Trade Agreements Research Articles

Article: The Contribution of the Canadian-European Partnership to the Integration of Sustainable Development Issues into the Multilateral Trading System

In their influential roles within the World Trade Organization (WTO), Canada and the European Union (EU) demonstrate a strong commitment to sustainable development and multilateralism, navigating challenges and opportunities. Plurilateral negotiations, particularly the Joint Statement Initiatives (JSI), underscore their dedication to addressing issues like services regulation and fostering inclusive trade. The institutional framework of their Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) provides a structured mechanism, with specialized committees like the one on Trade and Sustainable Development, to ensure transparency, regulatory cooperation, and trade promotion aligned with sustainable development goals. However, challenges persist in achieving consensus on binding commitments. The temptation of unilateralism, exemplified by the EU’s carbon border adjustment mechanism (CBAM), raises concerns about its compatibility with WTO principles and the potential prioritization of sustainability over economic development. Despite these challenges, Canada and the EU continue to champion sustainable development in various international forums, emphasizing the importance of the WTO as the primary platform for reconciling trade and sustainability. The forthcoming thirteenth WTO Ministerial Conference in 2024 presents a crucial opportunity for these leaders to demonstrate a significant commitment to a balanced approach between economic development and sustainability in international trade.

Article: Waking the Sleeping Lion: The China-Ecuador FTA and Its Implications

This paper examines the Ecuador-China Free Trade Agreement (FTA) and its broader implications for Ecuador’s economy. It discusses the context in which Ecuador pursued the FTA, highlighting the competitive pressures from neighbouring countries like Peru and Colombia, which had already secured similar agreements. The analysis includes a comparison between the Ecuador-China and Peru China FTAs, focusing on key aspects such as tariff classification, rules of origin, and customs regulations. The paper also explores the potential economic benefits for Ecuador, including market access for its export products and the expected impacts on sensitive sectors. However, it raises concerns regarding the flexibility and potential risks associated with the agreement, such as undervaluation of Chinese goods and the challenges of maintaining competitiveness within the Andean Community (CAN). The paper concludes by questioning whether the FTA will deliver the anticipated economic growth and whether it sets a precedent for future trade negotiations within the region.

Trade as a commerical determinant of health: The health impact of a free trade agreement on Wales

Abstract As a result of the UK’s withdrawal from the European Union (‘Brexit’), the UK can negotiate its own trade agreements for the first time in over 40 years. This includes the Comprehensive and Progressive Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement (CPTPP). Public Health Wales undertook a mixed-method Health Impact Assessment (HIA) to assess the potential impact of the CPTPP on health, well-being and inequalities in Wales. It is only the second ever HIA carried out on a free trade agreement (FTA) globally. A literature review on the potential impact of the CPTPP on health was conducted. Qualitative interviews with cross-sectoral representation, such as the environment, were undertaken alongside the development of a community health and demographic profile. The HIA identified significant potential impacts across health determinants, e.g., employment, agricultural production and health care, as well as impacts on population groups, e.g., those on low incomes. The Investor State Dispute Settlement (ISDS) mechanism, economic uncertainty and loss of regulatory alignment were identified as potential pathways for health impacts to affect the population. The HIA highlighted trade as a key commercial determinant of health. The findings have been beneficial in informing policy and decision-makers to prepare for the implementation of the CPTPP and take action to maximise opportunities and prevent potential negative impacts. Communicating HIA evidence that links trade to health has also led to valuable cross-sector and cross-UK engagement and sparked a “rethinking” of trade through a well-being economy lens where health, well-being and sustainability are primary objectives. This work has demonstrated the value of a HIA approach to FTAs by mobilising a range of evidence through a transparent process, resulting in transferrable learning for others as well providing an entry point for public health to have direct engagement with trade negotiators and those participating in trade discussions. Key messages • Trade agreements are a key commercial determinant of health across health behaviour, policy and economy. • Multiple population groups are affected by trade agreements both positively and negatively.

Trade Wars and Tariff Policies: Long-Term effects on Global Trade and Economic Relationship

Trade wars and Tariff policies have become serious concerns defining and affecting global trade and economic relations in the 21st century. These policies characterized by the use of tariffs and other trade barriers have impacted the world beyond just the economic or financial effect between countries involved. The paper focuses on the long-term effect of trade wars and tariff policies on global trade and economic relationship between countries. Using historical and modern trade war scenarios such as USA-China trade war, the study indicates that disruption of global supply chain, volatility of financial market, and impact on specific sectors of the country economy such as agriculture are some of the long-term impacts of these policies on global trade. In terms of the impact on economic relationship between countries, the study highlights creation of new trade agreements and diversification of trade partnership as possible effects on economic relationship between countries. It is therefore imperative for countries to diversify their trade relationship by adopting initiatives against the effects of trade war. The study concludes that while national measures could bring some political and economic results in the short term, it is important to note that global prosperity cannot be long-lasting without cooperative and stable international trade policies.

Enhancing Rwanda's Global Competitiveness: Evaluating the Impact of 'Made in Rwanda' Policies on Local Manufacturing Growth and Innovation

The study aimed at Enhancing Rwanda's Global Competitiveness: Evaluating the Impact of 'Made in Rwanda' Policies on Local Manufacturing Growth and Innovation. The specific objectives of the study were: to establish the impact of ‘Made in Rwanda’ policies on the growth of local manufacturers in Kenya sectors between 2017 and 2023; and to examine the extent to which ‘Made in Rwanda’ policies have improved the competitive advantage of local manufacturers in regional and international markets. Descriptive research, a method of gathering data, was used in this study to address inquiries about the present state of the research participants. The sample size of 246 respondents was proportionally distributed across the different sectors. The main instrument that was used for data collected was a semi-structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics was used to show trends and inferential statistics was used to anlyse the relation between the various variables with multiple regression analysis crowing the hypothesis testing. Crucially insightful results came from the regression study done to investigate the link between the 'Made in Rwanda' policies and local manufacturers' competitive advantage. Here, the regression equation could be shown as Y=2.5+0.7X1+0.5X2+ε. With an intercept (β0) at 2.5, local manufacturers' competitive advantage is expected to be 2.5 units should both independent variables equal zero. With β1=0.7, the coefficient for Growth 'Made in Rwanda' Policies shows a direct link whereby competitive advantage rises by 0.7 units for every unit increase in growth policies. With p < 0.001, this is statistically significant and indicates rather strong evidence on the favorable impact of growth policy on company competitive advantage. With β2=0.5, the coefficient Competitive Advantage "Made in Rwanda" Policies also shows that, alongside every unit increase in competitive advantage policies, each caused a 0.5 unit increase in competitive advantage of manufacturers. This is statistically significant (p = 0.01) and once more shows to be especially crucial for raising competitiveness. For local producers, the correlated independent variables explain 68 percent of the variance in competitive advantage. All things considered, 'Made in Rwanda' policies have greatly helped the local manufacturer to grow over the past few years. According to the study's findings, strategic actions including policy incentivizing, infrastructure access, and capacity-building initiatives have improved production capability and market positioning. Thanks to these policies, local producers will not only develop but also be more suited to compete against foreign players on their path into regional and worldwide markets. This rightly emphasizes the need of a constant and adequate government support as well as an ongoing assessment of these policies to guarantee they remain relevant and efficient in handling the problems encountered in the manufacturing sector Keywords: 'Made in Rwanda' policies, local manufacturers, competitive advantage, production output, employment growth, export volume, product differentiation, policy incentives, infrastructure, government support programs, trade agreements, and capacity building.

Bilateral value chain reshaping through regional trade agreements deepening: Evidence from belt and road countries

This paper investigates the impact of Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs) on the reshaping of value chains from both domestic and regional perspectives by using national-level data from the Belt and Road countries. The findings indicate that the depth of RTAs among Belt and Road countries can not only enhance regional integration characterized by regional value chain inter-connections and promote the value chain upgrading of trading partners in the regional production system, but also facilitates the construction of domestic value chains, thus forming a new pattern of bilateral value chain reshaping. The conclusions still hold after addressing the potential endogeneity and robustness concerns. Mechanism test results show that the effects of productivity enhancement and institutional quality improvement are important channels for RTAs-deepening to promote value chain reshaping. Heterogeneity test results indicate that ‘WTO-X’ provisions of RTAs are more conducive to promoting value chain reshaping, and the promoting effect of RTAs-deepening on value chain reshaping is more significant for the manufacturing industry. These findings have important policy implications to further expand high-level opening-up, deepen RTAs provisions and actively participate in global governance.

RCEP rules on cross-border data flows: Asian characteristics and implications for developing countries

ABSTRACT Data, as an essential production factor and a fundamental strategic resource in the digital economy era, have profoundly transformed production methods, lifestyles, and social governance, becoming one of the critical factors influencing the global competitive landscape. The United States and the European Union are actively making comprehensive arrangements around data flow issues, integrating their interests and values into data governance rules to influence other countries. Against the backdrop of increasingly intense global rule-making competition in digital trade, the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP), led by the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and actively promoted by China, covering 15 countries in the Asia-Pacific region, is sending a strong and powerful Asian voice regarding cross-border data flow rules. This article attempts to highlight the Asian characteristics of the data cross-border flow rules within RCEP through a horizontal comparison of regional trade agreements. These characteristics primarily include the principle of free cross-border data flow; fully protecting the host country’s national security through exceptional clauses; relatively lenient regulation of personal information protection; and adhering to the principle of non-reciprocity to respect and embrace countries at different development levels. Consequently, it is concluded that RCEP has constructed an Asian paradigm for cross-border flow of data that matches the development status of the Asia-Pacific countries and is worthy of emulation by other developing nations.

Tonia Novitz, Trade, Labour, and Sustainable Development: Leaving No One in the World of Work Behind Edward Elgar Publishing, 2024 - Kevin J. Middlebrook, The International Defense of Workers: Labor Rights, US Trade Agreements, and State Sovereignty Columbia University Press, 2024

Tonia Novitz, Trade, Labour, and Sustainable Development: Leaving No One in the World of Work Behind Edward Elgar Publishing, 2024 - Kevin J. Middlebrook, The International Defense of Workers: Labor Rights, US Trade Agreements, and State Sovereignty Columbia University Press, 2024

Access to Medicines in Low- and Middle-Income Countries – Is the agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) to blame?

This paper argues that the Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement is not solely responsible for the lack of access to medicines (ATM) in Low and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs). ATM is a complex global health governance issue influenced by various factors, including intellectual property laws, trade agreements, domestic policies, and manufacturing capacity. While the TRIPS Agreement provides flexibilities to address public health concerns, such as compulsory licensing and parallel imports, their effective implementation is hindered by several challenges. This paper emphasizes the need for a multifaceted approach to address ATM, involving domestic policy reforms, international cooperation, and investment in domestic manufacturing capacity. By leveraging these strategies, LMICs can enhance access to essential medicines and improve health outcomes for their populations.

The window of opportunity: a case study of the battery electric vehicle in Thailand

Purpose Thailand, although a late entrant, has emerged as a significant center for the production and export of internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles in Asia. With the arrival of a disruptive battery-electric vehicle (BEV), this study aims to investigate whether Thailand can exploit this window of opportunity to leapfrog. Design/methodology/approach This paper uses data sourced from Thailand’s Department of Intellectual Property to analyze electric vehicle (EV) patent applications. This paper collected qualitative data and conducted interviews with several EV manufacturers. Findings Although Japanese automakers dominate essential EV technology patents, they trail behind Chinese automakers, which benefited from the Free Trade Agreement (FTA) in EV sales. The incumbents, Japanese and Western, choose to expand their production of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and plug-in hybrid vehicles. ICE technology does not constrain new entrants, such as Chinese automakers, Japanese newcomers and Thai newcomers. Compared to Japanese carmakers stuck with ICE and HEV technologies, they have been transitioning to BEVs at a faster pace. BEV has opened the door for large Thai indigenous energy corporations to enter the automotive industry by focusing on niche areas (nonfour-wheel vehicles) and supporting businesses like charging stations. In summary, Thailand has successfully attracted foreign direct investment (FDI) into the EV sector, but it has not yet succeeded in developing indigenous technologies related to EVs. The Thai automobile sector fails to leapfrog because it is too tied up with Japanese automotive production networks and has an unfavorable FTA with China. Originality/value This study sheds light on the limitations of an industrial development strategy relying on openness to trade and FDI without adequately strengthening indigenous technologies and firms, as the country adopting the strategy fails to leapfrog when the window of opportunities created by disruptive technologies arrives.

Preferential trade liberalization with endogenous cartel discipline: Implications for trade and welfare

AbstractWe consider an international cartel whose members interact repeatedly in their own as well as in third‐country markets. Cartel discipline—an inverse measure of the degree of competition between firms—is endogenously determined by the cartel's incentive compatibility constraint, which strategically links markets that are otherwise independent. This linkage implies that trade cost reductions induce cartel members to adjust their sales, not only because of direct but also because of spillover effects. We apply these ideas to preferential trade agreements and show that the indirect effects can give rise to trade diversion. We also characterize the welfare effects of preferential tariff cuts for all countries and identify circumstances under which preferential trade liberalization is welfare‐reducing.

Modeling complex network perturbations on resilience of the bilateral regional trade agreements

The resilience of cooperative relationships within a trade agreement network, when subjected to external shocks or internal disturbances, underscores the role of network structure in the robustness and adaptability of the trade agreement system. Addressing the gap in understanding the resilience of trade agreement network dynamics, this study constructs a complex network based on the bilateral regional trade agreements. By applying reciprocal dynamics to measure cooperative relationships among countries in the network, we model the impact of complex network perturbations on the resilience of bilateral regional trade agreements. Various complex network perturbations are considered, including node removal, link removal, and three orders of null models for network reshuffling, which correspond to the failure of a trade agreement, simultaneous agreement failure, and signing. Experimental findings reveal that network resilience gradually diminishes with the random removal of nodes and links. However, when nodes are removed based on their degree, removing nodes with larger degrees first proves to be more effective than the reverse. Specifically, network resilience decreases more rapidly when smaller nodes are removed. This highlights the significant contribution of countries with numerous trade agreements to the overall network resilience. In network reshuffling experiments, an increase in the order of reshuffling correlates with a gradual decrease in network resilience, ultimately converging toward real values. These findings emphasize the importance of network structure in maintaining the stability and adaptability of trade agreement systems.

Economic Decisions and Cultural Trauma: A Sociological Exploration of Macro-level Policies and Societal Perceptions

The article delves into the intricate relationship between macroeconomic policies and cultural trauma. It argues that economic decisions, typically confined to corporate and legislative realms, significantly impact communities by shaping collective memories, identities, and psychological distress. The study highlights historical events like The Great Depression and the COVID-19 pandemic, underscoring their transformative impacts on societal consciousness and cultural narratives. The article emphasizes the role of macroeconomic choices, such as fiscal policies and trade agreements, in creating collective experiences that transcend economic outcomes. Using examples like trade liberalization in Brazil, it demonstrates how economic policies can lead to diverse societal perceptions and narratives. The article also examines the role of media, public discourse, and societal leaders in shaping public perceptions of these decisions. Central to the study are the contributions of cultural sociologists like Jeffrey C. Alexander, who propose that cultural trauma arises more from societal narratives around an event rather than the event itself. The study stresses the need for a comprehensive approach that integrates economic analysis with sociological insights, highlighting the importance of understanding economic decisions beyond their immediate financial implications. Conclusively, the article posits that macroeconomic decisions have profound and lasting impacts on societies, influencing collective identities and memories. It advocates for policies and scholarly approaches that acknowledge the broader societal ramifications of these decisions.

The Impact and Future of Generative Pre-trained Transformers: A Study of GPT in Enhancing Business and Technology

With the development of artificial intelligence (AI), natural language processing (NIP) has clearly become the key to enhancing AI capabilities, especially through the deployment of GPT. This paper explores the major advances and related commercial applications of GPT, as it is at the cutting edge of AI technology with far-reaching capabilities in terms of text generation, language understanding, and human-machine interaction. Developed by OpenAI, GPT uses innovative transformer architecture to make breakthroughs in a variety of language tasks, marking a major evolution in the potential applications of AI in various industries. This research explores the integration of GPT in sectors, highlighting how its complex text processing capabilities can be utilized to improve efficiency and innovative service delivery. The study highlights the transformative impact of GPT on business efficiency, strategic decision-making, and customer engagement, thanks to its scalable and adaptable AI framework. Finally, the document reflects the need for a strong ethical framework and regulatory supervision to guide the deployment of GPT technologies. As the Global Trade Agreement evolves, it is committed to shaping the future of global industry by promoting innovation while calling for a balanced approach to ethical considerations and social impacts.

Assessment of the Current Situation and Solutions to Attract Australian FDI Capital to Vietnam in the Context of International Integration

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) has played a pivotal role in Vietnam’s economic transformation, significantly contributing to industrialization, job creation, and export growth. Since the introduction of the Law on Foreign Investment in 1987 and Vietnam’s accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2007, the country has emerged as a leading destination for foreign investors in Southeast Asia. Key sectors attracting FDI include manufacturing, real estate, and services, which have driven economic development and facilitated Vietnam’s integration into the global economy. Despite these successes, challenges remain that hinder FDI’s full potential, including administrative inefficiencies, complex regulations, corruption, and inadequate infrastructure. The shortage of highly skilled labor, especially in technology-driven fields, also limits the country's ability to attract higher-value FDI projects. Moreover, there are regional disparities in FDI distribution, with major urban centers like Ho Chi Minh City and Hanoi receiving most investments, while rural areas are often overlooked. The impact of new-generation Free Trade Agreements (FTAs), such as the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) and the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP), is also examined. These agreements enhance market access, legal protections for investors, and reduce trade barriers, making Vietnam increasingly attractive for high-tech and service industries. This paper assesses the current FDI landscape in Vietnam, identifying opportunities and challenges for foreign investors. Recommendations include simplifying business procedures, implementing anti-corruption measures, improving infrastructure, and enhancing workforce training to address skills gaps. By adopting these reforms, Vietnam can attract higher-quality investments, strengthen ties with global supply chains, and foster sustainable economic growth. Additionally, the research emphasizes the importance of building stronger partnerships between FDI enterprises and local firms to ensure the widespread distribution of investment benefits across the economy. With a more favorable investment climate, Vietnam can reinforce its position as a premier destination for global investors and enhance its role in the international market.

Regional integration and export performance of Pakistan: Empirical evidence from the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO).

The study examines export impact of Pakistan's integration into Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) on its export's performance. We apply Poisson Pseudo-Maximum Likelihood (PPML) on augmented gravity model to estimate trade data from the period before and after permanent membership with Shanghai Cooperation Organization in 2017. The study aims to explore changes in exports volume and analyze the key mechanism through which Shanghai Cooperation Organization promotes exports. The study assesses that after integration which key exports sector such as agriculture or manufacturing sectors are affected more significantly. The initial findings suggest that SCO integration positively affect and provide access to Central Asian markets, leading to modest but noticeable promotion in exports promotion. In heterogeneity analysis we find that exports of Pakistan are more significant with low and middle-income level countries compared to higher-income level countries. Additionally, exports in the manufacturing sector benefited more than in the agriculture sector. The significant and positive findings of mechanism analysis indicate that the belt and road (B&R) initiative and bilateral trade agreements are the key factors to enhanced exports. The overall impact remains moderated by structural changes in Pakistan economy, such as poor infrastructure, deficiency in energy sector and limited trade relations with its neighbors India and Iran. The study concludes that although the SCO integration has positively promoted exports of Pakistan however, it requires to address domestic economic constraints and capitalize more effectively the benefits of SCO membership through regional cooperation mechanism. For more potential benefits in the region SCO needs to expand B&R connectivity, encourage more trade agreements, and adopt favorable environment to attract high income countries in the organization. The study provides the base for future research in depth analysis of long-term impact of SCO integration on Pakistan exports.

Транстихоокеанское партнерство и всестороннее региональное экономическое партнерство как международно-правовая модель экономической интеграции в Азиатско-Тихоокеанском регионе

The article explores international law aspects of the contemporary integration processes in the Asia-Pacific with a specific focus on such relatively new formationsas the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) and the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP). Based on the WTO law provisions with regard to the free trade areas for goods and services, both Partnerships significantly widen the scope of regulated inter-governmental relationships, which allows considering the TPP and the RCEP as a fundamentally new form of the regional trade agreements. Having a fixed number of participating states and a system of institution with their functions and competencies, the Partnerships do not represent inter-governmental organizations and are vested with no legal capacity or, especially, supranational powers. However, this does not undermine the trade and economic significance of the Partnerships while also making them an attractive model of the soft integration structure between the states having different level of economic development, located in different geographical regions and bound with their own integration obligations under bi- and multilateral (subregional) trade agreements. The founding agreements of the Partnerships are typical “WTO plus” arrangements combining the provisions on liberalization of trade in goods and services with the parties’ mutual obligations in the fields of investments, sustainable development, competition, administrative and legal cooperation. At the same time, applicability of parallel bi- and multilateral trade agreements between the Asia-Pacific states, including those within ASEAN, forms a complex multilayer regulation of foreign trade and entails a risk of legal uncertainty for economic operators.

An Infrastructural Brussels Effect: The translation of EU Law into the UK's digital borders

This article gives an account of the legal standards and safeguards that guide and constrain the current design of the UK's digital borders. Based on an empirical engagement with the development of Cerberus – an advanced risk-based analytics platform aimed at the detection of previously ‘unknown’ threats – the article presents a dual argument. On the one hand, it provides an account of the remaining salience and extraterritorial reach of EU law in setting standards for the collection, retention, processing and sharing of Passenger Name Records (PNR) data in the UK. This PNR data is a constitutive component of the digital border. Through the EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement (TCA), the UK is now bound to comply with the rather stringent legal safeguards developed by the CJEU (in Opinion 1/15) on the retention and automated processing of PNR data. Our analysis shows the different channels through which EU law obtains this extraterritorial reach, how compliance can be monitored and enforced, and, crucially, how it has influenced and constrained the technical design of the UK's digital borders – a salient and unexplored phenomenon that we describe as an Infrastructural Brussels Effect. Yet, on the other hand, the article empirically shows that this is not merely a process of norm diffusion and extraterritoriality. Once legal standards become infrastructurally embedded in Cerberus, we witness normative translations and sociotechnical shifts with important legal and political consequences. Legal standards on ‘reasonable suspicion’ and the ‘objective evidence’ of ‘risk’, we argue, are given specific meaning through a logic of relational inference and algorithmic pattern detection (leading to forms of ‘concern by association’). By studying the entanglements between legal norms and material infrastructures – an approach we describe as infra-legalities – these normative effects become visible and contestable, providing a productive site for the sociolegal study of law and algorithmic governance.

Assessing the impact of the European Union-Vietnam free trade agreement on labor market and employment in Vietnam

PurposeThis study investigates the impact of the European Union-Vietnam Free Trade Agreement (EVFTA) on Vietnam’s labor market and employment outcomes, considering the potential distributional consequences across various groups of workers and regions.Design/methodology/approachA comprehensive quantitative framework is employed, combining the gravity model of trade to estimate the EVFTA’s effects on trade flows, the CISAF_M1 model to simulate sectoral employment impacts and econometric models to analyze the effects on wages and decent work. The analysis draws upon a rich dataset spanning the period before and after the EVFTA’s implementation.FindingsThe EVFTA has significantly boosted Vietnam’s exports to the EU, leading to substantial job creation in labor-intensive sectors such as textiles, apparel and footwear. The agreement has also contributed to wage growth and improved access to social insurance for workers in export-oriented industries. However, the impact on other aspects of job quality is less clear. The distributional analysis reveals that the EVFTA’s employment effects have been relatively balanced across gender but have favored younger and less skilled workers as well as those in rural areas.Originality/valueThis study provides a comprehensive and nuanced assessment of the EVFTA’s impact on Vietnam’s labor market, addressing a gap in the literature on the employment effects of new-generation free trade agreements in developing countries. The findings highlight the importance of considering distributional aspects when evaluating the socioeconomic implications of trade liberalization and offer valuable insights for policymakers aiming to promote inclusive growth in the context of deepening international economic integration.Peer reviewThe peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/IJSE-03-2024-0236

Public attitudes towards international trade and free trade agreements in the United Kingdom

Public attitudes towards international trade and free trade agreements in the United Kingdom