Corn Trade Research Articles

Impact of the USMCA on corn (Zea mays L.) trade dynamics and food security in Mexico

Impact of the USMCA on corn (Zea mays L.) trade dynamics and food security in Mexico

A simple food with many meanings: bread in late medieval England

ABSTRACT Bread was the most important item of diet in medieval England. Cereals were consumed in boiled form, but bread was preferred. Bread was not just convenient, but was also symbolic of well-being. Although breads were made from other cereals and legumes, wheat bread occupied a prime position, and in particular white wheat bread was regarded highly by consumers. Reasons are given for these attitudes, including the practical advantage that white bread was an efficient source of energy and was cost-effective. The political management of the corn trade and bread baking through such regulations as the assize of bread was intended to prevent unrest, but occasionally consumers organised ‘food riots’.

Measurement Standards and Market Governance: London Corn Trade Association and International Grain Markets (1880-1914)

Measurement Standards and Market Governance: London Corn Trade Association and International Grain Markets (1880-1914)

Regulation Model of Corn Trade System Based on Farmer Protection

Farmers in the trade chain for agricultural commodities, including corn, are in the weakest position compared to other parties. As a result, the trading system often does not take sides or even tends to harm farmers from year to year. Therefore, state intervention is needed in the context of evaluation which will lead to the reformulation of regulations regarding the maize trade system. Farmers are certainly an important element in realizing food security in this country. Therefore, this research was conducted to produce a regulatory model regarding the corn trade system which has unequivocal support for the protection of farmers. The purpose of this research is to identify the advantages and disadvantages of the current regulatory model, both by the central government and by local governments. To the corn trade system and find a model of corn trading system regulation based on protection for farmers. The research method used in this research is qualitative research and doctrinal legal research with several approaches, namely: statutory approach, analytical approach, and case approach with data collected through literature study and combined with empirical research (field research). This research is very important and useful for stakeholders (especially for farmers, entrepreneurs, and the government) as well as legislators in formulating policies on the trading system of agricultural commodities, especially corn which can ensure that farmers get serious attention and protection from the state.

Corn trade simulations of China: reduction in tariffs versus expansion in tariff-rate quotas

PurposeCorn, which has the highest domestic production, planting area and consumption, is the top cereal in relation to demand and supply in China. However, the comparative advantage of China in corn has continuously deteriorated in recent years and based on the recent situation and possible supply and demand trends, it is widely accepted that a corn self-sufficiency rate of 95% is difficult to achieve. Under current import-restriction policies, corn may stand at the crossroads of reforms to solve its predicted insufficient supply. In this study, the authors analyse the necessity of relaxing trade restrictions on corn in China and explore the effects of trade restrictions by reducing tariffs and expanding tariff-rate quotas on corn and related industries and the welfare change caused by possible relaxations.Design/methodology/approachThe authors construct a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model and design nine scenarios for the analysis.FindingsThe results show that relaxations of import restrictions are probable methods to meet the aim of sufficient corn supply during shortages. They are simulated to reduce corn's domestic production and price, increase import and import prices and lead to a decline in self-sufficiency but benefit the production of corn-related industries of corn. The results also imply that expanding the quota is a better method for releasing trade restrictions in China.Originality/valueThe comparative advantage of China in corn deteriorated with an increase in prices. Based on the current situation and possible trends of supply and demand, the referenced goal of achieving 95% corn self-sufficiency appears difficult, implying that reliance on imports is probably imminent and vital. This study provides simulation results in future scenarios and offers policy implications for China's corn trade policies.

Structural Break and Causal Analyses of U.S. Corn Use for Ethanol and Other Corn Market Variables

The causal basis for many of the relationships in models used to estimate the indirect effects of U.S. biofuels on global agricultural markets has not been adequately established. This paper addresses this gap by examining causal interactions among corn market variables through which the indirect effects of U.S. corn use for ethanol would be transmitted. Specifically, structural break and causal analyses of U.S. corn supply, uses, trade, and price are performed using quarterly data for marketing years 1986 to 2017. The structural break analysis identifies three breaks in corn use for ethanol that reflect the policy-driven evolution of U.S. corn ethanol production and other market factors. The causality analysis finds that U.S. corn use for ethanol is not a driver of the corn price and net corn exports. Changes in corn supply and domestic corn use are found to be the key factors in accommodating the large increase in corn use for ethanol between 2003 and 2010. These results mean that common assumptions linking U.S. corn ethanol production to large reductions in corn availability and exports, and higher global corn prices merit reconsideration.

Opportunities and challenges to increase corn export from Gorontalo province of Indonesia

Corn has an essential role in Indonesia, especially as a livestock feed. Corn production has increased significantly over the past five years. Many provinces in Indonesia are a center of corn production, but most do not serve as corn exporter. Gorontalo is one of it that has successfully exported corn. However, corn export from the province is still facing continuity and competitiveness challenges. This study aims to analyze of the corn exports’ potential, opportunities, and challenges from the region. The survey was conducted in 2018. Data and information were collected through in-depth interviews with relevant agencies and respondents are analyzed using SWOT analysis. The results of the study show that Gorontalo Province has a good prospect for exporting corn. The main strength of this province is the availability of two export ports. However, transportation infrastructure to the ports does not optimally support corn export activities. The dynamics of corn trade policies by the Government is also a potential factor to weaken corn competitiveness. Various programs are needed to continuously increase corn exports, including simplifying corn export procedures and licenses, improving infrastructure to facilitate transportation to farmland, and improving export market access by doing good networking with corn importers.

Robert Torrens’ model of trade and growth: genesis and implications for the discovery of comparative advantage

This paper analyzes the evolution of Torrens’ trade theory from 1808 to 1826. Firstly, it shows that Torrens’ reflections on trade evolved considerably by comparing The Economists Refuted and the Essay on the Production of Wealth. Secondly, it offers an explanation of how and why this evolution took place by scrutinising the different editions of the Essay on the External Corn Trade. Thirdly, Torrens’ model of trade and growth is presented. Finally, by identifying the assumptions underlying the model, it is argued that, in the early 1820s, Torrens still adheres to the absolute advantage theory.

PENGEMBANGAN APLIKASI ANDROID UNTUK E-COMMERCE PRODUK AGRO DENGAN DATABASE MYSQL DALAM RANGKA MEMPERKUAT KETAHANAN PANGAN DI PROVINSI BANTEN

Android application is designed for agro product E-Commerce that utilize the MySQL database. This application aims to help the Banten Provincial Government to realize the target of corn self-sufficiency in Banten by connecting farmers directly with their consumers. Java, XML, and PHP are used to develop this application. The E-Commerce adheres to the type of C2C system where third party accounts are employed in the transaction. It has a multi-level user system where anyone can register as a seller, buyer, or transportation service. Sellers and transportation services can directly promote their goods in this system. After clicking the button on the application, the Buyers can immediately make transactions quickly, safely, and comfortably. BlackBox and compatibility testing were carried out and produced 100% success. It is indicated that our application is suitable for the digital corn trade management system in Banten to strengthen food security.

Srednjoročni razvoj tržišta žitarica u Republici Hrvatskoj– rezultati modela parcijalne ravnoteže

The aim of the paper is to simulate the future development of the Croatian cereals market using the method of AGEMEMOD partial equilibrium model. The results present the historical (2010-2016) and projected development (2016-2030) of the production and trade in wheat, corn, barley, oats and rye markets. Simulation results show an increase in productivity per hectare and surface stability with the exception of individual culture. Wheat production in the projection period, same as corn, recorded a production increase and change in the trade balance. Croatia remains a net exporter of corn and wheat. For barley, as a third important cereal, the model results show a constant level of production by 2030, but also a positive foreign trade balance til the end of the projection period. Oats and rye, as less significant grains, still retain the status of imported products at the Croatian market. Domestic prices follow the EU prices trends, but will generally remain at a lower level than the average EU price. Despite the price competitiveness in the EU market, the domestic cereal sector is facing problems. In the domestic cereal sector there is a trend of relatively cheap grain export on common market, with expensive final products and processed products import.

Empirical analysis of US bilateral corn trade: Evidence from Japan, Mexico, China, South Korea, and the European Union

Aggregate export supply function for US corn and bilateral import functions for US corn by Mexico, Japan, China, South Korea, and the EU are estimated using ARDL estimation techniques. The findings...

Back to Agriculture?

Malthus’s main economic argument against free corn trade in his Essay on Population concerned the issue of structural change triggered by international trade. Malthus claimed that, in the long run, agricultural countries will develop their domestic industrial sectors and cut both their corn exports and their imports of foreign industrial goods. We critically assess Malthus’s views and compare them with Torrens 1815 and Ricardo 1822. We argue that the weak point of Malthus’s reasoning lies in his inability to perceive that an international trade-induced structural change process is at work both in agricultural and manufacturing countries. Moreover, we show that, notwithstanding the broad similarity of their conclusions, Torrens and Ricardo followed two analytically different paths.

中巴开展粮食贸易的潜能分析—以玉米为例

中巴开展粮食贸易的潜能分析—以玉米为例

<b>Desempenho das exportações brasileiras de milho: uma análise de Constant-Market-Share para o período 2002 a 2012

O objetivo deste estudo é analisar a dinâmica das taxas de crescimento das exportações do complexo milho no Brasil, para o período entre 2002 e 2012, com vistas à decomposição de suas fontes de crescimento. Para tanto, foi utilizado o modelo Constant-Market-Share para os principais produtos desse complexo, cuja finalidade foi verificar a competitividade dos produtos frente ao mercado internacional. Os resultados obtidos mostram a crescente participação das exportações brasileiras do complexo milho no mercado mundial, sobretudo no mercado de milho em grão. Com relação às fontes de crescimento, verifica-se que a competitividade foi o efeito que mais contribuiu para o crescimento das exportações do país. Ademais, o crescimento do comércio mundial também deteve o poder de explicação de outra parcela significativa dos incrementos na exportação brasileira de milho. Desta forma, este estudo evidencia a crescente participação do Brasil no comércio mundial de milho, o que exsurge a necessidade de formulação de políticas públicas e/ou privadas que auxiliem no desenvolvimento de infraestrutura e comercialização inerente ao mercado de grãos.

Is Food Self-Sufficiency Conducive to Long-Term Growth? An Assessment of Malthus (1803) on the International Corn Trade

We reconstruct the arguments employed by Malthus in the second edition of An Essay on the Principle of Population (1803) concerning the superiority of a balanced growth pattern, and we show their theoretical consistency with Malthus's food self-sufficiency policy proposal in his 1815 pamphlet, Grounds of an Opinion. Malthus (1803) argued that the contemporary British unbalanced and manufacturing export–led growth pattern was not sustainable in the long term; accordingly, he proposed food self-sufficiency as a safer long-term policy option than free foreign corn imports. Moreover, we investigate the theoretical influences on Malthus's analysis of international corn trade, particularly the Smithian one.

THE EVOLUTION OF A NORTHERN CORN MARKET: DONCASTER, 1843–1873

The English market was a physical space where production and consumption converged and the relationship between town and country was mediated. As Colin Stephen Smith argued, ‘Markets and marketing lie at the heart of English economic and social history’.1 Corn halls were economic powerhouses of the Victorian era, and as such were a physical embodiment of the corn trade. Despite the integral role of the corn market and corn halls at the heart of trade in arable areas during the nineteenth century, they remain underrepresented entities in accounts of nineteenthcentury agriculture. Yet corn halls are important portals to the history of agricultural trade and the relationship between town and country. This article examines how and why the corn market in Doncaster evolved in the mid nineteenth century. It explores responses to the growth of the corn trade, commercial and civic motivations, and perceptions of town and country. It contributes a northern perspective to the understanding of corn halls in the nineteenth century.

RENT SEEKING PADA TATA NIAGA KOMODITAS JAGUNG DI DESA PANDANSARI LOR KAB. MALANG

<p>Abstract</p> <em>This study aims 1</em><em>) to determine the format of corn trade system, 2) to know the process of formation of rents on corn trading system and 3) to determine the implications of rents on the sustainability of corn farming in the village of Pandansari Lor. This study used a qualitative approach by applying research methods of phenomenology, which is the the study of the experience that comes out from awareness. The results of this study showed the corn trade system in the village of Pandansari Lor has long sequences. The corn yields of farmers had to be stored through collector that carried forward to wholesalers in the village for corn shaving. The step went to wholesalers outside the village to serve them into corn rice before reaching the final consument that is fodder company. Rent seeking also occured in those long sequences. Its either activities that occured due to manipulation of business or as utilization of the power structure. The iimplications of rent seeking likely harmed the corn farmers and multiply wealth of rent-seeking parties to the trade system.</em>

Defense versus Opulence? An Appraisal of the Malthus-Ricardo 1815 Controversy on the Corn Laws

This article proposes a rational reconstruction of the arguments of Malthus and Ricardo in their 1815 essays, Grounds of an Opinion and An Essay on Profits, whereby a policy of free corn trade was repudiated and endorsed, respectively. Malthus envisaged defense and (trade-induced) opulence as two mutually alternative options and, if required to make a choice, he had no hesitation in choosing the former. By contrast, Ricardo excluded any such trade-off, arguing that even in the case of war or poor domestic harvest, foreign agricultural countries would be seriously damaged if they opted for restrictions on their corn exports to Great Britain.

Market-oriented ethanol and corn-trade policies can reduce climate-induced US corn price volatility

Agriculture is closely affected by climate. Over the past decade, biofuels have emerged as another important factor shaping the agricultural sector. We ask whether the presence of the US ethanol sector can play a role in moderating increases in US corn price variability, projected to occur in response to near-term global warming. Our findings suggest that the answer to this question depends heavily on the underlying forces shaping the ethanol industry. If mandate-driven, there is little doubt that the presence of the corn-ethanol sector will exacerbate price volatility. However, if market-driven, then the emergence of the corn-ethanol sector can be a double-edged sword for corn price volatility, possibly cushioning the impact of increased climate driven supply volatility, but also inheriting volatility from the newly integrated energy markets via crude oil price fluctuations. We find that empirically the former effect dominates, reducing price volatility by 27%. In contrast, mandates on ethanol production increase future price volatility by 54% in under future climate after 2020. We also consider the potential for liberalized international corn trade to cushion corn price volatility in the US. Our results suggest that allowing corn to move freely internationally serves to reduce the impact of near-term climate change on US corn price volatility by 8%.

The experimental governing of mobility and trade on the China‐Laos frontier: The Tai Lue case

This paper discusses the governing of subjects and objects' mobility in the context of trans‐border rice and corn trade on the China‐Laos frontier. It traces the attempts by a group of ethnic Tai Lue traders from China to assert themselves as ‘flexible subjects’ and economically triumphant actors on the Upper Mekong market in the era of economic regionalization. It illustrates how, between 2005 and mid‐2006, the traders' economic success relied on a variety of ‘border strategies’. ‘Border strategies’ include a gender‐balanced organization of trade, the instrumental deployment of trans‐border ethnicity, the appropriation of a Han style of business, the opportunistic reliance on the Chinese administration's ‘regime of graduated mobility’, and the enactment of a ‘war‐machine’ against Lao state agents. Yet, in late 2006, a new wave of state authoritarianism, enmeshed in corporate accumulation processes, inhibited the traders' success. The paper suggests that, unlike what some defenders of globalization and transnational theories maintain, in the age of economic regionalization, the alleged flexibility and increased mobility of subjects and objects across the borders of the Greater Mekong Subregion remain conditional on an unpredictable mechanism of loosening and tightening. This is part of a long‐applied governing pattern of ‘experimentation under hierarchy’ on the Sino‐Lao frontier.