Hungary's Trade Research Articles

The Centralized Management of Folk Art Trade in Hungary

The Centralized Management of Folk Art Trade in Hungary

Trade of second-hand products, as a means of social emergence in the European Union and Hungary

The seasonal changes of fashion makes it possible for the consumers to modify their attachment to social groups, and change their group identities by purchasing newly emerging products as social „symbols”. This consumer orientation motivates the social life of Western European societies, too. As fashion changes, these social groups change not only their old cars, but all their commodities from cutlery to laptop. The outdated, old-fashioned „junk” of the Western consumer society has become a serious trade in Hungary, similarly to the second-hand shops having been spread throughout the country in the nineties. Many Hungarian citizens of the small villages of Transdanubia find not only their livelihood, but the road to prosperity in these junk dumping occasions. The main area of our research is a selected group of microregions in West-Transdanubia (microregion of Zalaszentgrot, Nagykanizsa, Tapolca, etc.), and villages and towns in Austria (Graz), and Serbia (Subotica), which are either the source or the end of the junk picker routes.

Pricing in the pig production

During my research work I will exame the state of pig production and the pigmeat trade in Hungary as well as in the EU. In this article I am looking at this branch, I plan to ask consumers about this topic. There is no point in importing pork if there is no market for it. The reality is that we like what is new, unusual and different. What lies behind this way of thinking?Everybody agrees, consumer habits differ culturally, and this is true in European countries as well. I find it interesting to examine what parts of the pig are favoured the most by consumers in certain countries. As habits are different we can say that certain countries prefer pork chops while on other countries’ menus pork knuckles can be found. If we follow this train of thought it becomes apparent that due to these differences the price of pork varies from country to country.According to figures, it is clear that certain countries are able to produce pork products cheaper. Since market works on the principle of supply and demand, those who offer their products cheaper will have a greater chance of remaining in this sector. Those on the other hand who can only produce their products at a higher price will eventually disappear from the market. The price is determined by the rate of the forint to the euro. Today’s strong forint is leading to the growth in imports. Recently, pork exports have fallen, but if the rate were to be 280 forints as it has been in the past, then it would be more favourable to sell pork products.As Hungarian prices are high, meat processing companies are forced to import from neighbouring countries, which means a cheaper source of product. This has led to a decrease in the number of pig in Hungary meaning that we are now an overall importer of pork products rather than an exporter.

Tariffs and non‐tariff barriers to trade in Hungary: The impact of the Uruguay Round and EU accession

International trade has featured prominently in Hungary’s rapid transition to a market economy. This paper reports some relatively simple summary and complementary indicators for tariffs and non‐tariff barriers (NTBs) to trade, which are designed to reflect the level and structure of tariffs and the scope of NTBs in Hungary. The existence of tariff ‘spikes’ and highly pervasive NTBs in certain sectors constitutes prima facie evidence that the domestic dead‐weight efficiency and net welfare losses caused by tariff and non‐tariff protection as well as the costs to consumers could be high. The indicators are used to highlight several key developments associated with Hungary’s transition to a market economy, implementation of the Uruguay Round (UR) agreements and possible accession to the EU.

Geopolitical Legacies and Central European Export Linkages: A Historical and Gravity Model Analysis of Hungary

This paper analyzes Hungary's export linkages of the interwar and Cold War periods using gravity model and historical analyses. Hungary is a useful example of former Soviet satellites because it combines relative political stability (since 1956) and experimentation with the New Economic Mechanism (NEM) during the 1970s and 1980s. Historical analysis reveals seven events since World War I that changed Hungary's trade patterns. Gravity model analysis for 1955, 1965, 1975, and 1985 shows the dramatic cleavage of the “Iron Curtain,” the effect of the NEM, and particularly strong and weak linkages for Hungarian trade that may result from historical legacies, complementarity, or specific political contacts.

Hungary's trade and motor industry: Dilemmas of transition

Hungary's trade and motor industry: Dilemmas of transition

Hungary's Trade and Economic Relations with Developing Countries : An Overview

Hungary's Trade and Economic Relations with Developing Countries : An Overview

The Terms of Trade as a Tax on Agriculture: Hungary's Trade with Austria, 1883–1913

Protection of a domestic manufacturing industry to encourage its expansion through import substitution is equivalent (in the absence of equal protection for agriculture) to a “tax” on agriculture to support the development of the industrial sector. To call this policy of biasing the intersectoral terms of trade to favor industry a typical strategy of underdeveloped countries would be, if anything, to understate its universality. The arguments for and against such a strategy are well known, and an approximation of the benefits to the industrial sector can be gleaned from the national accounts of many countries. What remains hidden in the accounts, however, is the cost to the agricultural sector as a result of its being forced to trade at less favorable terms of trade than those provided by the world market. The purpose of this paper is to work out a simple methodology for measuring this cost and then to attempt an estimate of the cost in a particular case.