tourism sector and its role in the country’s economy. In the article, the author examines this specificity and draws conclusions about the characteristics of Portugal.

DETERMINAN PERMINTAAN PARIWISATA INTERNASIONAL: STUDI WISATAWAN MANCANEGARA DI INDONESIA TAHUN 2013-2020

The tourism sector is one of the sectors that contributes the most to national foreign exchange earnings. However, trade in tourism services is still faced with a number of problems and challenges going forward. This can be seen from the comparison of the number of foreign tourist arrivals in Indonesia which shows that Indonesia's tourism market share is still limited and has not been able to compete in the international market. The purpose of this study is to determine and analyze the influence of the Tourism Consumer Price Index (TCPI), GDP per capita of the country of origin of foreign tourists, the Rupiah Exchange Rate against the currency of the country of origin of foreign tourists, and the Visit Visa Free Policy in Indonesia on international tourism demand in Indonesia in the 2013-2013 period. 2020. The variables used are variables that can influence international tourism demand according to previous researchers.The data used in this study is secondary data combining cross sections from 28 countries of tourist visitors and time series from 2013 to 2020. The data collection method was carried out through documentation sourced from the World Development Indicators, Bank Indonesia, and the Central Statistics Agency (BPS). The analytical method used is panel data with the help of Stata 17. The results of this study show that the GDP per capita of the country of origin of foreign tourists has a positive and significant effect on the demand for international tourism in Indonesia in 2013-2020. The rupiah exchange rate has a negative and significant effect on the demand for international tourism in Indonesia in 2013-2020, while the TCPI and Visit Visa Free Policy in Indonesia have no significant effect on demand for international tourism in Indonesia in 2013-2020.

ІМПЕРАТИВИ РОЗВИТКУ МІЖНАРОДНОЇ ТОРГІВЛІ ТУРИСТИЧНИМИ ПОСЛУГАМИ В УМОВАХ СТАНОВЛЕННЯ ЦИФРОВОГО СУСПІЛЬСТВА

In the era of digital transformation, international trade in tourism services faces numerous challenges and opportunities. As societies increasingly embrace digital technologies, the dynamics of tourism supply and demand have changed significantly. This article explores the imperatives for the development of international trade in tourism services in the context of an evolving digital society. The key factors shaping this transformation, including technological innovations, changing consumer behavior, regulatory frameworks and current trends, are considered. In today’s digital society, customer experience is important for the tourism industry. The ability to personalize services based on individual preferences is a significant factor in gaining a competitive advantage in the international tourism market. The study highlights the need to implement digital solutions to increase competitiveness, optimize operations and contribute to the sustainable growth of the global tourism industry. As the digital society continues to evolve, international trade in travel services must adapt to new technologies and changes in consumer behaviour. The travel industry is becoming increasingly globalised, with digital platforms enabling companies to reach consumers across borders. To thrive in this environment, travel companies must prioritise digital innovation, adopt marketing strategies and provide seamless and personalised customer experiences. In addition to these strategic imperatives, stakeholders in the tourism industry must work together to overcome challenges associated with digitalisation, such as data security, the digital divide and regulatory inconsistencies. Governments, private enterprises and international organisations should work together to create a framework that supports the sustainable development of international tourism trade. The future of international trade in tourism services is bright, but only for those who navigate the complexities of the digital economy and can take full advantage of the opportunities it presents. By adopting a forward-looking approach and embracing the imperatives of the digital era, tourism businesses can contribute to the growth of a more efficient and inclusive global tourism industry.

The Impact of Infrastructure Development on China’s Export Trade in Tourism Services

The Impact of Infrastructure Development on China’s Export Trade in Tourism Services

The Determinants of Trade in Services With the Focus on Tourism

This paper estimates the gravity of bilateral trade in services at an aggregate level. The aim of the paper is to assess the effects of social and economic factors on the export of services. A large part of the trade-in services is directly or indirectly related to the tourism industry; therefore, the results of this research are mainly discussed from the perspective of the tourism industry. To achieve the paper's aim, we estimate the augmented gravity model on a sample of 5,359 trading partners from 2000 to 2018. We evaluate our model using the Poisson Pseudo Maximum Likelihood estimator. We include various fixed-effect dummies in our model to address the endogeneity issues. Our results show that standard gravity variables such as economic size and distance are significant for service trade. From the tourism industry perspective, it can be concluded that trade in tourism services is determined by the similarity in economic size, proximity, and common socio-economic factors such as common first language and shared religious beliefs. In contrast, common colonial history has no significant effects on service trade.

A Research on how to Improve the International Competitiveness of Tourism Service Trade in Anhui Province after the COVID-19 Epidemic

A Research on how to Improve the International Competitiveness of Tourism Service Trade in Anhui Province after the COVID-19 Epidemic

Has the digitization of the tourism industry promoted the export of tourism services?--Based on evidence at the provincial level of China

The rapid development of the digital economy has driven the digital transformation of the tourism industry, which will inevitably affect the development of China’s tourism service trade. Based on the provincial panel data of China from 2009 to 2020, this paper constructs the “three new” evaluation system of China Provincial Tourism Digitalization, tests its impact on tourism service exports. The results indicate that the digitization of the tourism industry positively affects the export of tourism services by reducing transaction costs, which is more obvious in the central and eastern regions.

The Influence and Mechanism of Digital Economy on the Development of the Tourism Service Trade—Analysis of the Mediating Effect of Carbon Emissions under the Background of COP26

This study explores the impact and mechanism of the digital economy on the tourism service trade. We adopted two-way fixed effects and mediating effects models, and conducted empirical studies based on panel data of 30 provinces (municipalities and autonomous regions) in China. The results show that the digital economy can significantly improve the development of the tourism service trade, and has a certain role in carbon emission reduction. This conclusion remains valid after a series of robustness tests and proves that carbon emission per capita plays an intermediary role in this process. The regional heterogeneity analysis shows that the digital economy plays a more significant role in promoting inland regions and regions with a higher tourism resource endowment. These findings are significant for the relevant industries, ecological activists, other stakeholders and the realization of the «Glasgow Climate Pact». The results provide guidelines for the recovery of the tourism service industry in the post-epidemic era, achieving the “double carbon” goal, realizing low-carbon tourism and the control of carbon emissions by countries related to the COP meeting. The guidelines can help to strengthen the development of digital infrastructure and promote digital technology in the tourism service industry, differentiate promotion measures based on geographical location and tourism resource endowment, fully consider the intermediary role of carbon emissions, and develop corresponding low-carbon technologies and innovative green technologies.

THE IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN TOURISM SERVICES IN EUROPE

European tourism suffered the greatest crisis on record in 2020-2021 following an unprecedented health, social and economic emergency with the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic and quarantine restrictions. Thus, the aim of the article is to investigate the impact of COVID-19 on international trade in tourism services in Europe, as well as determining the development trends of international trade in tourism services in the regions of Europe and EU countries in the pre- and post-coronavirus period. To achieve the goal of the scientific research a quantitative research method, literature review method, retrospective analysis, statistical analysis has been used. In the study, secondary data of the international tourist arrivals in Europe, export/import of tourism services by European regions and EU in the pre-coronavirus and post-coronavirus period has been analyzed. The following trends have been identified: 1) an undulating trend in tourism exports in Europe in general, and European regions in particular, characterized by regional differentiation; 2) an alternation of peaks and troughs in the volume of imports of tourism services in Europe and a reversal of the main upward downward trend in all regions of Europe in 2020; 3) a differentiation of the response of European regions to the challenges of 2020 - regions with a passive trade balance showed a reduction in the deficit, while regions with an active trade balance, on the contrary, reduced its surplus; 4) a differentiation of the share of import/export of tourism services of total trade in services by regions of Europe with a gradual upward trend and a rapid downward trend break in 2020.

Retraction Note: Forecasting algorithm of tourism service trade based on PSO-optimized hybrid RVM model

Retraction Note: Forecasting algorithm of tourism service trade based on PSO-optimized hybrid RVM model

The Tourism Service Trade Network: Statistics from China and ASEAN Countries

This study uses the social network analysis method to explore the structural changes of the China–ASEAN tourism services trade network and its influencing factors based on tourism services trade data of China and ASEAN countries in 2015 and 2018. The findings show that (i) the network density of the tourism services trade network increased by 30% in 2018 compared with 2015. (ii) China, Thailand, Singapore, and Malaysia rank highly in terms of degree, betweenness, and closeness centrality. (iii) The distance between countries and differences in GDP per capita significantly affect the tourism services trade network. The recommendation is that tourism services trade be developed in a vigorous and systematic manner in the China–ASEAN region. This approach would enhance overall stability and cooperation in the tourism services trade network and create a win–win situation for trade in tourism services between China and ASEAN countries.

The Appraisal and Countermeasure Analysis of the International Competitiveness of Tourism Service Trade in Henan Province

With the continuous development of the macro-economy and the Internet of transportation and trade worldwide, the status of trade in tourism services is getting higher and higher. Henan has a long history and rich and colorful culture. As the birthplace of Central Plains Civilization, Henan has rich tourism resources. This paper analyzes the export status of the tourism service trade in Henan Province by using relevant data and analyzes the factors influencing the competitiveness of the tourism service trade in Henan Province by using the diamond model; this paper puts forward some suggestions to improve the export competitiveness of tourism service trade in Henan Province.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Forecasting algorithm of tourism service trade based on PSO-optimized hybrid RVM model

As a comprehensive form of trade, tourism service trade has had a profound impact on the economies of various countries. This research mainly discusses the tourism service trade forecasting algorithm based on the PSO-optimized hybrid RVM model. This study extracts 8 indicators including gross national product, total fixed asset investment, total import and export, China's import and export tariff rate, the exchange rate of renminbi to the US dollar, and the global economic growth rate. The same as the impact indicators of tourism service trade, but there is a certain degree of redundancy and correlation in these indicators. In order to measure the correlation between the evaluation indicators, the autocorrelation evaluation function in MATLAB is used, and the principal component analysis method is used to extract the principal components that can represent the indicators in a larger percentage. In order to improve the prediction accuracy of the RVM model, based on the adaptive construction model structure and initial model weights, the PSO algorithm is used to optimize the RVM model weights. The optimization process takes the minimum error of the RVM model as the algorithm search target, and each represents the RVM model. The algorithm finds the value and threshold of the optimal RVM model through the particle swarm tracking search algorithm and then uses the original RVM model and the optimized RVM prediction respectively total amount of tourism service trade in City A, and compares the prediction errors of the single RVM method and the PSO-optimized RVM method, and analyzes the degree of model prediction error reduction after the PSO model optimizes the RVM model. According to the forecast result, the relative average error of 2020 is 5.7%, and the forecast result is relatively accurate. This research is helpful to provide scientific reference for my country's tourism service trade.

Factors Affecting International Competitiveness of Tourism Services Trade: Evidence from Zhejiang Province, China

As one of the traditional service trade modes, tourism service trade is an important part of service trade and is the main driving force for the rapid growth of China's service trade. Zhejiang is famous for its rich tourism resources and there are many natural and cultural landscapes with high ornamental value and rich cultural heritage. As a result, the tourism industry in Zhejiang has developed rapidly. Under this background, this paper first studies the development situation of the tourism service trade in Zhejiang Province from four aspects. And then this paper uses the latest data and makes an empirical analysis on its influencing factors by using the regression method and explore the restrictive factors affecting the improvement of competitiveness. Finally, based on the current situation and influencing factors of Zhejiang’s tourism service trade, this paper puts forward the corresponding countermeasures and suggestions which hopefully could help Zhejiang Province find a way to promote tourism service trade in regional coordinated development.

The Impact of the Covid-19 on China’s International Tourism Service Trade and Countermeasures

In the context of the Covid-19, China’s international tourism service trade industry has encountered difficulties. In order to further restore the foreign exchange income of China’s inbound tourism, realize the transformation and upgrading of China’s tourism industry, and create a new form of tourism industry. Firstly, This article analyzes the development status of China’s international tourism service industry under the background of the epidemic, and explores the impact of the epidemic on the industry. Based on this, we will analyze the response plan for the restoration of China’s international travel service trade under the background of the epidemic from multiple subjects. Finally, summarize the content and viewpoints of this article, and look forward to the future development of China’s tourism industry.

Dynamic change of comparative advantage of international tourism service trade and China’s contribution to trade balance

Dynamic change of comparative advantage of international tourism service trade and China’s contribution to trade balance

Globalization, Country Risks, and Trade in Tourism Services: Evidence from China

This study applies the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model to examine the impacts of globalization and country risks on China’s tourism service trade over the period 1984–2015. The results reveal that in the long run, globalization has a significant negative impact on tourism service exports and tourism service trade balances, while a significant positive impact on tourism service imports. In the short run, globalization has a significant negative impact on tourism service imports, while a significant positive impact on tourism service exports and trade balances. Country stability could roughly mitigate these negative and positive impacts of globalization on tourism service trade in both the short and long run. Moreover, the speed of adjustment from the short run to long run equilibrium path is relatively fast. These results are important for China’s policy makers when formulating a strategy for the development of tourism service trade.

Strengthening of Local Micro Business Legal (UMKM) Law Regulation in Requiring Sustainable Tourism in Bali

Sociological study of local MSMEs in facing various obstacles in their growth and development and juridical studies related to the legal basis underlying the need to strengthen the competitiveness of local MSMEs in Bali. This research aims to analyze the factors that affect the competitiveness of local micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) in organizing the trade in tourism services in Bali. This research used is normative research method. This research uses several approaches including: conceptual approach, philosophical approach and analytical approach. The results of this study showed that the formulation of strengthening the competitiveness of local micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) in organizing the tourism services trade in Bali is based on the principle of fair efficiency and the principle of subsidarity so that local MSMEs can become new entities that reflect the philosophy of Tri Hita Karana and have strong competitiveness realize sustainable tourism. It is recommended to the Provincial Government of Bali, to make efforts to crystallize the value of local wisdom that can be applied as the identity of local MSMEs, so that there are formal standards in determining local MSMEs as a new entity in the economic world.

DEVELOPMENT OF INDONESIAN TOURISM LAW IN THE TOURISM INDUSTRY 4.0

This article provides an overview of the effects of tourism industry 4.0 on the development of Indonesian tourism law. So that the laws and regulations in the field of Indonesian tourism are able to facilitate the principles of service trade in the General Agreement on Trade and Services (GATS). With the ratification of the WTO Agreement, Indonesia must abide by these principles by not ignoring national interests in order to foster good relations with each WTO member. Therefore, the Government of Indonesia is expected to be able to utilize some of the exclusion rules in the GATS to provide opportunities for Indonesian tourism businesses to prepare themselves in the global tourism services trade competition. The development of Indonesian tourism law now, is in a position to be able to facilitate the development of the global tourism service business with the 4.0 industrial revolution which introduces applications on intelligent devices and artificial intelligence speeds that cannot be dammed. Mapping the impact of globalization and any efforts that must be made by the Indonesian government in developing tourism laws so that they can take advantage of the globalization of world trade in tourism services.