Tracking Performance Of System Research Articles

MOBILE ROBOT TRACKING SYSTEM BASED ON MACHINE VISION AND LASER RADAR

The proposed solution addresses the issue of insufficient real-time performance and accuracy in mobile robot path tracking by introducing a system that combines machine vision and laser radar. In this study, the Broadcom BCM2711 microcontroller chip is connected to the RS232 communication interface for transmitting information to the ARM embedded processor. Users can access position distance, direction, and other robot-related data through the man-machine interface's LCD display in a Windows operating system environment. By initiating an adaptive position tracking algorithm program identified by the robot within the position tracking unit, mobile position tracking of the robot is achieved. Experimental results demonstrate significant improvements in both real-time performance and accuracy of this mobile robot tracking system.

Human–Machine Cooperative Driving and Real-Time Algorithm Implementation Based on Double-Loop Control System

The double loop structure has been implemented to verify the feasibility of human-machine cooperative control in real environment in this paper, which can fully reflect the performance of the controller and realization of the sharing steering control between human driver and automatic control system. The outer loop adopts fuzzy proportional-integral-derivative(PID) controller to deal with different working conditions, on which the complexity of the algorithm is reduced and the real-time performance of the controller is improved. The inner loop adopts the active disturbance rejection controller (ADRC), which can effectively suppress the interference such as drivers’ faulty operations etc. and improve the tracking accuracy and system performance. The stability for extended state observe(ESO) and ADRC is described in theory to ensure the feasibility of the controller in the real world environment. The experiment results show that the human-machine cooperative control system based on the double-loop controller can effectively reduce the lateral error of the vehicle and the steering torque of the driver in the process. And the control performance of the vehicle is improved.

Impact of backtracking strategies on techno-economics of horizontal single-axis tracking solar photovoltaic power plants

Optimisation of horizontal single-axis tracking solar photovoltaic power plants is important for its optimal application. Commonly, standard backtracking has been applied to avoid mutual shading and improve the full load hours and levelised cost of electricity; however, this approach is not always the best solution for state-of-the-art modules with half cell technology. Backtracking has not yet been studied for different test sites with different solar and climatic conditions. This study aims to improve the knowledge on the techno-economic performance of horizontal single-axis tracking systems with half cell modules applying different backtracking strategies in full hourly resolution for nine test sites globally and varying row spacing. In addition to the standard backtracking algorithm, an advanced backtracking algorithm that varies the tracking angle only if the irradiance can be improved, and an advanced sophisticated backtracking algorithm simulating the irradiance for all possible tracking angles, are studied. The results confirm that standard backtracking is only superior for specific conditions. Compared to no backtracking, standard backtracking shows up to ca. 9% higher levelised cost of electricity due to lower full load hours. Advanced backtracking can lower the levelised cost of electricity by up to 9% and advanced sophisticated backtracking by up to 12%, due to improved full load hours. In general, results are similar and comparable for all test sites studied. This study highlights the importance of backtracking for optimised future horizontal single-axis tracking system planning.

Comparison of the Performance of Solar Panels Designed in Three Different Ways under the Same Conditions

Renewable energy sources such as solar energy have great potential to alleviate some of the negative environmental problems, including climate change, caused by intensive fossil fuel use. Solar energy will play an important part in future energy systems because of its rapid installation technology and lowering costs. In order to use solar radiation intensity in a wide range in the most efficient way, the plants must either be at an optimum angle in the area where they are installed or they should be designed with moving systems. In this study, performance and efficiency comparisons of solar tracking systems and fixed-designed systems based on real-field conditions have been made. In this way, price performance ratios can be determined clearly and it will be easier to decide on the types of power plants to be built. While solar tracking systems move according to the most efficient position that they can get from the sun through radiation sensors, they are designed with elements such as PLCs using multi-year solar data that operate with an open loop and based on meteorological data. In this study, three different power plant types designed as 1-axis, 2-axis, and fixed angle were controlled as open loop with PLC software and production differences between power plants were evaluated for 1 year. According to this research we have done, it has been concluded that 2-axis tracking systems produce approximately 32% more energy annually than a fixed-angle system, with an annual efficiency rate of 23% higher than a 1-axis system.

Performance Analysis of Passive Retro-Reflector Based Tracking in Free-Space Optical Communications With Pointing Errors

In this correspondence, we propose a diversity-achieving retroreflector-based fine tracking system for free-space optical (FSO) communications. We show that multiple retroreflectors deployed around the communication telescope at the aerial vehicle save the payload capacity and enhance the outage performance of the fine tracking system. Through the analysis of the joint-pointing loss of the multiple retroreflectors, we derive the ordered moments of the received power. Our analysis can be further utilized for studies on multiple input multiple output (MIMO)-FSO. After the moment-based estimation of the received power distribution, we numerically analyze the outage performance. The greatest challenge of retroreflector-based FSO communication is a significant decrease in power. Still, our selected numerical results show that, from an outage perspective, the proposed method can surpass conventional methods.

SINGLE AXIS SOLAR TRACKING SYSTEM

In this study, the layout and implementation of a PV converter panel solar tracking system are discussed. Generally, the amount of solar radiation and the ambient temperature will affect the electricity production of photovoltaic panels. As they will create their most electricity when the amount of solar radiation they receive is at its highest, PVs should be controlled to keep them always perpendicular to the sun. The proposed single-axis solar tracking system offers an ideal solar energy conversion process by correctly aligning the photovoltaic panels with the actual location of the sun. The experiment's mechanism depends on a DC motor that intelligently moves the prototype in response to input from an LDR sensor using a fuzzy logic controller. An experimental study was carried out to study the performance of the solar tracking system. There is a 47% increase in strength between the design system and the fixed system.

Out of control? Tracking system technologies and performance measurement

This article explores how sophisticated and intrusive socio-technological surveillance advances, particularly tracking systems, have become normalized in the North American baseball industry. To make sense of the extensive archival and interview data, we draw on a Deleuzo-Guattarian framework. To this end, we argue that baseball has evolved into a society of control, facilitated and maintained by a rhizomatic surveillance network. We find that the introduction of new technologies has disrupted and changed performance measurement and management control practices in three key ways: (i) establishing the prospect of an ‘objective’ information utopia; (ii) transforming performance measurement into something independent of context; and (iii) measuring processes, not outcomes. Next, in the spirit of Deleuze and Guattari, we consider how the surveillance is being resisted. To this end, we find that instead of formal resistance, players voluntarily co-construct the system. We offer explanations for this, but we also turn our gaze on the consequences of the ever-expanding network of surveillance. Specifically, we consider the identity construction challenges for the target; which we refer to as the dark side of surveillance. We discuss the wider implications of our findings and challenge managers, regardless of workplace, to consider the consequences of introducing ever-more sophisticated monitoring and measurement systems, especially for those whom the systems target.

Observer-Based Path Tracking Controller Design for Autonomous Ground Vehicles With Input Saturation

This paper investigates the problem of path tracking control for autonomous ground vehicles (AGVs), where the input saturation, system nonlinearities and uncertainties are considered. Firstly, the nonlinear path tracking system is formulated as a linear parameter varying (LPV) model where the variation of vehicle velocity is taken into account. Secondly, considering the noise effects on the measurement of lateral offset and heading angle, an observer-based control strategy is proposed, and by analyzing the frequency domain characteristics of the derivative of desired heading angle, a finite frequency <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$H_{\infty}$</tex> index is proposed to attenuate the effects of the derivative of desired heading angle on path tracking error. Thirdly, sufficient conditions are derived to guarantee robust <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$H_{\infty}$</tex> performance of the path tracking system, and the calculation of observer and controller gains is converted into solving a convex optimization problem. Finally, simulation examples verify the advantages of the control method proposed in this paper.

Weighting Key Performance Indicators of Smart Local Energy Systems: A Discrete Choice Experiment

The development of Smart Local Energy Systems (SLES) in the UK is part of the energy transition tackling the energy trilemma and contributing to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Project developers and other stakeholders need to independently assess the performance of these systems: how well they meet their aims to successfully deliver multiple benefits and objectives. This article describes a step undertaken by the EnergyREV Research Consortium in developing a standardised Multi-Criteria Assessment (MCA) tool—specifically a discrete choice experiment (DCE) to determine the weighting of key performance indicators (KPIs). The MCA tool will use a technology-agnostic framework to assess SLES projects, track system performance and monitor benefit realisation. In order to understand the perceived relative importance of KPIs across different stakeholders, seven DCEs were conducted via online surveys (using 1000minds software). The main survey (with 234 responses) revealed that Environment was considered the most important criterion, with a mean weight of 21.6%. This was followed by People and Living (18.9%), Technical Performance (17.8%) and Data Management (14.7%), with Business and Economics and Governance ranked the least important (13.9% and 13.1%, respectively). These results are applied as weightings to calculate overall scores in the EnergyREV MCA-SLES tool.

Noise performance of the ALPIDE-based ALICE Inner Tracking System

The new ALICE Inner Tracking System is the first large-scale MAPS-based tracking system. It is covering an active surface of 10 m2, with a total of 12.5 billion pixels. Several optimisations of the pixel chip lead to a quasi-noise-free operation, with measured fake-hit rates of below 1 hit per pixel and billion events (system level numbers), numbers compatible with the order of magnitude expected from cosmic and natural background radiation.This contribution covers a detailed study of fake hits as recorded in the inner-most detector barrels, made of the highest quality chips. It reveals a localised noise pattern that could be traced down to originate from decoupling capacitors present on the detector module. It can most likely be explained by the radioactive decay of 210Pb, which is present in trace amounts in the solder that was used to mount decoupling capacitors on the detector modules. This hypothesis is substantiated with a dedicated simulation study and laboratory measurements.

Cooperative Fault-Tolerant Containment Control for Nonlinear Multiagent Systems With Switching Directed Topologies Based on Hierarchical Mechanism

In this article, the cooperative fuzzy hierarchical fault-tolerant containment control (FTCC) method is proposed for nonlinear multiagent systems (MASs) over switching directed topologies. Based on the hierarchical mechanism, the problem of the cooperative FTCC for nonlinear MASs under switching directed topologies is decoupled into the cooperative containment control problem of the virtual reference system (upper layer) under switching directed topologies and the tracking control problem of the actual system (lower layer). Due to the existence of switching topologies, the state of the virtual reference system may jump, which further affects the transient performance of the lower tracking system; moreover, the actuator faults may also cause a sudden change in actual system. In order to mitigate the influence of switching topologies and actuator faults on the lower tracking system, the generalized restricted potential function is introduced to ensure the norm of the lower tracking error within the predefined performance function. Finally, a simulation example is introduced to illustrate the theoretical results obtained.

Receiver Sand Mitigation Measures along railways: CWE-based conceptual design and preliminary performance assessment

Desert railways are constantly exposed to incoming wind-blown sand. The railway structure locally disturbs the incoming sand drift, induces its accumulation, and ultimately suffers its harmful effects. Receiver Sand Mitigation Measures (SMMs) aerodynamically interact with the track system, induce sand erosion around it, and allow sand transport far downwind it. The conceptual and preliminary design of an innovative Receiver SMM called Sand Blower is developed in this study. The design is grounded on the aerodynamic behaviour of the baseline humped sleeper track system. The flow control strategy is intended to avoid boundary layer separation, and to promote local flow acceleration by means of the Venturi effect. The performance assessment is carried out by Computational Wind Engineering approach. It allows to simulate the local wind flow, to obtain the shear stress field at the wall, and to derive from it sand sedimentation, windward erosion and backward erosion conditions. The results show that the Sand Blower greatly increases the track system performance by reducing sand sedimentation and increasing sand erosion under wide range of wind speeds and directions.

Optimal robust vehicle motion control under equality and inequality constraints

AbstractIn this paper, a new robust controller is proposed to improve the motion control performance of an autonomous four‐wheel steering vehicle. The vehicle is subject to time‐varying uncertainties caused by parameter perturbation and unmodeled disturbance. First of all, the vehicle motion control problem is modeled as a constraint‐following problem with the goal to drive the vehicle system to follow the given constraints. For safety reasons, inequality constraints are imposed on the lateral displacement of the vehicle. Next, the diffeomorphism mapping method is used to deal with the inequality constraints in the vehicle motion control, and the constrained lateral displacement space is mapped to an unbounded space. On this basis, a new multi‐parameter robust constraint‐following control is designed. Based on Lyapunov stability theory, the approximate constraint tracking performance of the path tracking system is proved. In order to make a trade‐off between the system performance and control cost, a multi‐parameter optimization problem is established, and the optimal robust controller is obtained. Last, the main theoretical results are verified by the Carsim‐Simulink co‐simulations.

Machine learning-based real-time tracking for concrete vibration

Proper concrete vibration is vital to the final quality and durability of concrete structures. There is a lack of objective methods to assess conformance to the requirements of vibration behavior in real time. Based on data fusion and machine learning, we propose a real-time tracking method for concrete vibration effort. The system combines the advantages of an ultra-wideband sensor and inclinometer—a simple structure, reliability, expandability, and low cost. A data processing algorithm and hybrid neural network recognition model are developed to process the data stream, enabling automatic derivation of the indexes related to the vibration effort and achieving active concrete vibration quality control. An evaluation method for the performance of the different vibration tracking systems is established using the error transfer formula. The feasibility and accuracy of the tracking method are experimentally verified. This proposed method provides a quality control tool that helps prevent potential quality problems during vibration.

High-Order Fast Nonsingular Terminal Sliding Mode Control of Permanent Magnet Linear Motor Based on Double Disturbance Observer

In order to realize the high-speed and high-precision movement of the direct drive system, it is important to study the strong robust control strategy of permanent magnet linear synchronous motor (PMLSM) servo system. This article proposes a high-order fast nonsingular terminal sliding mode control strategy for PMLSM based on double disturbance observer. The double disturbance observer is used to observe the mismatched/matched disturbances to reduce the conservativeness of the system to multiple disturbances. In addition, a high-order fast nonsingular terminal sliding mode controller is designed to enhance the robustness of the system. By adding feedback current into the controller, the overall control of current, speed, and position is realized. In addition, the steady-state performance and dynamic performance of position tracking system are improved. The stability and convergence of the closed loop system are proved by the Lyapunov stability theory. Experimental results show that the proposed strategy can effectively improve position tracking accuracy of the system and robustness to uncertain disturbances.

Application of Information Processing System Based on DSP in Electronic Information Engineering

On the one hand, target tracking technology is widely used in navigation, guidance, alarm and monitoring and other military fields, on the other hand, it is also widely used in civil fields such as traffic information monitoring and security. This paper mainly studies the application of information processing system based on DSP in electronic information engineering. This paper introduces DSP information processing system in detail. Aiming at the comprehensive requirements of real-time and tracking performance of the target tracking system, multi-feature fusion optimization method is adopted to improve the particle filter tracking algorithm to improve the accuracy of the tracking algorithm. In this paper, the simulation results show that the improved algorithm has a certain scale and occlusion robustness, and can adapt to long-term stable real-time tracking.

Optimal Strategy for the Improvement of the Overall Performance of Dual-Axis Solar Tracking Systems

Solar Tracking Systems are useful to increase the generation efficiency of photovoltaic technology, mainly for concentration technology, where dual-axis is required on account of the high accurate alignment to the Sun. Even when there exists a strong relation between tracking error and energy efficiency, multiple technological and research developments have sought to solve these problems independently. The present research proposes a novel concurrent design methodology for optimizing the overall performance of two-axis trackers, allowing to keep a balance between the tracking error and the energy consumption from the design stage, from an optimization approach. The concurrent approach was implemented to design a Solar Tracker as a solar monitoring system, was compared with four commercial systems, obtaining a similar pointing accuracy with a mixed tracking error of 0.0942°. The system has the best energy balance, consuming only 0.9641% of the energy generated for the tracking action, below commercial models. Finally, a CO2 impact analysis was carried out, where the proposed tracker obtained the lowest value, with 25.7018 g. The results support the developed concurrent strategy for the optimization of the overall performance of dual-axis systems, allowing us to find a harmonic balance between the energy consumption and the required tracking accuracy.

Refining Atmosphere Profiles for Aerial Target Detection Models.

Atmospheric path radiance in the infrared is an extremely important quantity in calculating system performance in certain infrared detection systems. For infrared search and track (IRST) system performance calculations, the path radiance competes with the target for precious detector well electrons. In addition, the radiance differential between the target and the path radiance defines the signal level that must be detected. Long-range, high-performance, offensive IRST system design depends on accurate path radiance predictions. In addition, in new applications such as drone detection where a dim unresolved target is embedded into a path radiance background, sensor design and performance are highly dependent on atmospheric path radiance. Being able to predict the performance of these systems under particular weather conditions and locations has long been an important topic. MODTRAN has been a critical tool in the analysis of systems and prediction of electro-optical system performance. The authors have used MODTRAN over many years for an average system performance using the typical “pull-down” conditions in the software. This article considers the level of refinement required for a custom MODTRAN atmosphere profile to satisfactorily model an infrared camera’s performance for a specific geographic location, date, and time. The average difference between a measured sky brightness temperature and a MODTRAN predicted value is less than 0.5 °C with sufficient atmosphere profile updates. The agreement between experimental results and MODTRAN predictions indicates the effectiveness of including updated atmospheric composition, radiosonde, and air quality data from readily available Internet sources to generate custom atmosphere profiles.

A review of automatic solar tracking systems

Solar tracking systems which can track the Sun movement can increase the power generation rate by maximizing the surface area of the solar panels that are exposed to the sunlight. By utilizing a solar tracker, the number of solar panels needed to generate the same amount of electrical energy will be significantly lower. In general, solar tracking systems are classified as single-axis solar tracking systems and dual-axis solar tracking systems. Several researchers had conducted both simulation and experimental work to compare and evaluate the performance of solar tracking systems against static solar panels systems, as well as between different solar tracking system mechanisms. General agreements among the researchers are that the performance of solar tracking systems is always exceeding that of static solar panels. Some researchers also conducted studies on how the weather conditions affect the performance of solar panels, and they concluded that the systems with tracking mechanisms are more resilient toward a variation of weather conditions.

Performance of solar modules integrated with reflector

&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;This study investigates experimentally the performance of two-dimensional solar tracking systems with reflector using commercial silicon based photovoltaic module, with open and closed loop control systems. Different reflector materials were also investigated. The experiments were performed at the Hashemite University campus in Zarqa at a latitude of 32⁰, in February and March. Photovoltaic output power and performance were analyzed. It was found that the modified photovoltaic module with mirror reflector generated the highest value of power, while the temperature reached a maximum value of 53 ̊ C. The modified module suggested in this study produced 5% more PV power than the two-dimensional solar tracking systems without reflector and produced 12.5% more PV power than the fixed PV module with 26⁰ tilt angle.&lt;/span&gt;