Traction Electric Equipment Research Articles

Application of artificial intelligence technologies at substantiation of effective control algorithms for the electrical engineering complex of urban electric transport traction electrical equipment

Background. Studies on the current state and development trends of urban ground public electric transportation in Russia highlight the urgent need for innovative technologies. These innovations should focus on designing and operating new types of rolling stock, traction electrical equipment, and promising types of electric traction. At the same time, special attention should be paid to building autonomous control systems for electric transportation using artificial intelligence technologies. Aim. This study aims to explore the application of neural networks to develop algorithms for effectively controlling the electrical engineering complex of traction electrical equipment in urban ground rail electric transport. Materials and Methods. The research utilized data from studies on the traction electrical equipment modes of rolling stock. These studies were conducted through both computer simulations and field experiments under real operating conditions of urban electric transport using different control algorithms. By applying probability theory and mathematical statistics, the analysis identified the correlations between operational and energy parameters of rolling stock movement and the operational mode of its traction electrical equipment. Results. The identified correlation dependencies informed the design of an effective network architecture, including its size and complexity, as well as the composition of their training samples. This led to the development of an original, simplified algorithm for determining effective control parameters for the electrical complex of traction electrical equipment during the movement of a vehicle on a given section of track. Conclusion. The research concluded that using “simple” neural networks for calculating the parameters of effective control of traction electrical equipment operation modes in urban electric transport provides higher speed and sufficient accuracy compared to complex neural network models. These results are valuable for developers of intelligent control systems for streetcar transportation.

Study of methods of energy efficiency improvement considering operation modes of traction electric drive with use of the methods of virtual mathematical modelling

BACKGROUND: Currently, the problem of making wheeled vehicles more environmentally-friendly is one of the most relevant, as using electric vehicles with on-board traction batteries becomes the most popular technical solution. However, the batteries capacity remains relatively low, so efficiency of using them depends on selection the most optimal components of traction electric equipment and implementing the most advanced algorithms of traction electric drive control. Therefore, development of the methods helping to achieve maximal energy efficiency at all stages of design, manufacturing and operation is highly important. AIM: Development of fundamentals and methods of improvement of wheeled vehicles energy efficiency at the design stage with the use of virtual mathematical modelling. METHODS: The study was conducted with the MATLAB/Simulink software package. RESULTS: Theoretical basis of the improvement methods with the use of mathematical modelling of virtual operation of the vehicle’s digital twin in the MATLAB/Simulink is given in the paper. CONCLUSIONS: The practical value of the study lies in ability of using the proposed methods in development of prosperous wheeled vehicles.

Determination of the Performance Characteristics of a Traction Battery in an Electric Vehicle

Electric vehicles are the most innovative and promising area of the automotive industry. The efficiency of a traction battery is an important factor in the performance of an electric vehicle. This paper presents a mathematical model of an electric truck, including modules for the traction battery to determine the depth of battery discharge during the operation of the electric truck, a traction electric system for the electric truck and a system for calculating traction forces on the shaft in electric motors. As a result of the modelling, the charging and discharging currents of an accumulator battery in a real cycle of movement in peak and nominal modes of operation in electric motors and at different voltages of the accumulator battery are determined. A functional scheme of a generalized model of the electric vehicle traction electrical equipment system is developed. An experimental battery charge degree, torques of asynchronous electric motors, temperature of electric motors and inverters, battery voltage and the speed of electric motors have been measured and analysed. The developed complex mathematical model of an electric vehicle including a traction battery, two inverters and two asynchronous electric motors integrated into an electric portal bridge allowed us to obtain and study the load parameters of the battery in real driving cycles. Data were verified by comparing simulation results with the data obtained during driving.

Удаленная работа с комплектом тягового электрооборудования карьерного самосвала

The electromechanical transmission of a mine dump truck is an electrical equipment complex with a set of parameters for setting and status monitoring. To improve the quality and to reduce the time and cost of service maintenance of mine dump trucks, a data transmission system is organized that provides remote work with control system units. Such systems significantly increase the efficiency of operation of mine dump trucks with the integrated use of a standard approach to maintenance and repair of mining equipment and mobile technologies. They allow to identify most of the faults due to the use of a real-time parameter monitoring system during the routine operation of mine truck. The authors have used the methods of design and software architecture, methods of object-oriented programming and development of multi-threaded applications using the high-level programming language C/C++. The paper proposes a functional diagram of data transmission for remote operation with electrical equipment blocks. The description of the instrumental software for monitoring and configuring the parameters of the dump trucks electric transmission is given. A procedure for remote work with a set of traction electrical equipment has been developed. The developed system has been tested at the stages of testing and adjustment. It is used in real operating conditions and allows organizing service maintenance of domestic-made dump trucks at a level that is not inferior to their best imported counterparts. The use of an integrated approach and the extended list of diagnostic parameters of the electric transmission when it is singled out as a separate element of the diagnostic system significantly improves the quality-of-service maintenance of traction electrical equipment.

The analysis of principles of continuously variable transmission of tractors

BACKGROUND:Modern agricultural activity requires the use of hightech equipment such as, in particular, a multifunctional tractor, which, according to actual trends, should be an autonomously controlled mobile power plant. In modern tractors, meeting current requirements, multiflow shaft-planetary gearboxes with cumulative effect are used.
 AIMS:Comparison of the operation principles of two types of automatic tractor transmissions: with hydrostatic drive and with electromechanical drive.
 METHODS:During the research, a literature review of printed and online publications with technical description of the transmissions of the considered design was carried out.
 RESULTS:The operation principles of two types of automatic tractor transmissions were considered: with hydrostatic drive (Fendt VarioDrive) and with electromechanical drive (Ruselprom-electroprivod LLC).
 The operation principle of the Fendt VarioDrive transmission (planetary multiflow transmission with mechanical and hydrostatic branches) consists in dividing the torque coming from the internal combustion engine by a planetary gearbox into mechanical and hydrostatic branches, followed by summation of flows by a collecting shaft. The change in the gear ratio and movement direction of the tractor is controlled by the ECU by means of controlling the hydrostatic branch of the transmission. The transmission is nominally continuously variable due to the absence of gears as such.
 The set of traction electrical equipment of the transmission developed by Ruselprom- electroprivod LLC, installed on a tractor, includes:
 an synchronous motor generator with a power converter and a microprocessor control system;
 a traction asynchronous motor of the central drive with a power converter and a microprocessor control system;
 a DC-DC converter for energy supply of auxiliary equipment.
 power converters and a DC-DC converter are integrated into the power electronics unit;
 a top-level controller with controls and indicator panel in the drivers cab.
 The control system of the electromechanical transmission provides with full control of its operation and the functioning of the internal combustion engine. The operation principle of the system is based on the essentials of hybrid transport operation. Tractor movement is possible in one of two ranges: range 1, operational (0...18 km/h) and range 2, transport (0...42 km/h)
 CONCLUSIONS:Due to the modern concept of electric drive units, layout solutions with an electromechanical drive having an electric generator in their design are more promising and applicable in the future, especially for trailed equipment.

Control Algorithms and Technical Solutions in the Traction Electrical Drive of Mining Dump Trucks

In developing electrotechnical plasma equipment, one of the most important issues is the coupling of DC or AC electrical drive is the basic type of drive in mining dump trucks with a load capacity of 90 t or more. Reliable and economically efficient operation of traction electrical drives is one of key conditions for successful operation of mining dump trucks. The developers of converters rarely reveal details of their design, and the electric motors are controlled using the information from speed sensors. The article considers in detail new design solutions and control without using sensors on the shaft of traction electric motors of BELAZ dump trucks. Owing to a rational design of the cabinet of converters and control systems for a dump truck of a load-carrying capacity of 136 t, it became possible to minimize parasitic parameters and achieve a noticeable decrease in the net cost and improvement of reliability, serviceability and manufacturability. Trial runs of the BELAZ dump truck with a load-carrying capacity of 90 t with sensorless control have confirmed high quality of operation in all modes, including the truck maneuvering at low speeds, holding on a hill, and driving on an ice-covered road. The introduction of the obtained results in the traction electrical equipment sets of dump trucks with load-carrying capacity of 90 240 t will make it possible to decrease their net cost and increase their reliability without degrading the control quality.

Modernization of electromechanical transmission for dump trucks based on long-term operation data

In open pit mining, overburden and mineral haulage is carried out mostly by dump trucks. The number of high-capacity machines persistently grows. Such dump trucks mainly use electromechanical transmission systems. As a rule, dump trucks operate all day and all year round, with idle time for scheduled maintenance. The climatic service conditions assume variations in temperature, humidity and atmospheric pressure in wide ranges during a year, moreover, these physical quantities can fluctuate violently within a short time, for instance, within a day. The road conditions – road grade, hardness, roughness, length, altitude difference – differ greatly per open pit mines. Furthermore, air dustiness, including current-conducting coal- or metal-bearing dust should be taken into account. On the whole, these numerous and diverse factors are impossible to embrace in full at the stages of machine engineering and testing. Thus, during operation, it is necessary to accumulate and analyze the hand-on experience, and to improve all components of electromechanical transmission. This article gives data on four-year operation of BelAZ dump trucks with capacity of 90 and 240 t equipped with electromechanical transmission in open pit coal and ore mines. The traction electrical equipment faults are generalized, their causes are revealed, design modifications are described, as well as the processes of manufacturing and testing and the algorithm of diagnosis are reported. The low count of faults during operation and the high availability factor of the dump trucks equipped with electromechanical transmissions manufactured by RUSELPROM is reflective of the proficiency and competency of the machine engineering, design and testing. The modifications introduced into the electromechanical transmissions are mostly aimed at cost reduction and performance buildup, i.e. at competitive recovery of the product. The obtained results are used in engineering of traction electric equipment set for dump trucks of higher capacity (136, 180, 360 t).

Automated system for warming up traction electrical equipment of an electric locomotive

The successful operation of electric locomotives depends largely on the reliability of electrical machines. Reliability is the most important technical and economic indicator of the quality of the functioning of any technical device, in particular an electrical machine, which determines its ability to operate without fail with unchanged technical characteristics for a given period of time under certain operating conditions. In the presented scientific work, a detailed analysis of the causes of breakdown of traction electric motors is made. The aim of the study is to develop a technical solution to reduce the heating time, power consumption and to exclude or minimize the formation of condensation on the insulation of traction motors. The expediency of modernizing the positions of locomotive warming up before calling for repairs has been substantiated. This technical solution meets all the requirements for maintaining traction electrical equipment in good condition. The found technical solution is aimed at increasing the operational reliability of the insulation of traction electrical equipment, reducing the time of the heating process.

Implementation of the control algorithm of the traction electric equipment

Currently, in various fields of science and technology, there is a fairly large number of methods for predicting reliability indicators, which differ in the set of tasks to be solved and the features of the mathematical apparatus used. When developing a methodology for calculating the reliability of an electric machine, one of the main stages is the development of a mathematical model, in which it is possible to take into account the factors, the impact of which directly affects the technical condition and the level of operational safety. Taking into account the disturbing influences during the implementation of the technological process is possible provided that the means of automation are used. The performed analysis of statistical data on traction motor failures made it possible to substantiate the advisability of warming up, since a significant number of electrical part failures occur in the autumn - winter - spring periods of time. This feature of the distribution of failures is to a certain extent due to the direct wetting of the insulation and a decrease in its dielectric strength. This process is associated with a sharp drop in external and internal temperatures when placing the locomotive at the depot, which contributes to the appearance of condensate on the insulation, its further destruction. The measure proposed in the article for warming up traction electrical equipment is aimed at an integer reduction in the failures of the electrical part of the electric motors under consideration.

Calculation integral reliability indicator of the urban electric transport traction electrical equipment

When reliability requirements at the stage of developing complex technical systems are setting, the total number of individual and complex reliability indicators set in accordance with regulatory documents is within 5-7 units. This is done provided that they are recoverable, and also for them the requirements for durability and preservation are determined. All this determines the complexity of the procedure for their verification, confirmation and evaluation.
 Aim: Formation of a common (integral) indicator of reliability, which can characterize the basic reliability properties multitude of traction electrical equipment, as a complex technical system, subject to the compliance of individual indicators with the requirements specified in the terms of reference.
 Methods: It is proposed to use of T. Saati's hierarchy analysis method, which is widely used in solving various multicriteria problems.
 Conclusion: Using an integral indicator to determine the level of reliability allows getting a formalized result, expressed through the vectors of global priorities corresponding value, which makes it possible to get a quantitative assessment of the superiority for one of alternative traction electrical equipment.

Development of the performance control algorithm of the blower motors of electric locomotives for various operating modes

The widespread use of electric motors in various electric drive systems and the automatic regulation of their performance are largely determined by the reliability of these machines, the failures of which cause significant material damage and are caused by significant yard time at the depot repair positions. Improving their reliability is a major scientific and technological challenge. When electric locomotives operate on the East Siberian Railway, severe climatic conditions have a direct impact on the reliability of electrical equipment, so the development of an algorithm to control the performance of blower motors for various operating modes is an urgent task. The main parameters of the entire electric locomotive energy system, which largely determine the safety of trains and the amount of throughput capacity of the sections, are the reliability of cooling machines and the algorithm of their operation in different operating modes, taking into account weather and climatic conditions. The immediate accounting and analysis of the causes of the failure of asynchronous electric motors with a short-circuited rotor in the blower drive, the use of which is justified by the simplicity of the design, was the basis for the development of the algorithm proposed in this article. The electric locomotive cooling control algorithm is focused on eliminating or minimizing snow, dust insulation of traction electrical equipment in a given range of regulation. Elimination of the unauthorized shutdown of cooling machines by locomotive crews while the train runs in the slow-down mode, as well as the elimination of the start processes of asynchronous electric motors of the blower motor actuator, will improve the reliability of the entire electric locomotive in general.

Reliability study for traction electrical equipment of urban electric transport

The paper discusses the matter of reliability of the windings of the asynchronous traction motors being part of the urban electrically powered vehicles, contains the characteristic curve of the stator failure-free operation probability, and refers to experimental data on the failure rate. The results can be used both at the design stage of asynchronous traction motors and while in operation to optimize the preventive maintenance.

On using a hybrid power plant on military tracked and wheeled vehicles

One of the areas for improving military tracked and wheeled vehicles is considered, nmely the use a hybrid power plant. A problem is determining the effectiveness of using a hybrid power plant in military vehicles. An analysis of foreign samples the military tracked and wheeled vehicles with an integrated hybrid power plant and their technical characteristics is carried out. A selection of traction electrical equipment for the construction a hybrid power plant for a tank and an armored personnel carrier was made. The technical characteristics of traction electric motors are considered: SUMO HD HV3500-9P company DANA (Canada), EMRAX 348 company Enstroj (Slovenia); traction Li-ion battery company WB Electronic (Poland), SUMO HP HV900-3P motor generator (LSG130 generator) DANA company (Canada). A study was done on the composing а components of the hybrid power plant in engine and transmission compartment and the hull of the T-72 tank, BMT-72 heavy infantry fighting vehicle and BTR-4MV1 armored personnel carrier. The study was conducted by modeling and comparative analysis. The simulation was carried out in a computer-aided design system Creo Parametric 2.0. As a result of the study, the technical characteristics of the BMT-72 and BTR-4MV1 products were determined with the introduction of a hybrid power plant on them. It was found that the use of a hybrid power plant on the BMT-72 product did not lead to improvement in speed characteristics and increase the power reserve, in addition to ensuring movement on traction batteries up to21 kmon a dry dirt road. The use of a hybrid power plant on armored personnel carrier BTR-4MV1 improves its maneuverability when applying a power transmission scheme from a traction motor to each wheel separately, provides movement on traction batteries up to53 kmon a dry dirt road. The total power reserve will be no less than the base product, since the capacity of the fuel system did not decrease. The estimated maximum speed of an armored personnel carrier with a hybrid power plant corresponds to the maximum speed of the base product and is110 km/h. The introduction a hybrid power plant on military tracked vehicles weighing 40-50 tons is not advisable due to insufficient electric power, large overall dimensions a traction batteries and large mass of the product. A promising direction is the introduction a hybrid power plant on military wheeled vehicles weighing up to 30 tons. To implement a hybrid power plant on armored personnel carrier according to the scheme of transferring power from the traction electric motor to the wheel, it is necessary to develop a gearbox design with two gears.

Thermostating system simulation model of the passively cooled traction battery

Introduction. Electrified vehicles (EVs) have been actively developed in the Russian Federation megalopolises in recent years. Due to the specific climatic conditions of our country, EVs manufacturers encounter difficulties in the design and creation of simulation models, as well as in the model design selection. The main criterion for the safety and degree of degradation (SoH) of a traction battery (TB) is the temperature range in which it is operated. The purpose of the study was to calculate the thermal state of TB when exposed to extreme temperatures in a given region. Methodology and research methods . The research method is the creation of a TB thermostating system model, as well as the analysis of the climatic conditions of the region. Scientific novelty and results . The operating temperature affects the operational characteristics of the EVs, in particular, the mileage on one charge, the degree of capacity reduction during operation, and other technical parameters of the TB. In turn, the creation of complex cooling schemes is not economically feasible both during production and maintenance of electrical vehicles. Taking into account the climatic conditions of our country, the possible regions of operation were selected. The article provides a sequence of design cases selection for the simulation model. After determining the design and heating parameters of the TB, a full factorial experiment was partially used to assess the efficiency of the thermostating system with passive cooling. The discharge currents and the state of charge components of the traction electrical equipment were obtained as well as the state of charge for a single battery, including TB while simulating the operation and the movement of an EV. Practical significance . The article highlights the problems of safe long-term operation, and also indicates the optimal, working and critical temperature ranges during the operation of single lithium-ion batteries.

К вопросу о развитии теории тягового электрооборудования городского электрического транспорта

К вопросу о развитии теории тягового электрооборудования городского электрического транспорта

Research of reliability of urban electric transport system

Modern methods for analyzing and assessing the reliability of complex technical systems consider only its individual elements. The specifics of structural-functional interactions and integration into subsystems of different hierarchical levels are not taken into account. Studies show that analyzing the reliability of urban electric transport, also focus on individual components: the reliability of electric traction rolling stock, the reliability of the power supply system, the reliability of the track infrastructure, etc. The authors propose an approach that allows to consider urban electric transport as a complex technical system consisting of several levels that are hierarchically subordinate. Each level combines the components directly involved in the transmission and transformation of electric power into mechanical operation of the rolling stock under the influence of the external environment by means of traction electrical equipment. This approach will allow to develop the theoretical foundations of methods for analyzing the impact of the reliability of individual components of a complex technical system of urban electric transport on the effectiveness of the electric traction implementation.

Improving the theory for calculating the rational modes of traction electrical equipment

Research shows that the existing theory and methods for calculating rational operating modes of traction electrical equipment do not provide a sufficient level of adequacy under real operating conditions of urban electric transport, which is due to the high complexity of the processes and the lack of a sufficiently developed methodology for their interpretation in industry theory. The purpose of the study was researching the process of electric traction as a result of transformation electrical energy in purposeful mechanical movement of electric rolling stock with the implementation of all technological conditions of production and technical system of urban electric transport. The scientific hypothesis that the modes of operation of electric traction equipment as part of an automated electric drive of the rolling stock of urban electric transport are formed under the influence of a complexly organized technological process of electric traction and are the topological basis of its structure is theoretically substantiated. The main result of the research is the formulated theoretical system which allows us to present the process of electric traction as a system consisting of five levels that are in hierarchical relations and solve each specific problem of building the movement of electric transport. Such an approach will contribute to the development of theory and methods for calculating rational operating modes of traction electrical equipment of urban electric transport, the improvement of the energy efficiency of which is the actual scientific problem.

Features of traction electric equipment of prospective electric rolling stock

On the main railways in Russia, two types of current in the contact wire are used: dc voltage of 3 kV and ac voltage of 25 kV with a frequency of 50 Hz. Therefore, prospective electric rolling stock should have double the power. Improving the capacity and structural speed of locomotives is based on the use of asynchronous traction motors (ATDs) with a squirrel-cage rotor allowing increasing the tractive force and the weight of the train and the capacity and speed of cargo delivery, increasing reliability and reducing life cycle costs, and increasing service life. Electrical equipment for such rolling stock should be used when working from either contact system, dc or ac. In this article, the scheme of power circuits is considered using the example of a module of a traction drive in one bogie of dual-system electric locomotives. It is proposed to use the secondary winding of the traction transformer as a choke of the input filter when powered from a dc contact system. Regulation of operation modes of asynchronous traction motors is carried out from static semiconductor converters with a two-tier structure. Input transducers provide the exchange of electric energy between the contact system and the intermediate link of dc voltage, and the output converters regulate the traction motors by changing the magnitude and frequency of voltage on the stator windings of ATD depending on the speed of the locomotive and its operating mode. 4QS input converters and output converters are autonomous voltage inverters of the intermediate ac: in the case of single-phase input and output, they are three-phase. The basic ratios are given to determine voltages and currents of 4QS converters, to determine the variable component of a rectified current 4QS converter, and to formulate requirements for a resonant L2C2 filter configured for a frequency of 100 Hz. Expressions are given for determining the ratio of the input power of the converter, as well as recommendations for determining the basic parameters of electrical equipment.

Информационно-аналитическая система управления производственными проектами машиностроения в условиях неопределенности

The article considers the methods of decision-making support in complex manufacturing machine-building projects management based on analysis of the project’s predicted effectiveness. Predicted effectiveness is evaluated on the basis of goal attainability indexes. Calculation of attainability indexes under uncertainty is made in accordance with the proposed algorithms using the integrated project model. Coefficients of experts’ confidence in the attainability of the initial goals are used as source data. The values of attainability indexes are adjusted during project implementation on the basis of actual values of goal criteria indicators. The authors propose a modified algorithm of goal attainability index calculation. It allows estimating the potential impact on the process of external events. Analyzed events can be associated with various types of logical relations. Their impact on the project goals can have a different degree of influence depending on current stage of this project. The algorithm allows calculating measures of belief and disbelief to the possibility of achieving the goal under the influence of events that represent, respectively, the cumulative positive and cumulative negative impact of external factors on the project. The paper presents the analysis of complex manufacturing projects management problems in which the proposed methods can be used. These methods are implemented as special software of the information-analytical system for decision-making support. The article describes the procedure of applying this system in machine-building enterprises. It also considers an example of practical use of information-analytical system for decision-making support (IASDMS) in the project of creating a traction electrical equipment set of hybrid drive vehicles.

ХАРАКТЕРНЫЕ ОТКАЗЫ ОБОРУДОВАНИЯ ТЯГОВОГО ПОДВИЖНОГО СОСТАВА

The design of electric locomotives VL80S nodes developed in the 60s of XX century, can not ensure failure operation for a reserve maintenance periods are constantly increasing. The largest number of failures accounted for traction motors and electrical equipment. The proposed Article measures and technical solutions will significantly reduce the number of failures of these products.