Trachelospermum Asiaticum Research Articles

Ornamental Plant and Weed Response to Oxyfluorfen Plus Prodiamine

Ornamental plant and weed response to oxyfluorfen + prodiamine herbicide was evaluated in Connecticut and Tennessee, USA, in 2017 and 2018. Preemergence application of oxyfluorfen + prodiamine was made at 0 lb/acre, 2 + 0.75 lb/acre, 4 + 1.5 lb/acre, and 8 + 3 lb/acre to container-grown ornamental plants on an outdoor gravel pad and weeds in greenhouse experiments. Ornamental plants were treated first within a week after transplanting and again 6 weeks after the first treatment. Asiatic jasmine (Trachelospermum asiaticum), candlestick plant (Senna alata), and English ivy (Hedera helix) in Tennessee, USA; and ‘Blue Flag’ iris (Iris sp.), ‘Firecracker’ gladiolus (Gladiolus sp.), and ‘Green Carpet’ Japanese pachysandra (Pachysandra terminalis) in Connecticut, USA, were not injured with oxyfluorfen + prodiamine regardless of rate applied. Lily-of-the-Nile (Agapanthus africanus) in Tennessee, USA, and ‘Bowles’ periwinkle (Vinca minor) in Connecticut, USA, showed minor but commercially acceptable growth reduction with oxyfluorfen + prodiamine up to 4 + 1.5 lb/acre. Shasta daisy (Leucanthemum ×superbum) in Connecticut, USA, was the most sensitive ornamental plant. After the first application, average necrotic injury to Shasta daisy varied from 24% with 2 + 0.75 lb/acre to 31% with 8 + 3 lb/acre of oxyfluorfen + prodiamine. After the second application, necrotic injury was ≤ 5% with all oxyfluorfen + prodiamine rates tested and was commercially acceptable (≤ 20%). Oxyfluorfen + prodiamine reduced densities of creeping woodsorrel (Oxalis corniculata), hairy bittercress (Cardamine hirsuta), giant foxtail (Setaria faberi), and large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis) ≥ 80% by 4 weeks after treatment. The fresh weed biomass 6 weeks after treatment indicated an 88% to 99% reduction compared with the untreated control.

Assimilation apparatus of evergreen vines in humid subtropics of Russia

In the article, the research results on the morphophysiological parameters of the assimilation apparatus of evergreen vines in the humid subtropics of Russia are presented. Тhe endemic species to subtropical regions of East Asia, including Trachelospermum asiaticum (Siebold & Zucc.) Nakai, Trachelospermum jasminoides (Lindl.) Lem., Trachelospermum liukiuense Hatus., Clematis armandii Franch., Kadsura japonica (L.) Dunal and Akebia quinata (Houtt.) Decne. were studied. Morphological traits (the area and thickness of the leaf blade), physiological traits (the content of dry substances and the main photosynthetic pigments in the leaves) and the integral parameter (the specific surface density of the leaf) were studied in dynamics by standard methods in plant physiology. It was established that evergreen vines exhibit specific and seasonal differences in the dynamics of morphophysiological parameters of the assimilation apparatus, while the variation in these parameters directly depends on the hydrothermal conditions of cultivation. Such morphological traits as the area and thickness of the leaf blade depend on the temperature and relative humidity of the air, respectively, while physiological and such integral parameters as the specific surface density of the leaf depend on the relative humidity of the air. Тhe dynamic changes in a number of morphophysiological properties of plants underlying the adaptability of exotic species along with correlative relationships between abiotic stress factors and the physiological state of plants allow a group of promising evergreen vines for ornamental gardening in a humid subtropical climate to be defined. Here, among the representatives of the genus Trachelospermum , T. asiaticum exhibits great adaptive potential. In landscaping of the coast, however, the less stable species T. jasminoides is are widely found. Less common in landscape construction C. armandii, A. quinata and uncommon in the region K. japonica must be placed factoring in the microclimatic characteristics of the landscaping object and the environmental requirements for the vines.

Assessment of the Particulate Matter Reduction Potential of Climbing Plants on Green Walls for Air Quality Management

Background and objective To improve air quality, particulate matter (PM) can be reduced using green infrastructure. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to determine the particulate matter reduction potential of climbing plants used for green walls, an element of vertical green infrastructure. Methods A sealed chamber with controlled environmental variables was used to assess the PM reduction level caused by climbing plants. PM concentration in the plant chamber was measured after two and four hours of PM exposure, and the reduction potential was assessed based on the leaf area. Results Compared to the empty chamber (Control), the PM reduction speed per hour was higher in the plant chamber, which confirmed that climbing plants contribute to the reduction of PM in the air. The PM reduction speed immediately after exposure in the plant chamber was high, but this slowed over time. Additionally, PM has been continuously reduced in plants with large leaves. As a result of calculating the particulate matter reduction level based on leaf area, it was found that there was a difference by particle size. Actinidia arguta, Parthenocissus tricuspidata, Trachelospermum asiaticum, and Euonymus fortunei var. radicans showed a high reduction effect. The trichomes on the leaf surface of Trachelospermum asiaticum were found to affect PM reduction. Conclusion PM adsorption on the leaf surface is an important factor in reducing its concentration. It was possible to compare different plants by quantifying the amount of PM reduction during a fixed time period. These results can be used as the basic data to select the plant species suitable for urban green walls in terms of PM reduction.

Three new species of Ametrodiplosis (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from Japan, with a key to the Japanese species and a molecular phylogenetic analysis.

Ametrodiplosis Rübsaamen (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae: Clinodiplosini) is a mostly Holarctic gall midge genus whose species are associated with a wide range of seed plant families, either as gall-inducers or inquilines. In this study, we describe three species of Ametrodiplosis from Japan: A. adetos n. sp. feeding in the flowers of Tylophora aristolochioides Miq. (Apocynaceae); A. aeroradicis n. sp. inducing aerial root galls on Trachelospermum asiaticum (Sieb. et Zucc.) Nakai and T. gracilipes var. liukiuense (Apocynaceae); and A. stellariae n. sp. forming leaf bud galls on Stellaria uliginosa Murray var. undulata (Thunb.) Ohwi (Caryophyllaceae). A molecular phylogenetic analysis using mitochondrial COI and ribosomal 16S genes and nuclear ribosomal 28S gene were conducted for the three new Ametrodiplisis species and other clinodiplosine taxa sequences available in GenBank. The analysis supported the monophyly of Ametrodiplosis despite the variable life history of the three species. In addition, it indicated very low intraspecific genetic divergence among the individuals from different localities and/or host plants. A taxonomic key to the three new Japanese species of Ametrodiplosis is provided.

Lead Phytoremediation in Contaminated Soils Using Ornamental Landscape Plants

Lead (Pb) in the urban environment can have a negative effect on human health, especially children’s health. Reducing elevated Pb exposure in the home landscape is essential. The purpose of this study was to determine which ornamental groundcover landscape plants uptake Pb from contaminated soil. Plants for both shade and sun were selected. Plants for shade [Brake fern (Pteris vittata), Asian Jasmine (Trachelospermum asiaticum), “Big Blue” Liriope (Liriope muscari), and St. Augustinegrass (Stenotaphrum secundatum)] and sun [Variegated Liriope (Liriope muscari “Variegata”), Asian Jasmine (Trachelospermum asiaticum), Asparagus Fern (Asparagus setaceus), and Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon)] adapted landscape groundcover plants successfully assimilated Pb grown in soil containing 250 ppm and 500 ppm Pb concentrations. Additionally, soil movement at both 25 mph and 50 mph wind speed was significantly different, with increased soil movement at 50 mph. Therefore, it was determined that landscape plants adapted to both sun and shade can help remove Pb from contaminated soils and stabilize soil particles reducing the movement of soil and be aesthetically pleasing.

Tolerance of Three Deep South Non-turf Ornamental Groundcovers to Applications of Postemergence Herbicides1

AbstractOrnamental groundcovers are a popular alternative to turfgrass in landscapes due to their low maintenance requirements, pest resistance, and shade tolerance. Weed control is a challenge in these groundcovers because few herbicide options are available. The objective of this research was to determine the tolerance of the groundcovers Asiatic jasmine [Trachelospermum asiaticum (Nakai) ‘Minima'], perennial peanut [Arachis pintoi (Krapov.& W.C. Greg.) ‘Golden Glory'] and dwarf mondo grass [Ophiopogon japonicus (L.f.) Ker Gawl.] ‘Nana'] to herbicides, including bentazon, clopyralid, fluazifop-P-butyl, glufosinate, halosulfuron, imazaquin, sethoxydim, sulfentrazone, and sulfosulfuron applied at approximately 2 times the label rate. Asiatic jasmine and perennial peanut were evaluated in Apopka, FL and dwarf mondo grass was evaluated in Mobile, AL. Bentazon, clopyralid, glufosinate, glyphosate, and sulfosulfuron caused unacceptable injury and/or a reduction in shoot growth for all three species while fluazifop-P-butyl and sethoxydim caused no injury to any species. Halosulfuron caused minor injury but significantly reduced growth of dwarf mondo grass. Sulfentrazone caused no injury to Asiatic jasmine or perennial peanut but caused severe injury to dwarf mondo grass after only one application. Similarly, imazaquin caused only minor injury to Asiatic jasmine and dwarf mondo grass but significantly reduced growth of perennial peanut after two applications.Index words: Postemergence herbicides, groundcovers, mondo grass, perennial peanut, Asiatic jasmine.Chemicals used in this study: Bentazon (Basagran® T/O), 3-(1-methylethyl)-1H-2, 1,3-benzothiadiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide, clopyralid (Lontrel), 3,6-dichloro-2pyridinecarboxylic acid, fluazifop-P-butyl (Fusilade® II), (2R)-2-[4-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]oxy]phenoxy]propanoic acid, Glufosinate (Finale®), 2-amino-4-(hydroxymethylphosphinyl)butanoic acid, Glyphosate (Ranger® PRO), N-phosphonomethyl)glycine, Halosulfuron-methyl (SedgeHammer®), methyl 3-chloro-5-[[[[4,6-dimethoxy-2-pyrimidinyl)amino]carbonyl]amino]sulfonyl]-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylate, Imazaquin (Sceptor® T&O), 2-[4,5-dihydro-4-4-(1-methylethyl)-5-oxo-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid, Sethoxydim (Sethoxydim SPC), 2-[1-ethoxyimino)butyl]-5-[2-(ethylthio)propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1-one, Sulfentrazone (Dismiss®), N-[2,4-dichloro-5-[4-difluoromethyl)-4,5-dihydro-3-methyl-5-oxo-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl]phenyl]methanesulfonamide, Sulfosulfuron (Certainty®), 1-(4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl)-3-[(2-ethanesulfonyl-imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-3-yl]sulfonylurea.Species used in this study: Asiatic jasmine ‘Minima' (Trachelospermum asiaticum ‘Minima'), perennial peanut (Arachis pintoi ‘Golden Glory'), dwarf mondo grass (Ophiopogon japonicus ‘Nana').

마삭줄과 백화등의 덖음을 통한 감각․화학적 비교 연구

본 연구는 계통적으로 유사한 마삭줄과 백화등 간의 비교 및 덖음 처리를 통한 마삭줄과 백화등의 이화학적 및 관능적 특성을 비교하였다. 백화등과 마삭줄 모두 덖음 처리를 통해 총 페놀 함량과 라디칼 소거능의 증가를 확인하였다. 이화학적 특성에서 마삭줄과 백화등 간의 차이보다 덖음 처리 유무에 대한 차이가 더욱 확연하게 확인되었다. 관능적 특성에서 덖음 처리에 의해 신맛과 감칠맛의 확연한 증가를 확인하였고, 향기성분의 종류에서 마삭줄과 백화등에서 alcohols 27종, aldehydes 10종, ether 1종, hydrocarbons 52종, ketones 7종, heterocyclics 16종을 확인할 수 있었다. GColfactometry 접근을 통해 실험자의 후각으로 확인되는 향기성분은 덖음 처리 이후에 다소 감소함을 확인할 수 있었으며, 맛 성분(sourness와 umami)의 증가와는 대조적인 결과를 확인할 수 있었다. 전자코 분석에서도 덖음 처리를 통해 향기성분의 함량이 다소 감소하는 패턴을 확인할 수 있었다. 본 연구는 마삭줄과 백화등의 이화학적 특성과 관능적 특성에 대한 연구를 통해 식품 및 기능적 소재로의 활용을 위한 기초자료가 될 것으로 확신한다.

Evaluation of relative toxicity caused by deicing agents on photosynthesis, redox homeostasis, and the osmoregulatory system in creeper-type plants

Addressing the deterioration effects due to chlorine salt use as an anti-freezing agent to prevent the deposition of ice on roads during heavy snowfall is a serious issue to protect the ecosystem. Therefore, the present study was conducted to determine the effects caused by deicing agents on three different creeper plant species that commonly grow on roadsides, such as Trachelospermum asiaticum, Euonymus fortunei, and Gelsemium sempervirens. The two chlorine salts calcium chloride (CaCl2) and magnesium chloride (MgCl2) were applied to plants either as a splash or spray in different concentrations at different intervals. After 6 days of treatments, the results suggested that application of both CaCl2 and MgCl2 affected the chlorophyll content and physiological processes of the creepers in a dose-dependent manner. Further analysis of oxidative stress related parameters such as lipid peroxidation, superoxide, and hydrogen peroxide content showed that both CaCl2 and MgCl2 affected redox homeostasis. While the application of deicing agents induced the activities of antioxidant enzymes, they also decreased the content of ascorbate and proline, which are efficient osmolytes, in the dose-dependent manner. Nevertheless, comparatively oxidative stress induced by CaCl2 is higher than the MgCl2 in all three creeper-type plants included in our analysis; still the frequent application and higher concentration of both deicing agents interrupt the growth of roadside vegetation. Despite the relative toxicity of the deicers, T. asiaticum was affected lesser than E. fortunei and G. sempervirens.

화장품 소재 개발을 위한 제주 식물 탐색

To identify new active cosmetic ingredients of natural origin, we screened the biological activities of 50 different kinds of plants from Jeju Island, the southernmost island of the Korean Peninsula. In this study, plant extracts were screened for inhibitory effects on elastase, nitric oxide, and melanin production, and for free radical scavenging effects. Eight plants, Viburnum erosum Thunb., Trachelospermum asiaticum var. intermedium Nakai, Sageretia theezans Brongn., Sorbus alnifolia var. hirtella T. Lee, Staphylea bumalda DC., Pourthicea villosa var. brunnea Nak., Illicium religiosum S. et Z., and Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboldii Nakai were potent inhibitors of elastase (over 80% inhibition at 1 mg/mL). Elaeocarpus sylvestris var. Ellipticus (Thunb.) Hara (ICSUB50/SUB: 13.99 μg/mL), Sapium sebiferum (L.) ROXB. (ICSUB50/SUB: 14.27 μg/mL), and Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboldii Nakai (ICSUB50/SUB: 16.46 μg/mL) showed good antioxidant effects. Eurya japonica Thunb., Quercus myrsinaefolia Bl., Caesalpinia decapetala var. japonica (S. et Z.) Ohashi, Weigela subsessilis L. H. Bailey, and Crinum asiaticum var. japonicum dosedependently inhibited LPS-induced NO production on RAW 264.7 cells (at 50-200 μg/mL). Furthermore, Elaeocarpus sylvestris var. Ellipticus (Thunb.) Hara, Ilex integra Thunb., and Agastache rugosa (Fisch. et Meyer) O. Kuntze dose-dependently inhibited α-MSH stimulated melanin synthesis on B16 F10 cells (at 25-100 μg/mL). These results suggest that Jeju Island plants possess several biological activities and may be potent anti-aging, anti-inflammatory, skin-whitening, and antioxidative ingredients as functional cosmetic materials.

Efficacy and Estimated Annual Cost of Common Weed Control Methods in Landscape Planting Beds

Organic mulch is commonly used in landscape planting beds to improve plant growth and reduce competition from weed species. Although many different mulch materials have been evaluated in landscape, forestry, or agricultural settings, there have been no previous reports concerning the maintenance costs associated with different mulch materials from a weed control perspective. Trials were conducted at two locations in Florida to estimate the annual maintenance costs associated with pine bark nuggets (bark derived from pine species not specified) and pine straw mulch [mix of longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) and slash pine (Pinus taeda) needles] with and without the use of a granular preemergence herbicide when maintained at similar depths in schilling’s holly (Ilex vomitoria ‘Schilling’s Dwarf’) shrub beds and asiatic jasmine (Trachelospermum asiaticum ‘Minima’) groundcover beds. Weed coverage and residual mulch depth were tracked over time, with maximum and minimum thresholds (20% and 2 inches, respectively) set as triggers for maintenance activities. Results showed that the addition of herbicide (trifluralin + isoxaben) had little to no impact on weeding frequency or time when plots were mulched, but did reduce hand weeding frequency and time compared with nontreated, nonmulched plots. Both mulch materials used alone reduced hand weeding frequency and time compared with herbicide-only treatments. Although results varied by bed type and location, pine bark generally provided greater weed control compared with pine straw and required fewer mulch additions and less mulch by volume. Results from this study suggests that using pine bark nuggets as mulch may result in lower maintenance costs and weed pressure compared with pine straw when both are applied and maintained at 2-inch depths.

염화칼슘 처리농도가 가로변 지피식물의 생장에 미치는 영향

The purpose of this study was to provide information on management and apply it to a roadside ground cover plant understanding the capacity of calcium chloride in the plant. The experimental group was composed of the ratio control group of calcium chloride, 0.5%, 1.0%, and 3.0% in 500g of soil. Plant materials were selected and measured according to their ecological characteristics such as ground cover plant, Pachysandra terminalis, Hosta plantaginea, Trachelospermum asiaticum, Vitex rotundifolia, Euonymus japonica and Callicarpa japonica. The acidity of the amended soil was increased gradually depending on the treatment and conductivity was continually decreased. The EX-Ca increased after the treatment, but decreased in the middle of the experiment. Pachysandra terminalis, Trachelospermum asiaticum and Euonymus japonica were able to grow and survive at the ratio of 0.5%. Hosta plantaginea and Vitex rotundifolia were able to survive at the ratio of 1.0%. Hosta plantaginea, the possible state can absorb salts due to moisture and, can be applied to ground cover plants in the roadside. The growth and development of Callicarpa japonica was poor and the leaves were open to grow for calcium chloride treatment except the control group. It was concluded that Callicarpa japonica was very sensitive to calcium chloride.

고흡수성 합성고분자가 덩굴성 식물의 생육에 미치는 영향 분석

Abstract To improve the physical and chemical properties of the soil and increasing water-retaining property of the soilSuperabsorbent synthetic polymeric materials have been used. The experiment carried out from April to July 2012 after the influence evaluation of Superabsorbent synthetic polymeric materials to vines plant. The result shows that the study of Hedera japonica Tobler, the growth and the survival rates rank as media > hydroponic > superabsorbent synthetic polymers, and the growth and the survival rates are considerably pessimistic in the experiment of hydroponic and superabsorbent synthetic polymers. In the study of Trachelospermum asiaticum var. intermedium, the growth and the survival rates rank as hydroponic > media > superabsorbent synthetic polymers, the difference between the experiment of hydroponic and is very small and the survival rates are not very good in the experiment of superabsorbent synthetic polymers. In the study of Euonymus fortunei var. radicans Rehderit is insignificantly difference among the different of planting based. Judging from these results, the differences are depending on the species of plants. The thesis holds that the characteristics of plant should be considered in plant cultivation and soil improvement in the future, and it is desirable to use the appropriate mixing ratio of soil in soil improvement as well.Key words: Rainfed, Duncan, Soil mixing, Soil moisture, Non irrigation

제주도 멸종위기종 솔잎란(Psilotum nudum) 자생지 특징에 관한 연구

This study was conducted to understand the habitat characteristics of Psilotum nudum of Dosuncheon river and Anduck valley in Jeju Island. The total of 79 vascular plants taxa including 39 families, 58 genera, 75 species and 4 varieties were investigated in Dosuncheon river, while 59 vascular plants taxa consisting of 34 families, 50 genera, 53 species and 6 varieties were investigated in Anduck valley. When it comes to the life form, the rates of distribution of annual plants (therophytes) at the mouth of Dosuncheon river and Anduck valley were lower than those of the Korean peninsula and Jeju Island. However, the rates of distribution of chamaephytes and epiphytes were higher at the mouth of Dosuncheon river and Anduck valley. As for vegetation, epiphytes (such as Trachelospermum asiaticum var. intermedium, Trachelospermum asiaticum var. majus and Lemmaphyllum microphyllum) and adiantum plants (including Psilotum nudum, Cytomium fortunei and Rumohra aristata), which are typically easy to be dispersed in rocky zones, dominated these areas since they are vertical or horizontal joints containing wide rocky zones. The main threats to the habitats of Psilotum nudum are environmental pollution, lack of publicity, installation of various facilities such as recreational facilities, gathering for medical and horticulture purposes, vegetation succession and application of waterfront. The management of the rocky zones as habitats for Psilotum nudum is an important factor in their expansion.

Roundup Pro® Over the Top of Nursery Crops: Rates and Timing

Nine species of container-grown plants were treated over-the-top with Roundup Pro® (41% glyshosate) at four rates: 0.28, 0.56, 1.12, and 2.24 kg ai·ha−1 (0.25, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 lb ai·A−1) either in June 2007, September 2007, or February 2008. A fourth group was treated on all three dates (June + September + February) (JSF). The experiment was repeated on eight species in 2008–2009. Growth indices (GI) were taken before the spring growth flush in March and after the first growth flush in June. In Exp. 1, dwarf mondo grass (Ophiopogon japonicus ‘Nana’), mondo grass (O. japonicus), liriope (Liriope muscari ‘Cleopatra’), variegated liriope (L. muscari ‘Variegata’), and ‘Blue Pacific’ juniper (Juniperus rigida subsp. conferta ‘Blue Pacific’) were not affected by glyphosate rates up to 1.12 kg ai·ha−1 (1.0 lb ai·A−1) applied singly or JSF, except for temporary injury on ‘Blue Pacific’ from February applications. The remainder of the species had reduced growth as Roundup Pro® rates increased. ‘Blue Rug’ juniper (J. horizontalis ‘Wiltonii’) was tolerant in February but injured at ≥ 1.12 kg ai·ha−1 (1.0 lb ai·A−1) in June and September (JS). Asiatic jasmine (Trachelospermum asiaticum) was tolerant of single applications at rates ≤ 1.12 kg ai·ha−1 (1.0 lb ai·A−1) in JS, but showed stunting of new foliage from all February applications. Dwarf yaupon (Ilex vomitoria ‘Stoke's Dwarf’) showed injury at 74 days after treatment (DAT) after June applications, no injury at rates ≤ 1.12 kg ai·ha−1 (1.0 lb ai·A−1) in September, and stunting and delay of new foliage from all February applications and rates ≥ 0.56 kg ai·ha−1 (0.5 lb ai·A−1) in June. ‘Pink Gumpo’ azalea (Rhododendron eriocarpum ‘Gumpo Pink’) was injured by rates ≥ 1.12 kg ai·ha−1 (1.0 lb ai·A−1) applied in June, February, and JSF, however no injury occurred with any September treatment. In Exp. 2, dwarf mondo and mondo tolerated all single application rates up to 1.12 kg ai·ha−1 (1.0 lb ai·A−1). Asiatic jasmine was injured by all February treatments and growth was reduced and stunted by ≥ 1.12 kg ai·ha−1 (1.0 lb ai·A−1) in February and JSF. Dwarf yaupon GI were reduced by rates ≥ 1.12 kg ai·ha−1 (1.0 lb ai·A−1) in February, 2.24 kg ai·ha−1 (2.0 lb ai·A−1) in June, and by all treatments in JSF. February treatments ≥ 0.28 kg ai·ha−1 (0.25 lb ai·A−1) delayed shoot growth of dwarf yaupon for at least 6 weeks. ‘Hardy Daisy’ gardenia (Gardenia jasminoides ‘Hardy Daisy’) showed slight injury from February rates ≥ 1.12 kg ai·ha−1 (1.0 lb ai·A−1), but growth was reduced at 2.24 kg ai·ha−1 (2.0 lb ai·A−1) for June and JSF. Sky pencil holly (Ilex crenata ‘Sky Pencil’) showed stunting from all February applications, but was tolerant up to 2.24 kg ai·ha−1 (2.0 lb ai·A−1) in June and September; GI were similar for all treatments. Purpleleaf wintercreeper euonymus (Euonymus fortunei ‘Coloratus’) was injured by rates ≥ 1.12 kg ai·ha−1 (1.0 lb ai·A−1) applied in June and JS, all February treatments, and stunted by two or three applications of 2.24 kg ai·ha−1 (2.0 lb ai·A−1), but all other treatments had similar GI. Wintergreen boxwood (Buxus sempervirens ‘Wintergreen’) was injured at 2.24 kg ai·ha−1 (2.0 lb ai·A−1) in June, ≥ 1.12 kg ai·ha−1 (1.0 lb ai·A−1) in JS, and all February applications. Growth was reduced by rates of 2.24 kg ai·ha−1 (2.0 lb ai·A−1) in February and ≥ 1.12 kg ai·ha−1 (1.0 lb ai·A−1) in JSF.

Assessing context-dependent survival of Quercus glauca seeds in a humid maritime woodland

Whilst consumption by rodents is often invoked as a major mortality factor for large-seed species of trees, its relative importance compared with other mortality factors is poorly known. We investigated experimentally the fate of post-dispersal seeds of Quercus glauca under different understorey environments (areas covered by (i) a pteridophyte Pyrrosia lingua, (ii) a ground-vine, Trachelospermum asiaticum and (iii) no vegetation) from the germination stage to seedling emergence and establishment stages in humid maritime woodland. We employed a pair of caged and uncaged treatments to evaluate the impact of seed removal/predation by rodents, which allowed us to separate seed removal/predation mortality from mortality due to other factors. Effects by rodents were greater in the no-understorey habitat than in the Pyrrosia and Trachelospermum habitats at early stages of development, whilst non-rodent-associated mortality was relatively more important towards the seedling establishment stages in all habitats. In the absence of predation/removal by rodents (i.e. the caged treatment), more seedlings survived in the no-understorey habitat whilst seedlings were significantly taller in the Pyrrosia habitat. In contrast, no significant difference was observed in either seed/seedling survivorship or seedling height amongst habitats where seeds/seedlings were exposed to rodent predation/removal. Overall, this study in a humid maritime woodland has revealed the temporally variable influence of mortality factors and the context-dependent survival of oak seeds/seedlings, making a contrast to observations in drier woodlands; in the no-understorey environment predation/removal effect was heavier but later survivorship was higher, whilst in vegetated environments, predation/removal was reduced but survivorship was not high.

Responses of Trachelospermum asiaticum (Apocynaceae) seedlings to growth in a light intensity gradient

AbstractWe recorded the growth of 24 seedlings of Trachelospermum asiaticum, a root climber, placed between a light source and a wall. Shoot length of seedlings planted at the brightest points nearly matched the distance the shoot tips moved toward the wall surface. In contrast, although the seedlings planted at the darkest points did elongate, the tips moved an average distance of only 0.4 cm. Creeping shoots of T. asiaticum planted in brighter environments exhibit negative phototropism, which encourages them to grow rapidly toward dark places, allowing them to reach supporting hosts faster than those that germinate close to the host.

Anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive activity of mixture of Trachelospermum asiaticum and Paeonia suffruticosa extracts (novel herbal formula SI000902)

The present research aimed at determining the anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effect of novel herbal formula SI000902, ethanolic extract of Trachelospermum asiaticumvar. intermedium Nakai (TA) and Paeonia suffruticosa Andrews (PS) (TA and PS, mixed 1:1). The in vitro anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effect of SI000902 was investigated using cytokines and nitrogen oxide (NO) inhibition potency along with interferon(INF)-γ and interleukin (IL)-2, and IL-6 levels were evaluated in human T-cells. Furthermore, the in vivo anti-inflammatory effect was scrutinized by carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats. SI000902 strongly inhibited NO (91.3%), tumor necrosis factor (TNF) (31.5%), IL-6 (76.7%), and IL-1 (86.5%). In addition, it suppressed the expression of INF-γ (56.9%), IL-2 (37.1%), and IL-6 (44.3%) in human T-cells and also showed significant decrease in paw edema in carrageenan-induced paw edema rat model. These findings demonstrate that SI000902 has excellent anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive activity and might be a potential natural source for the treatment of inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Key words: Trachelospermum asiaticum, Paeonia suffruticosa, anti-inflammatory,immunosuppressive, T-cell suppression.

Distribution and anatomical characteristics of Trachelospermum asiaticum in Korea

Based on specimens examined, a distribution map of Trachelospermum asiaticum in Korea is provided. The species is distributed on Jeju Island and over the southern and western coastal areas in Korea. The northern limit of distribution is the Deokjeok Islands of Incheon. The distributional range of this species is consistent with that of the Jeju and South coastal floristic subregions of Korea. On the other hand, we investigated the anatomical characteristics of root, stem, leaf and ovary, in addition to the ultrastructure of pollen grains and leaf surfaces of the species, as these have been scarcely examined.

A short semi-synthesis and complete NMR-spectroscopic characterization of the naturally occurring lignan glycoside matairesinol 4,4′-di- O-β- d-diglucoside

A convenient semi-synthesis of ( 8R, 8′ R)-matairesinol 4,4′-di- O-β- d-glucopyranoside (MDG), found in the stems of Trachelospermum asiaticum var. intermedium, is described starting from the readily available starting materials d-glucose and hydroxymatairesinol. By this approach the synthesis of MDG can be accomplished in six steps with an overall yield of 28%. In addition, the first complete NMR-spectroscopic characterization of MDG was accomplished by the combination of standard NMR techniques and spectral simulations performed with the PERCH NMR simulation software.

Groundcovers, Organic and Inorganic Mulches, and Masonry Surfaces Differentially Affect Establishment and Root Zone Characteristics of Urban Trees

Three experiments investigated the effects of various groundcovers on establishment of redbuds [Cercis canadensis L. var. texensis (S. Watson) M. Hopkins ‘Alba’] and baldcypress [Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich.]. The first experiment involved eight surface treatments. Controls were bare soil. Remaining treatments were pine bark mulch; Asian jasmine [Trachelospermum asiaticum (Siebold & Zucc.) Nakai]; St. Augustinegrass [Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze]; decorative gravel; recycled paper mulch; decorative brick pavers; or seasonal rotations of herbaceous annuals. Other experiments compared brick-on-sand treatments ranging in color from light blonde to dark charcoal with bare soil on establishment of redbuds or baldcypress. Most organic and living soil surface covers were preferable to bare soils, however, some inorganic surface covers were detrimental to tree growth. Paving surfaces adversely affected survival, shoot or root growth, but differences were species dependent. Soil moisture, pH, and bulk density did not appear to be limiting under pavers, but substantial seasonal fluctuations in soil temperatures were observed. Light and medium bricks reflected more photosynthetically active radiation than dark bricks or bare soil. Atmospheric temperatures were greatest above dark and medium bricks. Root growth decreased as darkness of brick color increased. Redbud survival and growth were more adversely affected than with baldcypress