Trade In Products Research Articles

Study on Evolution Mechanism of Agricultural Trade Network of RCEP Countries—Complex System Analysis Based on the TERGM Model

The agricultural products trade network is essentially a complex adaptive system formed by nonlinear interactions between countries. Based on the complex system theory, this study reveals the dynamic self-organization law of the RCEP regional agricultural products trade network by using the panel data of RCEP agricultural products export trade from 2000 to 2023, combining social network analysis (SNA) and the temporal exponential random graph model (TERGM). The results show the following: (1) The RCEP agricultural products trade network presents a “core-edge” hierarchical structure, with China as the core hub to drive regional resource integration and ASEAN countries developing into secondary core nodes to deepen collaborative dependence. (2) The “China-ASEAN-Japan-Korea “riangle trade structure is formed under the RCEP framework, and the network has the characteristics of a “small world”. The leading mode of South–South trade promotes the regional economic order to shift from the traditional vertical division of labor to multiple coordination. (3) The evolution of trade network system is driven by multiple factors: endogenous reciprocity and network expansion are the core structural driving forces; synergistic optimization of supply and demand matching between economic and financial development to promote system upgrading; geographical proximity and cultural convergence effectively reduce transaction costs and enhance system connectivity, but geographical distance is still the key system constraint that restricts the integration of marginal countries. This study provides a systematic and scientific analytical framework for understanding the resilience mechanism and structural evolution of regional agricultural trade networks under global shocks.

Global Tangerine Trade Market: Revealed Competitiveness and Market Powers

The international trade in agricultural products is complex and diverse. Global buyers must diversify their import sources, while sellers must explore new market opportunities. In the past, there has been no analysis on how second-tier exporters, with a smaller market share compared to dominant exporters, interact in the same target market and within an existing trade market and what factors affect trade prices and market forces. Based on Vollrath’s revealed competitive advantage index framework, this study analyzes the global tangerine trade (HS08052100) and means of production from 2008 to 2021, performs clustering, and estimates the residual demand elasticities of two main second-tier exporting countries—South Africa and Morocco—in four major importing countries for empirical analysis. The results show that South African tangerines have a lower market share than Moroccan tangerines in the Netherlands, the United States, and the United Kingdom. However, all data indicate that the residual demand elasticity for the country’s products in the target markets is negative, indicating that South African exporters have market influence in all three markets and significantly affect the prices of Moroccan products in these markets. Unlike other studies that have focused on the ranking analysis of export indices, the novelty of this study is that it provides an oligopolistic framework based on agricultural value chain analysis, which can be used for many countries with limited export scales. The method proposed in this study is expected to help citrus traders to effectively find export markets by evaluating the remaining market niches using key market data and the prices of similar competitors in the same category.

Brucellosis: Bacteriology, pathogenesis, epidemiology and role of the metallophores in virulence: a review

Brucellosis is a recognized zoonotic disease caused by various Brucella species with significant economic and animal welfare ramifications worldwide. The spread of brucellosis from domestic livestock and wild animals, as well as its emergence in new regions, present novel epidemiological challenges. The consumption of unpasteurized milk and dairy products from unsanitary farms in endemic areas poses a serious risk to public health from brucellosis. Determining the accurate prevalence of brucellosis, particularly in regions with persistently high prevalence, basically requires careful and frequent surveillance. Furthermore, transmission and detection of the illness in non-endemic areas have become more complex due to global human and animal migration as well as the trade in animal products. This review presents an updated understanding of brucellosis, covering its classification and taxonomy, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment approaches, epidemiology, available control and prevention measures, antimicrobial resistance and the role of metal uptake in bacterial virulence. It highlights the consequences of brucellosis for global health and underscores the need for continuous research, knowledge sharing, and interdisciplinary cooperation for effective disease control and prevention.

The trade in agricultural products between Vietnam and Cambodia: growth of dependence or mutual benefit?

The article is dedicated to the analysis of the dynamics and structure of agricultural trade between Vietnam and Cambodia, which has become an important element of economic interaction between the two countries over the past decades. Vietnam, as the largest importer of Cambodian agricultural products, plays a key role in shaping the demand and development directions of Cambodia's agriculture. The focus is on commodity groups such as rubber, cashews, and rice, which constitute a significant share of bilateral trade. It is noted that Cambodia, by supplying raw materials to Vietnam, loses a substantial part of the added value, which enhances its dependence on the Vietnamese market. At the same time, Vietnam, by using Cambodian raw materials for processing and export, strengthens its position in the global market. It is emphasized that despite the mutually beneficial nature of cooperation, Cambodia risks becoming a raw material appendage of Vietnam, which makes its economy vulnerable to changes in Vietnamese agricultural policy. The author concludes that the further development of agricultural cooperation between the two countries requires a balance between Vietnam's interests and the necessity of strengthening processing capacities in Cambodia to reduce dependence on raw material exports.

Advances and Prospects of Fowl Adenoviruses Vaccine Technologies in the Past Decade.

Over the past decade, diseases associated with fowl adenoviruses (FAdVs) have exhibited a new epidemic trend worldwide. The presence of numerous FAdVs serotypes, combined with the virus's broad host range, positions it as a significant pathogen in the poultry industry. In the current context of intensive poultry production and global trade, co-infections involving multiple FAdVs serotypes, as well as co-infections with FAdVs alongside infectious bursal disease or infectious anemia virus, may occur within the same region or even on the same farm. The frequency of these outbreaks complicates the prevention and control of FAdVs. Therefore, the development of effective, targeted vaccines is essential for providing technical support in the management of FAdVs epidemics. Ongoing vaccine research aims to improve vaccine efficacy and address the challenges posed by emerging FAdVs outbreaks. This review focuses on vaccines developed and studied worldwide for various serotypes of FAdVs in the past decade. It encompasses inactivated vaccines, live attenuated vaccines, e.g., host-adapted attenuated vaccines and gene deletion vaccines, viral vector vaccines, and subunit vaccines (including VLP proteins and chimeric proteins). The current limitations and future development directions of FAdVs vaccine development are also proposed to provide a reference for new-generation vaccines and innovative vaccination strategies against FAdVs, as well as for the rapid development of highly effective vaccines.

Research on the influence of cultural distance on export of traditional Chinese medicine products - based on the empirical analysis of countries along the belt and road

In this era, when people are increasingly concerned about health, traditional Chinese medicine, with its unique theories and rich practical experience, has gradually increased its influence in the global health field. Against this background, this article focuses on conducting an in-depth exploration of the influencing factors of cultural distance on the trade of traditional Chinese medicine products between China and the countries along the "Belt and Road." Cultural differences (CD) have had a significant negative impact on the trade volume of traditional Chinese medicine products. That is to say, the greater the degree of cultural differences, the lower the trade volume of traditional Chinese medicine products. This fully indicates that cultural differences have formed certain obstacles in the trade of traditional Chinese medicine. Among the numerous control variables, gross domestic product (GDP) and per capita gross national income (GNI) of trading countries show a positive correlation with the volume of trade. This implies that sustained economic development and the relatively high income level of residents in these countries can effectively promote the import of traditional Chinese medicine products. Conversely, geographical distance (DIS) has brought negative effects to trade. Due to increased distance, trade costs rise, which in turn suppresses the export of traditional Chinese medicine products. Furthermore, common language (LAN) and population size (POP) have also played a promoting role in trade, with the role of common language being more crucial. Although the effect of free trade agreements (FTAs) in promoting trade is not yet fully clear at present, judging from the relatively large coefficient values, they have the potential to drive trade growth. To further analyze the influence mechanism of cultural factors in trade, a mechanism test was carried out in the research. The results show that the Power Distance Index (PDI) presents a significant positive correlation with trade volume. The Individualism and Collectivism Index (IDV), the Uncertainty Avoidance Index (UAI), and the Indulgence and Restraint Index (IVR) are all significantly negatively correlated with trade volume. The long-term orientation (LTO) is significantly positively correlated with the short-term normative orientation and trade volume. However, the dimensions of masculinity and femininity (MAS) have no obvious influence on trade volume. Through heterogeneity analysis, it was found that cultural differences have a more prominent inhibitory effect on the trade of traditional Chinese medicine in non-high-income countries. High-income countries, relying on their own advantages and with the assistance of economic factors that promote trade and a common language, can obtain more trade dividends. Meanwhile, geographical distance poses a more serious trade obstacle for non-high-income countries. These research results comprehensively and deeply reveal the intricate relationship between cultural distance and the trade of traditional Chinese medicine.

Analysis of Opportunities and Challenges of Indonesian Agricultural Product Trade with Australia: Case Study in the APEC Framework

Agricultural trade between Indonesia and Australia holds strategic importance in supporting national food security and expanding access to global markets. This study aims to examine the opportunities and challenges faced by Indonesia in enhancing agricultural exports to Australia under the framework of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC). Using a descriptive qualitative method and secondary data from government institutions, international organizations, and academic sources, the study finds that export opportunities are largely driven by product complementarity and trade liberalization initiatives. Nevertheless, technical barriers such as Australia’s stringent biosecurity regulations and quality standard discrepancies remain key obstacles. Therefore, improving product quality, engaging in proactive economic diplomacy, and strengthening export infrastructure are vital strategies to boost Indonesia’s agricultural competitiveness in the Australian market.

The role of ICT in shaping international trade dynamics: a G20 perspective

This research examines the influence of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) on economic expansion and commerce within G20 nations. Findings reveal that the digital revolution and advancements in artificial intelligence have significantly bolstered the global digital economy, fostering enhanced productivity, innovation, and trade. Utilizing panel data analysis, the study demonstrates that progress in ICT technology contributed approximately 0.33% to economic growth. Additionally, it facilitated an expansion of about 0.12% in product trade and 0.14% in service trade. The research also uncovered a “Diminishing Marginal Returns of ICT on Trade” effect, where trade volume increases with ICT development, but at a decelerating rate over time. To maximize trade growth potential, the study proposes increased governmental investment in ICT technology development and innovation, coupled with the establishment of digital trade standards. These measures could position digital trade as a catalyst for future economic expansion. While the research acknowledges limitations such as a restricted sample size and reliance on panel data, its conclusions offer valuable insights for policymakers and enterprises in emerging economies. First published online 2 July 2025

Agricultural production and international trade analysis of competitiveness between natural and conventional dyes in the textile industry

This study examines the competitiveness of natural dyes compared to conventional dyes in the textile dyeing industry, with a specific focus on agricultural production and international trade. Traditionally used in textile dyeing, natural dyes offer more sustainable processes that are less harmful to both the environment and human health. However, the introduction of synthetic dyes during the Industrial Revolution led to a significant decline in the use of natural dye plants, which became marginalized in industrial applications. In recent years, growing environmental concerns and a shift toward sustainable consumption have revitalized interest in natural dye plants, signaling a broader transition toward eco-friendly practices in the textile sector. Economically, natural dye production supports local communities and contributes to rural development. This research identifies seed types with high dye compound content and yield, focusing particularly on madder cultivation. While madder can produce up to 6,710 kg per hectare, this study uses a more conservative estimate of 5,000 kg per hectare for its calculations. Madder adapts well to diverse soil types, including infertile lands where cereals fail to grow. The study compares the average market value of madder production with that of selected cereal crops in Turkey, highlighting its agricultural efficiency and export potential. Through economic analysis, the study evaluates the production performance and trade share of natural dye plants and provides policy recommendations to promote the adoption of sustainable dyeing methods in the textile industry.

Trade of eco-friendly products and CO2 emissions in China: A spatial spillover analysis within the EKC framework

Trade of eco-friendly products and CO2 emissions in China: A spatial spillover analysis within the EKC framework

Deciphering global marine product trade dynamics: Patterns, drivers, and policy insights

Deciphering global marine product trade dynamics: Patterns, drivers, and policy insights

Transnational shark trade: personal baggage and postal seizures in Australia and New Zealand

Context Sharks (Chondrichthyes) are declining globally with over one third of species threatened with extinction, largely due to anthropogenic threats including overfishing driven by the international trade of products such as fin and meat. Aims We used border seizure data from Australia and Aotearoa/New Zealand (from passenger flights and unaccompanied mail) to investigate where shark products originated from and whether there were country-specific differences in the products traded through time. Methods Seizure data were collated from biosecurity and government agencies to investigate the contribution of Australia and Aotearoa/New Zealand to global shark trade. Key results In Australia, shark products were more likely to originate from Asia and the total number of seized products decreased over time. In Aotearoa/New Zealand, Australia was the top originating country. Both countries showed clear reductions in seizures in 2020–2021 when border closures were enforced due to COVID-19. Trophy items, such as preserved specimens, were more likely to originate from the USA while fin products originated from Hong Kong and China. Less than 1% of seizures from both countries contained species-specific information, with 14 of the 18 species seized listed on CITES Appendix II. Conclusions International trade of shark products for personal use in Australia and Aotearoa/New Zealand was evident, with Australia a potential source and gateway for these products, raising concerns around the trade of endangered species. Implications Improving recorded species information is essential to enhance monitoring and support regulations on the trade of sharks and endangered species.

AGRICULTURAL EXPORTS OF UKRAINE IN THE CONDITIONS OF WAR AND ONE-SIDED SANCTIONS IMPOSED BY NEIGHBOURING EU СОUNTRIES

The article outlines the main problems of agricultural exports in the context of the blockade of seaports, the breakdown of existing supply chains, and a significant increase in logistics costs due to the shutdown of road checkpoints. It also identifies the main trends in foreign trade in agricultural products, in particularly grain crops. The author examines legislative changes that have affected the procedure for export-import operations involving domestic business entities. In chronological order, the institutional and measures taken by the European Union and the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine aimed at improving the efficiency of international road transport of agricultural products are described. In order to assess the effectiveness of the existing road checkpoints, it is first necessary to consider both the planned and actual throughput capacity in the context of martial law conditions. In this respect, an analysis of the requirements set by Poland, Slovakia and Hungary reveals a certain inconsistency with the legislative directives of the European Parliament on exports from Ukraine. It may therefore be concluded that these requirements are primarily intended to prevent the entry of Ukrainian agricultural products into their territory, rather than as a genuine condition for their export. It also suggests that it might be beneficial to consider ways of strengthening internal veterinary and phytosanitary control measures. This is particularly relevant in light of the fact that in 2022 the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine decided to cancel state supervision measures under martial law, including those relating to agricultural products. This decision was taken against the background of the armed aggression of the Russian Federation, which caused significant losses to agricultural enterprises. It is therefore important to ensure that food security is maintained not only in Ukraine but also in countries exporting domestic agricultural products. The paper suggests that it might be beneficial to consider introducing a European system of rapid response to reports of direct or indirect risks to human health posed by food or animal feed. Such a system could potentially protect consumers from substandard products, while also enabling authorities to remove spoiled products from the market in a short time frame.

ANALISIS PELUANG DAN ANCAMAN PERDAGANGAN PRODUK PERIKANAN: STUDI KASUS PERDAGANGAN INDONESIA DENGAN TIONGKOK

As an archipelagic country with abundant marine wealth, Indonesia has great potential in developing the fisheries sector as a leading non-oil and gas export commodity. This research aims to analyze the opportunities and threats of trade in Indonesian fishery products with China within the framework of APEC cooperation. The method used is a qualitative descriptive approach with literature studies, using secondary data obtained from various ministry reports, scientific journal articles, economic news, official government websites, and data from international organizations. The results of the study show that although Indonesia has a large export potential for fishery products to China, such as squid, cuttlefish, seaweed, shrimp, and crabs. The country also faces serious challenges in the form of high volumes of imports of low-cost fishery products from China that suppress local prices and weaken the competitiveness of domestic fishermen. Therefore, a comprehensive strategy is needed in the form of improving product quality, diversification, strengthening the processing industry, protecting the domestic market through strict import regulations, and promoting the export of value-added products so that Indonesia can maintain and improve its position in the international fisheries market, especially China.

Interpretable classification of Levantine ceramic thin sections via neural networks

Abstract Classification of ceramic thin sections is fundamental for understanding ancient pottery production techniques, provenance, and trade networks. Although effective, traditional petrographic analysis is time-consuming. This study explores the application of deep learning models, specifically convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and vision transformers (ViTs), as complementary tools to support the classification of Levantine ceramics based on their petrographic fabrics. A dataset of 1424 thin section images from 178 ceramic samples belonging to several archaeological sites across the Levantine area, mostly from the Bronze Age, with few samples dating to the Iron Age, was used to train and evaluate these models. The results demonstrate that transfer learning significantly improves classification performance, with a ResNet18 model achieving 92.11% accuracy and a ViT reaching 88.34%. Explainability techniques, including Guided Gradient-based Class Activation Maps and attention maps, were applied to interpret and visualize the models’ decisions, revealing that both CNNs and ViTs successfully focus on key mineralogical features for the classification of the samples into their respective petrographic fabrics. These findings highlight the potential of explainable AI in archaeometric studies, providing a reproducible and efficient methodology for ceramic analysis while maintaining transparency in model decision-making.

Trade Efficiency of Information and Communication Technology Products Between China and RCEP Member Countries

ABSTRACTUsing the stochastic frontier gravity model and information and communication technology (ICT) product trade data from 2007 to 2021, this study measures and compares the efficiency of ICT product trade between China and Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) member countries. The results of this study indicate that the trade flow of ICT products is positively correlated with the level of economic development and negatively correlated with geographical distance. Government efficiency, trade and transport‐related infrastructure quality, higher education enrollment rate, and the number of mobile phone users have a positive effect on the trade efficiency of ICT products. Compared to the United States and the European Union, China has the lowest export efficiency and the highest import efficiency of ICT products to RCEP member countries. The trade efficiency estimates also reveal that China's efficient ICT product trading partners include Australia, Japan, New Zealand, Singapore, and South Korea, while inefficient ICT product trading partners include Brunei, Cambodia, Laos, and Myanmar. Moreover, there are significant differences in trade efficiency among different categories of ICT products. Therefore, China should focus on minimizing the impact of non‐efficiency factors in trade, implement differentiated cooperation strategies with RCEP member countries, and promote the diversification of ICT product trade.

Spread of quarantine weeds in Ukraine

Goal. To analyze the dynamics and distribution range of quarantine weed species in Ukraine (excluding territories affected by active or past hostilities and those temporarily occupied by the Russian Federation) over the past ten years. Methods. Interpretation of official data from the State Service of Ukraine on Food Safety and Consumer Protection regarding the spread of quarantine weeds using an analytical-comparative method. Results. Between 2015 and 2024, outbreaks of nine weed species and one genus with the status of limited distribution were recorded in Ukraine. The largest infested areas are occupied by common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia), which has been reported in all regions of the country. Significant infestations of creeping knotweed (Polygonum convolvulus) were also recorded in five southern and eastern regions. In 2024, beaked nightshade (Solanum rostratum) was detected in one region, Aleppo millet grass (Sorghum halepense) in two, and long-spine sandbur (Cenchrus longispinus) in five southern regions and the Kyiv region. Within the genus Cuscuta, the spread of field dodder (Cuscuta campestris), Lehmann’s dodder (Cuscuta lehmanniana), Mediterranean tree dodder (Cuscuta epithymum), and hop dodder (Cuscuta lupuliformis) has been observed, with field dodder being the most prevalent. Since 2019, hop dodder has been officially recorded in Ukraine, and since 2021, the spread of Cuscuta spp. has been noted. As of 2024, Cuscuta spp. were registered in three regions. Over the past decade, there has been a general trend of decreasing areas infested with quarantine weed species, with the exception of Cuscuta species, particularly Lehmann’s dodder. The infested area of beaked nightshade has remained unchanged. Conclusions. The development and spread of quarantine weeds pose a serious threat to the national economy, particularly the agricultural sector, as well as to human and animal health. In order to prevent the introduction and spread of quarantine weed species across the country, business entities involved in the cultivation, handling, or trade of plants and plant products must strictly adhere to plant quarantine legislation.

A Gravity Model Analysis of the Influencing Factors of Ghana-Nigeria Bilateral Trade in Merchandize Products

Evidently, the quantum of the general and sectoral impacts of growing trends of Ghana- Nigeria bilateral trade has been a phenomenon of mixed feelings. To some analysts the relationship has been positive, to others it is challenging. The purpose of this research therefore, tries to evaluate the influencing factors of Nigeria-Ghana trade in merchandize products through the gravity model of trade from 2008-2019. The results showed that the real exchange rate had a small but significant positive impact on the bilateral trade between Ghana and Nigeria, but more importantly, it had a positive impact on the Nigerian economy. The study again discovered a positive correlation between the size of the economy between Ghana and Nigeria and the flow of bilateral trade. This shows that trade improves as the GDP between these two countries increases or decreases. The market size or population of both countries exhibited a strong positive impact on trade flows and this is consistent with the theoretical foundation. The study is unique because it is the first to exclusively study and empirically investigate the trend of Nigeria-Ghana bilateral trade relation through the Newtonian gravity model.

Trading Without Special Treatment: Assessing the Impact of the EU’s Generalized System of Preferences Reform

Abstract The Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) program allows developed nations to grant non-reciprocal tariff concessions to developing and least developed countries. In 2014, the European Union (EU) reformed its GSP program, withdrawing tariff concessions from several developing countries and small territories. In this paper, I analyze the impact of this reform on the excluded countries’ exports to the EU. I use a triple difference specification with interactive fixed effects that control for preexisting trade patterns, allowing for causal inference. I find that there is a decline in exports of GSP eligible products from the excluded countries to the EU as well as in the probability of exporting. There is no evidence of product diversification or trade diversion to other countries to compensate for these losses. Overall, my findings suggest that GSP concessions are necessary for all developing countries and losing them can cause exports to the donor countries to decline.

ILLEGAL TRADE IN TOBACCO PRODUCTS INDICATOR

The illicit trade in tobacco products poses a significant challenge to global health by undermining tobacco control efforts, reducing government revenues, and increasing the accessibility of unregulated tobacco products. To address this issue effectively, we introduce the Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products Indicator (ITTPI), a comprehensive tool designed to visualize and track illicit tobacco trade patterns worldwide. The ITTPI integrates data on counterfeit cigarettes, contraband activities, and risk factors associated with these illegal practices. By leveraging an interactive mapping system, this indicator facilitates real-time monitoring of high-risk regions and channels involved in illicit trade. Our study demonstrates how ITTPI can be applied across diverse contexts to identify hotspots of illicit activity and predict future trends based on historical data analysis. This approach not only aids law enforcement agencies but also informs policymakers about targeted interventions needed to strengthen regulatory frameworks against tobacco smuggling. By enhancing transparency and coordination among international stakeholders, the ITTPI offers a promising solution for combating the global problem of illicit tobacco trade while supporting broader public health objectives aimed at reducing smoking prevalence worldwide.