Determination Of Trace Elements Research Articles

Elemental composition and health risk assessment of PM10, PM2.5, at different microenvironments: Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

This study was designed to evaluate the health risks faced by inhabitants living in the slum areas of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The levels of PM2.5 and PM10 and elemental composition of the PM10 were measured in indoors (in the kitchen and living room) and outdoors (at the roadside). A total of 75 sampling locations (45 indoor and 30 outdoor) were selected for the study. The levels of PM2.5 and PM10 were determined using an AROCET531S instrument, while an universal air pump was used for the sampling of PM10 for the determination of trace elements by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP‒OES). The health impacts of PMs on the inhabitants of twelve microenvironments (MEs), where they spend much of their daily time, were estimated. The total amounts of PM2.5 and PM10, and trace metals in PM10 found in the nine or twelve MEs ranged from 10.6-119, 128-185, and 0.007-0.197 μg m-3, respectively. According to the United States Environment Protection Agency (USEPA) guidelines, ten of the twelve MEs can cause significant health problems for inhabitants (HI > 1) due to PM2.5 and PM10. Thus, special attention should be given by stakeholders/inhabitants to minimize the health impacts on long-term exposure. This study assessed the risk of levels of trace elements on the inhabitants who spend most of their daily lives. The study revealed that the lifetime cancer risk values for the individual and cumulative trace elements were within the tolerable range set by the USEPA guidelines.

Arsenic, cadmium, and chromium concentrations in contrasting phosphate fertilizers and their bioaccumulation by crops: Towards a green label?

Potentially toxic elements such as arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and chromium (Cr) are severely regulated in fertilizers and deserve continuous investigation. Phosphate-derived Cd has been a stepping-stone toward achieving sustainable and safe worldwide food production, especially after a new regulation aiming for reduced limits of Cd in P fertilizers (EU, 2019/1009). Three pot experiments were conducted to assess the variability of As, Cd, and Cr concentrations - with a particular focus on Cd - from monoammonium phosphates (MAP 1, MAP 2, and MAP 3 from different geographic origins) and their accumulation in limed and unlimed soils, and contrasting crops, representing staple food and significant sources of these elements for humans (i.e., potato, tobacco, and rice). A diverse array of sensitive techniques for trace elements determination were used to reveal the highest level of Cd of MAP 3 (20.71 mg kg−1 MAP), which loaded the highest amounts of this element to the soil matrix and solution, plant shoots, and xylem sap, contrasting with results for MAP 1 (0.87 mg kg−1 MAP), which has almost ten times less Cd than that required for low-Cd labeling of P fertilizers (≤20 mg Cd kg−1 P2O5). MAP 3 also had the highest Cr concentration (139.3 mg kg−1 MAP). Among crops, rice accumulated 16-fold less Cd than potato plants. Liming decreased Cd in tobacco and potato shoots up to 35%. Moreover, reductions of about 20% were also observed for Cd accumulation in tubers and sap. Conversely, Cd from MAP 3 was always much more accumulated in soil solution, achieving up to 20 μg L−1, while values < 5 μg L−1 (i.e., a groundwater limit) were obtained from MAP 1. Our findings may be used as a reference in developing green labels for fertilizers in scenarios where Cd accumulation represents a potential risk for soil and human health.

Sample Preparation and Determination of Trace Elements in High-Entropy Alloys by Total Reflection X-Ray Fluorescence (TXRF)

High-entropy alloys (HEAs) have attracted significant attention in recent years owing to their exceptional material properties; however, trace impurities in these alloys can significantly affect their strength, toughness, and radiation resistance. This study employs total reflection X-ray fluorescence (TXRF) to determine the trace impurities in three common HEA powders prepared via suspension techniques. High-Z (Ca and Mn) and low-Z (Mg and Al) elements were quantified using the internal standard and calibration curve methods, respectively. The levels of high-Z elements are consistent with those determined using inductively coupled plasma – optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Although the physical mechanisms exerted various effects on low-Z elements, qualitative and semi-quantitative analyses remained feasible, demonstrating the effectiveness of TXRF for impurities in HEAs. Additionally, the combination of suspension sample preparation and TXRF affords a nondestructive, rapid, and cost-effective methodology that requires minimal sample quantities. Consequently, TXRF is well suited for the rapid determination of impurities in HEAs.

Distribution and contamination of trace elements in surface sediments of the Yellow River Estuary and Laizhou Bay, China

Abstract This study analyzed trace elements (Cu, Pb, Zn, Cr, Cd, As, and Hg) in 42 surface sediment samples collected from the Yellow River Estuary and Laizhou Bay to characterize their spatial distributions and pollution statuses. Determination of trace elements was carried out by ICP-MS for Cu, Pb, Zn, Cr, and Cd, and by AFS for As and Hg. The results showed that the average concentrations for Cu, Pb, Zn, Cr, Cd, As, and Hg were 13.21 mg kg−1, 10 .61 mg kg−1, 21 .03 mg kg−1, 24 .41 mg kg−1, 0.14 mg kg−1, 6.47 mg kg−1, and 14.15 μg kg−1, respectively. All the trace elements were classified in the first-class sediment according to the Chinese national standard ‘Marine Sediment Quality’. The higher concentrations and pollution levels were found in the eastern Yellow River estuary which due to inputs from the Yellow River, and northeastern Laizhou Bay which could be attributed to the impacts of human activities at Longkou Port. This study has important scientific value for further understanding the source-sink effects of pollutants and regional environmental effects of heavy metals.

Trace elements in liver and muscle tissues from wild waterfowls in Australia: Risk associated with human consumption in a global context

Trace elements in game meats remain a point of concern for both the public and policymakers alike due to the human health implications if levels present are above guideline limits. This study aimed to: (1) determine trace element concentrations (As, Cd, Hg, Pb Cr, Cu, Se, Zn) in edible portions (breast meat and liver) of the four most frequently hunted duck Anatidae species inhabiting wetlands in Victoria, Australia, to identify the risk to human health from consumption; (2) investigate landscape-scale variables that may influence the detected concentrations and; (3) review the studies available (n = 41) in duck liver and muscle tissues from the 1970s to 2024, to contextualise the detected concentrations found on a global scale. Our study shows that ducks in Victoria had trace element concentrations below tolerable daily intake (TDI) guidelines for human health with one exception: notably high Hg in a filter-feeding specialist, the Pink-eared duck (Malacorhynchus membranaceus). Yet, the only trace element concentrations that were influenced by proximity to populated centres, were As and Zn. Compared to international reports, Pb concentrations in livers and muscle of Victorian waterfowl were lower, however, Pink-eared ducks had higher Hg than other duck (Anas spp.) species. Review of the worldwide data indicate that Pb concentrations in liver tissues from all Anas species have declined from the 1970s to 2024. This is the first study to identify this trend at a global scale. International movements towards Pb-shot bans, along with phasing out of Pb in gasoline and paint are the most likely cause of declining concentrations in tissues of wild waterfowl. These findings strongly underscore the importance of legislative efforts to limit trace elements entering the environment.

Addressing Challenges of Membrane Clogging in AF4-UV-ICPMS Analysis for Size Determination of Trace Elements in Acidic, Organic-Rich Peat Bog Waters.

The analysis of colloid-associated trace elements (TEs) in acidic, organic-rich waters (pH 3.8-5.8) using AF4-UV-ICPMS often necessitates the use of neutral or weakly alkaline carriers (pH 7-8.6). Employing acidic mobile phases has been deemed impractical due to the substantial sorption of colloids onto a 0.3 kDa polyethersulfone (PES) membrane and greatly reduced separation performance. This has greatly restricted the determination of potentially bioavailable forms of TEs (i.e., < 1 kDa) in acidic, organic-rich waters. To address this issue, porewaters from Sphagnum moss and peat were investigated. Membrane clogging was more pronounced in peat porewaters, where a higher deposition rate of dissolved organic matter onto the membrane was observed compared to that in moss waters. This adsorption is driven by membrane-colloid interactions, with colloids in peat porewaters exhibiting weaker electrostatic repulsion due to their higher positive ζ-potentials. Considering the actual pore size and clogging tolerance of the membrane, it is advisable to employ a 5 kDa PES membrane for peat porewaters, while a 1 kDa PES membrane suits moss waters better. Employing the optimal method enables the separation of TEs within the 0.5-20 kDa size range. Operating within a metal-free, ultraclean laboratory, TEs are detectable at the ng·L-1 level. By enabling precise and accurate separation of dissolved TEs into their size species in these peat bog waters at an appropriate pH, this method addresses diverse size profiles. This information is crucial for comprehending the chemical forms, transformations, mobility, and potential bioavailability of TEs in peat bogs.

GGR Handbook of Rock and Mineral Analysis Chapter 7 Quadrupole Inductively Coupled Plasma‐Mass Spectrometry

This chapter (Quadrupole Inductively Coupled Plasma‐Mass Spectrometry) is a contribution to the Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research Handbook of Rock and Mineral Analysis – an online textbook that is a fully revised and updated edition of Handbook of the Silicate Rock Analysis (P. J. Potts, 1987, Blackie, Glasgow).Chapter 7 (from Section 2 of the handbook dealing with techniques for the determination of major and trace elements) describes both the history of ICP‐MS, including development of the plasma sampling interface and the operation of modern ICP‐MS instrumentation. Given their central importance to ICP‐MS operation, ion extraction through the sampling interface, ion transmission, ion separation (with a particular focus on the quadrupole mass filter) and counting are given particular attention. Discussion of the analytical characteristics of ICP‐MS particularly focusses on spectroscopic interferences (and their mitigation). Finally, an overview of geochemical analysis by ICP‐MS considers drift correction, calibration strategies, and laser ablation microsampling.

GGR Handbook of Rock and Mineral Analysis Chapter 6 (Part 1) Principles and Practice of X‐Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry –1: Fundamentals of XRF and Matrix Corrections

This chapter (Principles and Practice of X‐Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry – 1: Fundamentals of XRF and Matrix Corrections) is a contribution to the Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research Handbook of Rock and Mineral Analysis – an online textbook that is a fully revised and updated edition of the Handbook of Silicate Rock Analysis (P. J. Potts, 1987, Blackie, Glasgow).Chapter 6, Part 1 (from Section 2 of the handbook dealing with techniques for the determination of major and trace elements) considers the fundamentals of XRF spectrometry and matrix corrections in detail. Part 2 deals with wavelength dispersive and energy dispersive instrumentation. Following an introduction dealing with the analytical characteristics of XRF spectrometry, Part 1 continues with a detailed consideration of the origin and excitation of X‐ray spectra. Sub‐chapters that tackle the interaction of X‐rays with matter and the matrix effect in geological materials follow this. Part 1 is concluded with a mathematical treatment of the correction of absorption‐enhancement effects.

Present Status Of Trace Elements And Heavy Metals In AyurvedicMedicines

The therapeutic benefits of Ayurvedic medicines are historically well known. Sometimes the concentration of trace and heavy metals can vary depending on their geographical sources, whichcan cause extremely harmful effects. Thus, one of the most important topics nowadays is the assessment of toxicity and safety of these Ayurvedic medicines. The presence of these constituents in the soil of the study area can be linked to the formation of toxicants of these harmful elements. They should be used with caution in the field as their uncontrolled ingestion can have harmful dangerous consequences on their consumers. Analysis by atomic absorption spectrometry allowedthe detection of trace and heavy metals. This paper discusses the current status of trace elements and heavy metals in Ayurvedic medicine. Along with this, the effects of trace elements and heavymetals on human health have also been explained. This research paper also contains about in whatway to determination of Trace element and heavy metal from ayurvedic medicines specially “Ras

Trace elements determination and health risk assessment of groundwater sources in Kumasi Metropolis, Ghana.

Trace element (TEs) contamination in groundwater is a key factor for health risk assessment and one of the environmental challenges linked with Ghana's sustainable development. This study aims to investigate TE concentrations in groundwater used for drinking and domestic purposes and their potential health risk in the Kumasi Metropolis using multivariate statistics. In the study, 23 groundwater samples were analyzed for 32 TEs using Perkin Elmer Nexion 2000 Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS). Levels of TEs recorded in the study were in order of Na > Si > Ca > K > Mg > S > Ba > Cu > Zn > Al > Sr > Li > Mn > P > Fe > B > Pb > Ni > Co > Bi > Se > Sb > Cr > As > Ti > Be > V > U > C d > T l > Mo > Hg. The study revealed that the concentration of trace and toxic elements like Al, Cu, and Pb exceeded their corresponding WHO permissible standards. Hazard index (HI) values and total likely cancer risk (TLCR) values for non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks indicate that 91.3% of the total sampling sites presented health concerns to adults and children. The mean TLCR values associated with exposure to carcinogenic metals via ingestion of groundwater samples were estimated to be 2.09 × 10-4 and 4.44 × 10-4 for adults and children respectively. Exposure through the ingestion pathway was found to be more risky compared to dermal contacts. Children are particularly vulnerable to these health hazards. Pearson correlation (PC) matrix, principal component analysis (PCA), and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) suggested that sources of TEs in the groundwater are attributed to both anthropogenic and geogenic factors.

Major and trace elements determination in organic and conventional Moroccan vegetables using the k0-standardisation method of neutron activation analysis

The aim of the present work is the determination of different essential (minor and trace) elements found in five Moroccan vegetables collected from large commercial markets in Kenitra city, Morocco, and in some organic vegetables which were traditionally grown without the use of pesticides or chemical fertilizers, in a plot located in the rural commune of Dar Laaslouji, 48 km from Kenitra city. The k0-standardisation method of the Neutron Activation Analysis (k0-INAA) using the TRIGA Mark II research reactor of 2 MW at the National Centre for Nuclear Energy, Science and Technology (CNESTEN) and gamma-ray spectroscopy facility were employed. For quality control, the accuracy of measurements has been investigated using certified reference materials (IAEA-336 lichens, and NIST SRM 1547 peach leaves) which were analyzed simultaneously with the samples. Good agreement was found between certified and determined values. The primary results are presented and discussed for the concentration of minor and trace elements in some vegetables (tomatoes, carrots, green peppers, cilantro and mint), that are widely used in Moroccan meals.

Standard Operating Procedure for the determination of trace elements in hydrothermal fluids by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS).

This standard operating procedure (SOP) validates an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) procedure for the determination of trace elements in hydrothermal fluids. Hydrothermal fluids are aqueous solutions with a wide range of temperature, salinity, pH and trace elements that can be used by a set of microbial proteins containing redox-sensitive transition metals as their catalytic core. Due to the high variability of these samples, we have developed this protocol taking into account the special features of the matrices analyzed. An ICP-MS 7900 Agilent system was used. Calibration curves are linear in the 0.01 to 100 μg/L concentration range.

Recent Advances in the Determination of Major and Trace Elements in Plants Using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry.

Interest in measuring major and trace elements in plants has increased in recent years because of growing concerns about the elements' contribution to daily intakes or the health risks posed by ingesting vegetables contaminated by potentially toxic elements. The recent advances in using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) to measure major and trace elements in plant samples are reviewed in the present work. The sample preparation before instrumental determination and the main advantages and limitations of ICP-OES are described. New trends in element extraction in liquid solutions using fewer toxic solvents and microextractions are observed in recently published literature. Even though ICP-OES is a well-established and routine technique, recent innovations to increase its performance have been found. Validated methods are needed to ensure the obtaining of reliable results. Much research has focused on assessing principal figures of merit, such as limits of detection, quantification, selectivity, working ranges, precision in terms of repeatability and reproducibility, and accuracy through spiked samples or certified reference materials analysis. According to the published literature, the ICP-OES technique, 50 years after the release of the first commercially available equipment, remains a powerful and highly recommended tool for element determination on a wide range of concentrations.

Determination of Vitamins, Trace Elements, and Phytochemical Compounds in Boswellia Carterii Leaves Extracts

Background: The assessment of the extraction yield and nutritional content of Boswellia carterii extracts, including vitamins and trace elements, is significant. Objective: The study aims to identify phytochemical compounds present, and concluding on the plant’s potential health benefits and dietary contributions. Methods: The present study was conducted to extract the vitamins, trace elements and phytochemical constituents of Boswellia carterii leaves extracts using distilled water, ETOH (99%), and Ethylacetate by soxhlet. The yield of extracts was (18.361g/100g distilled water) while (29.322g/100g ETOH) and the Ethylacetate was found to be (27. 312g/100g). Different types of vitamins were estimated in all extracts utilizing HPLC. Results: Vitamins showed interesting results by revealing (A, B6, and B12). Vita. B12 is the most abundant in Alcohol extract, whereas vita. B12 is the most abundant in aqueous extract, and vita. B12 is the most abundant in ethylacetate compared with vitamin A, and B6. These findings call for more research into the vitamins in Boswellia carterii and their antioxidant relevance in therapeutic herbal medicine. Different metal ions were measured using FAAS (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, and Zn). The results of the qualitative detection of all extracts indicated the existence of Alkaloids, Steroids, Terpenes, Phenols, Carbohydrates, Glycosides, Proteins, Saponins, Tannins, and Flavonoids. Conclusions: The results of the qualitative detection of all extracts indicated the existence of Alkaloids, Steroids, Terpenes, Phenols, Carbohydrates, Glycosides, Proteins, Saponins, Tannins, and Flavonoids.

Serum iron, zinc and copper among Indian patients with leukoplakia, oral submucous fibrosis and oral squamous cell carcinoma.

The serum levels of iron, zinc and copper in patients with leukoplakia, oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and compare them with normal subjects is of interest to dentists. The effort was to determine a parameter that will aid the initial diagnosis, a more efficient therapy plan, and ultimately a better prognosis. Participants in the study comprised 40 healthy normal volunteers, 60 patients diagnosed with leukoplakia, 60 patients diagnosed with OSCC, and 60 patients diagnosed with OSMF. After fasting for the whole night, blood samples were taken from each participant. There was analysis by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) for the determination of trace elements; iron, copper, and zinc. The serum levels of iron and zinc in normal subjects was greater as compared to patients with leukoplakia, OSMF and OSCC. There was increase in serum copper levels in patients with oral leukoplakia, OSMF and OSCC as compared with normal subjects.

Determination of Electrolytes and Trace Elements in Biological Samples from Patients with Altered Semen Parameters: a Correlational Analysis.

The effects of important nutrients such as calcium (Ca), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), selenium (Se), and zinc (Zn) have been investigated in relation to male fertility due to their roles in proper spermatogenesis, sperm maturation, motility, and optimal sperm function. An imbalance between these elements has been associated with several pathologic conditions and male reproductive issues. The purpose of this study was to determine the essential trace and electrolytes elements, such as Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Se, and Zn, in human biological samples (blood, serum, and semen) from patients with male infertility. This study used correlational analysis to determine the potential associations between these elements and male fertility. Imbalances in these elements have been linked to various pathological conditions and male reproductive issues. One hundred eighty referent male adults and two hundred twenty-nine patients diagnosed with subtypes of infertility were included in the study, divided into two age groups. Acid digestion was controlled using a microwave oven, and the essential trace elements and electrolytes in the oxidized biological samples were determined using atomic absorption spectrometry. Certified reference materials of blood and serum were used to validate the accuracy of the methodology. The results showed that the concentrations of Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Se, and Zn in the blood, serum, and seminal plasma of male adults in all age groups were higher than those in patients with different infertility phenotypes. Essential element deficiency in all biological fluid samples may significantly negatively affect human reproductive health and lead to male infertility. Through a multidimensional approach, our study sought to unravel the intricate biochemical signatures associated with OAT, providing insights that may shape the landscape of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for male reproductive health.

Analysis of diluted honey samples from the province of Lower Silesia (Poland) by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

The direct determination of 18 elements (B, Ba, Ca, Cd, Cs, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, Rb, Sr, Tl, and Zn) in 1% aqueous honey solutions (dilution factor = 100) by ICP MS was presented. The presence of sugar in sample solutions caused a decrease in analytical signals, the appearance of carbon-containing polyatomic ions, and the deposition of carbonaceous products on a sampler cone. On the flip side, these effects did not destabilize the ICP, while the internal standard calibration (9Be, 89Y, and 153Eu as standards) made it possible to correct matrix effects. Additionally, in the case of 11B, 23Na, 43Ca, and 57Fe isotopes, using a collision cell (He, 2 mL min−1) was required. Due to lower sample blanks, the analysis of water-diluted honey samples offered on average 3 times lower detection limits of elements than achieved for microwave-digested samples. The proposed method, characterized by high analytical throughput, was used for the analysis of 120 samples of honey from the apiaries in the Lower Silesia province. The average content of the major elements in the analyzed honey samples was: B 10.4 mg kg−1, Ca 61.0 mg kg−1, Fe 1.0 mg kg−1, K 1049 mg kg−1, Mg 27.8 mg kg−1, Mn 3.4 mg kg−1, Na 9.1 mg kg−1, Rb 1.4 mg kg−1, Zn 2.0 mg kg−1, and the average content of the trace elements: Ba 130 μg kg−1, Cd 3.2 μg kg−1, Cs 4.8 μg kg−1, Cu 315 μg kg−1, Li 3.8 μg kg−1, Ni 90 μg kg−1, Pb 8.0 μg kg−1, Sr 119 μg kg−1, Tl 1.2 μg kg−1. It was found that (1) the concentrations of all tested elements (except B and Tl) were higher in dark honey, (2) the content of Cs and Rb in honey from the mountain areas of the voivodeship was much higher than this in honey from the lowland areas, and (3) the best discriminators in terms of the color and the botanical origin of honey were the concentrations of Cu and Mn, and to a lesser extent also B, Ca, K, Mg, and Na; e.g., honeydew and buckwheat honey contained much higher amounts of Cu and Mn, sunflower honey was characterized by a significantly higher content of Ca, and rape honey showed an increased B content. Given that the proposed sample preparation procedure allows the simultaneous, reliable, and fast determination of major, trace, and ultra-trace elements, it seems to be a convenient method for the profiling of many honey samples in a very short time.

Determination of trace elements in superalloys by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry with micro-reaction pretreatment

Due to complex pretreatment processes and the consumption of large amounts of high-purity chemical reagents, traditional analytical methods for determining trace element concentrations in superalloys face severe challenges. In this paper, a micro-reaction pretreatment method was developed by using a micro-reaction sealed digestion vessel under micro-pressure. The mass of the samples and the volume of acid used to dissolve the superalloys were significantly reduced. The appropriate amount of digestive acid for micro-reaction and three generalized pretreatment methods were studied. The quantitative dilution process was optimized to minimize errors through meticulous weighing procedures using a high-precision balance, and the homogeneity of the samples was verified by using Ni-based superalloy standards and general samples. Sc, Rh, and Re were selected for internal standard correction, and the matrix effect was corrected by the matrix matching method. Moreover, the mass spectral interference caused by polyatomic ions was eliminated by He collision mode. The linear correlation coefficients of the calibration curves were above 0.9995, with linear coefficients ranging from 0.2 to 100 ng/g. The detection limits for the method ranged from 0.0042 to 0.13 μg/g, and the quantification limits ranged from 0.014 to 0.41 μg/g. The results showed the precision and reliability of the newly established green micro-reaction pretreatment scheme for the determination of Ga, As, In, Sn, Sb, Tl, Pb, and Bi in nickel-based superalloys together with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The micro-reaction test results of the various groups were consistent with those of the traditional methods, and the relative standard deviation (RSD, n = 11) was less than 10 %. In addition to reducing acid consumption and increasing the test solution utilization rate by ten times, the micro-reaction method was much more accessible from cross-contamination and intensive manual work, so it has shown great potential for application in intelligent and automatic batch testing of trace elements in superalloys.

Evaluation of Ultraviolet-Femtosecond-Laser Ablation-ICP-TOFMS for fast, sensitive and high-spatially resolved multi-elemental mapping of laser-deposited Hastelloy coated carbon steel

Ultraviolet Femtosecond Laser Ablation-Inductively Coupled Plasma-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (UV-fs-LA-ICP-TOFMS) is critically evaluated for fast multi-elemental mapping of Hastelloy coated carbon steel that was immersed in a liquid corrosive environment for two months. The Hastelloy coating, which is a multi-elemental Cr-Fe-Ni-Mo-W matrix, is produced using laser cladding technology. A UV-fs laser is employed to reduce the ablation thermal effects improving the spatial resolution in the elemental analysis of the coating, interface and substrate. Moreover, the TOFMS is equipped with ion beam attenuation grids to expand its linear dynamic range, allowing the determination of major, minor and trace elements. In particular, spatial distribution of major (e.g., Co, Ni, Fe), minor (e.g., Mn, Si) and trace (e.g., Cu, In, Zn) elements from two sequential mapping analysis were determined. Quantification is achieved through Relative Sensitivity Factors calculated using matrix-matched external reference materials and making use of measurements carried out by SEM-EDX to determine the concentration of internal standard elements. Qualitative and quantitative elemental maps highlight diffusion processes at the coating-substrate interface. Moreover, correlated spatial distributions of ion signals from external corrosive elements (e.g., 32S, 138Ba, 202Hg, 205Tl, and 209Bi) were detected in localized regions within the material and on the external surface.

PHYTOCHEMICALS SCREENING, ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF CARICA PAPAYA LEAF EXTRACTS

Objective: The objective of the present study aimed at investigating the phytochemical antioxidant and anti-microbial properties of Carica papaya leaf extracts. Methods: As phytochemicals are biologically active compounds and a powerful group of plant chemicals believed to stimulate the immune system along with antioxidants, the molecules which hinder oxidation of other molecules by the process of inhibiting or by generating the oxidizing chain reactions and preventing diseases. The anti-microbial activity on various gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria were determined using zone of inhibition and antioxidant by the 2,2,1-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl method. Results: Phytochemical screening, antioxidant and antibacterial potential were determined using different aqueous and organic solvents in addition to the determination of trace element in leaves of C. papaya. Antioxidant activity using DPPH free radical scavenging assay indicated leaves extracts leaves showed inhibition of per oxidation. The result showed that the ethanolic extract of C. papaya possessed a significant antioxidant activity as compared to methanol and aqueous extract. The antibacterial study showed leaves extract is the best to cope infectious action of bacteria. Conclusion: This study was conducted to test the medicinal profile of C. papaya by extracting secondary metabolites with organic and aqueous solvents. Ethanol was found to be the best solvents of choice to extract natural products to get maximum medicinal benefits and could be used to medicinal formulation against different infectious diseases.