Trace Amounts Of Lead Research Articles

Risk Behind the Glamour: Lipstick and its Health Impacts

Lipstick has been a beloved cosmetic for centuries, enhancing the beauty of women worldwide. Lipstick has long been a symbol of beauty and femininity, but beneath its glamorous facade lies potential health risks that deserve attention. This mini review aims to provide a comphrensive overview of the health impacts associated with lipstick use, shedding light on the potential dangers of certain ingredients and the need for consumer awareness. One of the primary concerns surrounding lipstick is the presence of heavy metals. Studies have shown that many lipsticks contain trace amounts of lead, cadmium, and other heavy metals, which can be absorbed through the skin and potentially harm the body overtime. These metals have been linked to various health issues, including reproductive problems and neurotoxicity. Furthermore, the prolonged use of lipstick can lead to unintentional ingestion of harmful metals, posing additional risks. In addition to heavy metals, certain lipsticks may contain parbens, a type of preservative commonly used in cosmetics. Parabens have been associated with hormonal disruption and have raised concerns about their potential links to breast cancer. While the evidence is not conclusive, the presence of parabens in lipsticks warrants further investigation and caution use. However, it’s not all doom and gloom. Many reputable cosmetic brands are taking steps to prioritize safety and offer lipstick options that are free from heavy metals and harmful chemicals. These brands employ rigorous testing and adhere to stricter regulations to ensure the safety of their products. Consumers can make more informed choices by opting for lipstick brands that prioritize safety and transparency in their ingredients lists. In conclusion, while lipstick may enhance our appearance and boost confidence, it’s crucial to be aware of the potential health impacts associated with its use. The presence of heavy metals and potentially harmful ingredients should not be overlooked. By staying informed, choosing safer lipstick options, and advocating for stricter regulations, we can enjoy the glamour of lipstick while minimizing potential health risks and additionally, it provides a comprehensive guide to natural home remedies that can help prevent these side effects. By understanding the potential risks, we can make informed choices about our beauty routines, maintaining healthy, beautiful lips while embracing the love for lipstick.

Toxicological Status of the Hydroethanolic Extract of <i>Piliostigma thonningii</i> Leaves in Female Wistar Rats

This study aims to evaluate the toxicological impact of Piliostigma thonningii leaves on liver and renal function in rats and the plant extract was screened for heavy metals. Rats were divided into four groups, comprising five animals each, with the control group receiving distilled water orally and the other groups receiving 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg doses of the plant extract, orally, for seven days. On the eighth day, animals were sacrificed, and liver and kidney function parameters were assessed. Heavy metal screening revealed the absence of chromium and nickel, while trace amounts of lead and cadmium were detected. The liver bodyweight ratio significantly increased (p<0.05) in rats treated with the plant extract at 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight. Liver functioning tests showed no significant (p>0.05) changes in total protein and albumin levels, suggesting no major adverse effects on protein metabolism or liver function. However, the significant (p<0.05) changes in Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) may be detrimental. Renal function tests revealed some variations, with significant (p<0.05) alterations in uric acid, creatinine, and urea levels which may affect renal function. The significant (p<0.05) decrease in phosphate ion and potassium ion levels further suggested potential side effects on renal functions.

Metallic memorandum books—history, materials and conservation

Metallic memorandum books were a common stationery item in the nineteenth century—small notebooks of varying dimensions, sold with a special ‘metallic’ pencil. However, few extant examples survive in collections. Very little published information exists regarding their manufacture, distribution and use. Research sought to discover their likely prevalence in Australian collections, materials used in their manufacture, and the conservation implications of their construction. Data analysis of Australian newspapers held on the Trove website found evidence of their use between 1831 and 1915, primarily between 1850–1870, across Australia. Contemporary accounts suggest they were an everyday item used by workmen, artists and explorers, amongst others. This research technique shows potential for further art materials research. XRF analysis of a sample notebook found low or trace amounts of lead and tin within the metallic pencil and low or trace amounts of barium and strontium in the paper. FTIR analysis of the paper returned a spectrum that matched to barium sulphate. This corresponds to historical accounts and makes them materially similar to metalpoint drawings. They are therefore likely to experience similar condition issues, such as marking, staining and flaking of the prepared surface, and may not respond well to aqueous conservation treatments.

Recycling Waste Paper for Further Implementation: XRD, FTIR, SEM, and EDS Studies

Recycling technology contributes to sustainability and has received considerable interest in fulfilling consumable products' social demands, including papers. Recycled fibers are the primary source of the papermaking industry. Papers, valuable daily used materials, can be further recycled for further implementation. Here, we report a simple method for recycling waste papers for further use. Our method includes re-pulping, deinking, bleaching, and papermaking. The sample and the recycled papers were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). XRD data shows the presence of cellulose and filler minerals in the sample and the recycled papers. FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of hydroxyl, carbonyl, and methyl functional groups in the recycled papers suggesting that the deinking and bleaching did not cause any structural changes. The fibrous structures were also sustained after recycling, as confirmed by SEM studies demonstrating that the recycling was successful and the papers can be further used and recycled. EDS analysis further confirmed the filler minerals in the sample paper with a trace amount of lead, which decreased upon bleaching the paper. The structure and properties of the sample and the recycled papers were quite similar, inferring that waste papers can be recycled again and different products from low to higher grade papers can be fabricated.

WITHDRAWN: Pre concentration and analysis of trace quantities of heavy metals using coirpith

Abstract Main aim of this research paper is to remove even the trace quantities of lead or any other heavy metals from water and to check the removal of heavy metals. This work is carried out under very low cost manner with an agro industrial waste coirpith. This project deals with minimum usage of equipments and chemicals. Pre concentrated water containing lead are prepared in various concentrations and are subjected to mechanical shaking with coirpith incorporated in it and then analysed to check the quantity of lead before and after filtration through Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. (AAS). Final results shows that coirpith as got very good adsorption capacity since it has got good pores and surface area.

Synthesis and characterization of sugarcane bagasse cellulose‐capped silver nanoparticle using ultrasonic irradiation for the adsorption of heavy metal

AbstractMetal nanoparticles are often used as an alternative to conventional adsorbents for water purification. They have higher adsorptive capabilities and affinity towards pollutants while being required in lower amounts than conventional adsorbents. Nano‐adsorbents have shown superior adsorption efficiencies towards trace heavy metals in water, which are a significant pollutant in industrial wastewaters. It is desirable to synthesize the nano‐adsorbents in a rapid, controlled, eco‐friendly, and low‐cost manner, using agro‐industrial residues and size‐controllable irradiation methods. In this work, silver nanoparticles were synthesized through ultrasonic irradiation in the presence of cellulose derived from sugarcane bagasse. The cellulose functioned as the capping agent to promote the synthesis of uniform, monodisperse silver nanoparticles. The nanoparticles were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, and Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy. The result indicates that the newly developed cellulose‐based adsorbent can be used as a potential heavy metal adsorbent. The adsorptive capability of the nano‐adsorbent solution towards trace amounts of lead was then tested using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. It can be concluded that the newly developed biomass‐based silver nanoparticle has significant potential as a versatile heavy metal adsorbent for effective remediation.

Development of a new analytical method for Pb preconcentration and its further determination in water and foodstuffs using relatively low-sensitivity flame atomic absorption spectrometry

ABSTRACTThe present study describes chelation of Pb(II) with ascorbic acid and formation of a charge-transfer sensitive ion-pair in the presence of Rhodamine 6G at pH 5.5, and then its extraction to the micellar phase of non-ionic surfactant, PONPE 7.5 by an ultrasound-assisted cloud point extraction method before analysis by FAAS. The various variables affecting ion-pair formation and extraction efficiency were studied and optimised. Under the optimised conditions, the good linear relationships in the ranges of 0.4–150 μg L−1 and 0.8–120 μg L−1 for solvent-based calibration and matrix-matched calibration curves, respectively, were achieved with a pre-concentration factor of 71.4 from pre-concentration of 50-mL sample. Moreover, the limits of detection with good sensitivity enhancements of 124 and 114.5 were 0.13 and 0.24 μg L−1, respectively, while the intra-day and inter-day precision (as RSD%, for five replicate measurements of 5 and 100 μg L−1 in the same day and three succeed days) were in range of 2.8–5.4% and 3.7–6.3%, respectively. The matrix effect on triplicate determination of 50 µg L−1 Pb(II) was also investigated. The accuracy of the method was statistically verified by the analysis of two certified reference materials (CRMs) after digestion with acid mixtures (HNO3-H2O2-HF and HNO3-H2O2) and dilution at suitable ratios. It has been observed that there is statistically not a significant difference between the certified- and found-values. The accuracy was also controlled using the pre-treated sample solutions spiked at different concentration levels, and the good spiked recoveries were obtained in range of 90–102.8%. The method was successfully applied to the determination of trace amounts of lead in water and food matrices with satisfactory results.

Highly Sensitive AgNP/MWCNT/Nafion Modified GCE-Based Sensor for the Determination of Heavy Metals in Organic and Non-organic Vegetables

Silver nanoparticles/multi-walled carbon nanotubes/Nafion modified glassy carbon electrodes (AgNPs/MWCNTs/Nafion-GCE) were fabricated and were used as working electrode in anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) for trace level determination of lead (Pb2+) and cadmium (Cd2+). The fabricated electrodes were characterized using scanning electron microscopy and cyclic voltammetry. The amounts of the electrode modifiers and the ASV parameters were optimized. It was found that the electrode modified with 1 mg AgNPs and 2 mg MWCNTs exhibited the best analytical response towards the determination of Pb2+ and Cd2+. The optimized ASV parameters were 60 s for the deposition time, 90 s for the accumulation time, and 100 mV/s for the scan rate. The electrode exhibited linearity from 0.493 ppb to 157.2 ppb for Pb2+ and 1.864 ppb to 155.1 ppb for Cd2+. The limit of detection was found to be 0.216 ppb for Pb2+ and 0.481 ppb for Cd2+. Real sampling analysis was carried out using organic vegetables from Sitio San Ysiro, Antipolo and Daraitan, Rizal and commercially available vegetables from Divisoria, all in Luzon, Philippines. Trace amounts of lead, cadmium, and copper were detected in the samples. Unwashed vegetables contained more heavy metal concentration compared to the washed vegetables. Atomic absorption spectroscopy was performed to validate the presence of the heavy metals in the vegetables.

Lead isotope ratios in 16th century copperware traded to North America: the Swedish connection

Isotope analyses have been made on the trace amounts of lead in a small set of late 16th century pure copper trade kettles and kettle debris from Indigenous sites in eastern Canada. The isotope ratios are highly correlated. We interpret these correlations as the mixing of copper from Precambrian Swedish ores with metal from one or more of the Palaeozoic deposits occurring in central Europe and the British Isles. The data enable us to identify samples of pure Swedish copper, metal consisting of mixtures of Swedish and central European – British copper, and with less certainty, samples derived entirely from the latter deposits. Although most of the trace element concentrations in the coppers are quite variable, it appears that nickel values may be less so (∼100 ppm in pure Swedish samples, and ∼1100 ppm in the central European – British sources). Based on these values, two-component mixing relations provide estimates of the fractions of Swedish end members in mixed samples. These results suggest that more than half of the copper used in forming the kettles originated in Sweden.

Rapid, Selective Heavy Metal Removal from Water by a Metal-Organic Framework/Polydopamine Composite.

Drinking water contamination with heavy metals, particularly lead, is a persistent problem worldwide with grave public health consequences. Existing purification methods often cannot address this problem quickly and economically. Here we report a cheap, water stable metal–organic framework/polymer composite, Fe-BTC/PDA, that exhibits rapid, selective removal of large quantities of heavy metals, such as Pb2+ and Hg2+, from real world water samples. In this work, Fe-BTC is treated with dopamine, which undergoes a spontaneous polymerization to polydopamine (PDA) within its pores via the Fe3+ open metal sites. The PDA, pinned on the internal MOF surface, gains extrinsic porosity, resulting in a composite that binds up to 1634 mg of Hg2+ and 394 mg of Pb2+ per gram of composite and removes more than 99.8% of these ions from a 1 ppm solution, yielding drinkable levels in seconds. Further, the composite properties are well-maintained in river and seawater samples spiked with only trace amounts of lead, illustrating unprecedented selectivity. Remarkably, no significant uptake of competing metal ions is observed even when interferents, such as Na+, are present at concentrations up to 14 000 times that of Pb2+. The material is further shown to be resistant to fouling when tested in high concentrations of common organic interferents, like humic acid, and is fully regenerable over many cycles.

Comparative physico-chemical validation between Arsenic-based Indian traditional drugs Haratal Bhasma and Rasamanikya

Background: Arsenic containing drugs Rasamanikya (RM) and Haratal Bhasma (HB) are used in Ayurveda for the treatment of several ailments. They are prepared from raw Haratal (RH) by the distinct Ayurvedic procedure. Hence, proper scientific validation by physico-chemical studies is needed for their acceptability to the modern scientific community. Methods: RM and HB were prepared from RH. Namburi Phased spot test (NST) study was done to check the quality of prepared drugs. Loss on drying, extractive values, ash values was performed over the said two arsenic containing drugs. Sophisticated instrumental analysis like XRD, TEM, TGA, DTA, EDAX, AAS, etc. were studied to understand the crystal profiles, particle size, thermo stability, chemical microanalysis, trace elemental analysis of the drugs respectively. Results: XRD analysis of both RM and RH showed that they were comparatively amorphous in their structure. RH contains trace amount of lead which was confirmed by AAS analysis. TEM Image of HB showed that average particle size is 100nm. It is highly irregular in shape and is homogeneously distributed. While in the case of RM, images revealed that it is highly agglomerated to form small globules. Particles size is about 200nm. EDAX analysis revealed that RH contains Arsenic and Sulphur with wt% of Arsenic is 72.04% and sulphur is 27.96%. In HB wt % of Arsenic is 58.69% and sulphur is 11.69%. RM contains 41.77% wt % of Arsenic and 15.81% of sulphur. Both RM and HB also contain oxygen, carbon, silicon, etc. The DTA plot showed two endothermic peaks in the range of 300 to 600oc in the three samples of RH, HB and RM. Conclusion: Thus an attempt has been made for creating a comparative database of two such drugs by the incorporating modern analytical methods. It can be concluded that there were minimal comparative differences found in the HB and RM but HB showed better results from the standardization point of view.

Separation and Preconcentration of Trace Amounts of Lead from Water Samples Using Solvent-Assisted Dispersive Solid Phase Extraction

This paper describes a new approach for the preconcentration of lead (Pb2+) by solventassisted dispersive solid phase extraction (SADSPE) prior to analyzing by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). In this method, the dispersion of the sorbent was achieved by injecting a solution of the sorbent into the aqueous sample. Thereby, a cloudy solution formed. The cloudy state resulted from the dispersion of the fine particles of the sorbent in the bulk aqueous sample. Pb ions reacted with 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthole (PAN) as chelating agent to form a hydrophobic complex. After extraction, phase separation was performed by centrifugation and as a result, the enriched analyte in this demented phase could be determined by FAAS. Some parameters that influenced solvent-assisted dispersive solid phase extraction and subsequent determination were evaluated in detail. Under optimized conditions (pH 9, PAN concentration: 1.0 × 10-3 mol L-1, sorbent: 0.1% m/v 1,4-dichlorobenzene, disperser solvent: 0.5 mL ethanol), a preconcentration factor of 50 could be obtained, and the limit of detection (LOD) for lead was 1.3 μg L-1. Relative standard deviation for ten replicate determinations of the standard solution containing 20 μg L-1 lead was 5.0%. The proposed method was successfully applied for the determination of lead in water samples with satisfactory results.

납동위원소비 분석을 활용한 인용사지 출토 청동기의 원료 산지 연구

인용사지에서 출토된 청동기 5점으로부터 채취한 시료를 대상으로 원료의 기원과 이동을 확인하기 위해 성분분석 및 납동위원소비 분석을 실시하였다. 인용사지에서 출토된 청동기는 구리 및 주석의 이원계 합금으로 제작되어 납이 인위적으로 첨가되지 않음을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 출토 청동기의 납동위원소비 분석 결과, Mabuchi(1985)의 분포도에 의해 한반도 남부 및 중국 남부 지역에 포함됨을 확인하였으며, 한반도 납동위원소 분포도에 도시하여 태백산분지인 Zone 2 및 옥천변성대에 해당하는 Zone 3에 위치함을 알 수 있었다. 대상 유물은 모두 납의 함량이 상당히 적은 주석청동으로, 이때의 납동위원소비는 구리 광석의 산지에서 기인하는 것으로 추정할 수 있다. 납동위원소비 분석은 납을 미량으로 포함한 모든 유물에 적용 가능하므로, 다양하게 해석할 수 있으며, 추가적인 데이터의 확보와 연구를 통해 산지 추정 연구의 신뢰성을 높일 수 있을 것이라 판단된다.

Use of dipyridile amine functionalized magnetic nanoparticles for preconcentration and determination of lead ions in food samples.

Novel dipyridile-modified Fe3O4 nanoparticles were synthesized and characterized by infrared spectroscopy, thermal gravimetric and differential thermal analysis, elemental analysis, high-angle X-ray powder diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. A novel nano-sorbent was used for rapid extraction, preconcentration and determination of trace amounts of lead(II) ions by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Various adsorption and desorption parameters were optimized during this study. The optimum conditions were pH 6.0; time of adsorption and desorption at 2 and 5 min, respectively; and a maximum capacity value of 192.6 ± 0.7 mg/g (0.93 mmol/g). The RSD and LOD of the method were 1.43% and 0.7 ng/mL, respectively. The LOQ was 2.4 ng/mL. Standard reference materials of National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) 1572 and NIST 1571 were used to verify the accuracy of this method. The sorbent allowed for the successful extraction and determination of low levels of Pb(II) ions in various samples of rice, baking powder, wheat, and other foodstuffs.

A comparative Analytical Studies onAcaciapolyacantha gum Samples collected from three different locations in Sudan

Acacia polyacanthagum(Kakamut gum) samples were collected as natural exudates, from three different locations in Sudan named Abugarin, Gargadah and Layoon forest. Physicochemical properties of gum samples were studied (moisture , ash ,nitrogen , protein, specific rotation, intrinsic viscosity , refractive index, equivalent weight, pH , uronic acid and reducing sugars . Results showed significant differences within each location in most parameters studied, refractive index values were found to be constant in all samples (1.3337) . The effect of location on the properties of gum samples was studied and the analysis showed generally insignificant difference (p 0.05) in all properties studied, except moisture and uronic acid showed significant differences. The general characteristics of Acacia gum might be described as a mean value of all properties studied of all gum samples of the three different locations as follows ; 8.3% moisture, 2.9% ash ,0.35%nitrogen, 2.30% protein,-16.8 specific rotation,10.3ml/g intrinsic viscosity, 4.9 pH , 1348.68 equivalent weight,14.5%uronic acid, 1.3337 refractive index and 0.20%reducing sugar . UV absorption spectra of gum samples were determined and the maximum absorption points were found the same ranging between wavelength (208 and 211nm) . The cationic composition of gum samples was also determined and the results showed that sodium(43.075ppm) has the highest value in all samples followed by iron(27.667ppm) ,zinc(14.297ppm),nickel(4.650ppm),copper(4.025),manganese(2.645ppm),calcium(1.284ppm) and trace amount of lead(0.667ppm),potassium(0.344ppm)andmagnesium(0.274ppm). Accordingly, these parameters, therefore, cannot be recommended as qualifying indices.

Ionic liquid-based hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction for the determination of trace lead (II) in environmental water and tea drinks samples by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry

A three-phase hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction (HF-LPME) was used to determine the trace amounts of Lead (II) in environmental water and tea drinks. In this approach, green solvent ionic liquid 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([HMIM]PF6) was used as membrane carrier that dissolved in hollow fiber pores. 1-(2-Pyridylazo)-2-naphthol (PAN) was placed in aqueous solution to form hydrophobic complex with Pb(II). Ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) was used as stripping agent that it can form water-soluble complex with Pb(II). After extraction, the acceptor solution was directly injected into the graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GF-AAS) for analysis. Some important parameters that influence the extraction efficiency were investigated, such as PAN concentration, pH, EDTA concentration, stirring rate, extraction time, and interfering metal ions. Under the optimized conditions, an enrichment factor (EF) of 210 and a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.004 ng mL−1 were obtained. The calibration curve was linear in the range of 0.05–0.5 ng mL−1 (R = 0.999). The relative standard deviation (RSD) at the 0.12 ng mL−1 Pb(II) level is 4.5 % (n = 6). The proposed method was successfully applied to determination of Pb(II) in environmental water and tea drinks samples with satisfactory recoveries in the range of 94–105 %.

Trace level enrichment of lead from environmental water samples utilizing dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and quantitative determination by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry

Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) was developed and successfully applied, as a sample preconcentration and extraction method, for the determination of trace quantities of lead (Pb) in environmental water samples utilizing graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometer (GFAAS). Experimental parameters optimized include; extraction and disperser solvent types and their volumes, pH, extraction period, effect of the co-existing ions and the amount of chelating agent, ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (APDC). Under the optimized conditions, enrichment factor of 195 at 5 μg L−1 level and detection limit of 0.16 μg L−1 were obtained. Linearity from 25–75 μg L−1 with R2 of 0.995 was achieved. The procedure was validated utilizing four environmental water samples at the spiking levels of 10 and 20 μg L−1 and the corresponding recoveries ranged from 89.6 to 95.1% and 91.6 to 97.1%, respectively, indicating the reliability and applicability of the method for selective extraction of trace level lead.

Ligand-less Rapidly Synergistic Cloud Point Extraction as an Efficient Method for the Separation and Preconcentration of Trace Amounts of Lead from Food and Water Samples

A simple rapidly synergistic cloud point extraction procedure has been developed for the separation and preconcentration of trace amounts of lead from food and water samples by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). Rapidly synergistic cloud point extraction (RS-CPE) greatly simplified and accelerated the procedure of traditional cloud point extraction (CPE). This method was accomplished in room temperature in 1 min. Non-ionic surfactant Triton X-114 was used as extractant. Octanol worked as cloud point revulsant and synergic reagent which lowered the cloud point temperature of Triton X-114 and assisted the subsequent extraction process. Some parameters that influenced cloud point extraction and subsequent determination were evaluated in detail, such as sample pH, amounts of octanol, amounts of Triton X-114, type of diluting solvent, extraction time and ionic strength, as well as interferences. Under optimized conditions (pH 8.5, octanol: 10 µL, Triton X-114: 0.04% w/v and diluting solvent: 1 mol L-1 HNO3 in methanol), an enhancement factor of 40 could be obtained, and the detection limit (LOD) for lead was 1.6 µg L-1. Relative standard deviation for ten replicate determinations of the standard solution containing 100 µg L-1 lead was 2.1%. The proposed method was applied for the determination of lead in food (spinach, rice and black tea bag) and water samples and satisfactory results were obtained.

Determination of Trace Amounts of Lead with ETAAS After Single Drop Microextraction and Dispersive Liquid Liquid Microextraction Methods

Two liquid-phase microextraction procedures, single-drop microextraction (SDME) and dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME), have been developed for the determination of lead by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS). Both methods were based on the formation of lead iodide-Rhodamine B complex which is in phosphoric acid medium. In the presence of KI, anionic lead iodide was complexed with Rhodamine B as an ion-association complex. Several factors that may be affected on the SDME and DLLME methods were optimized. In the optimum experimental conditions, the limit of detection (3s) and the enhancement factor were 0.008 μgL −1 and 152 for SDME and 0.0129 μgL −1 and 89 for DLLME respectively. The relative standard deviation (RSD) for eight replicate determinations of 0.25 μgL −1 Pb was 4.6% for SDME and 0.5 μgL −1 Pb was 2.9% for DLLME. The developed methods were validated by the analysis of certified reference materials, and applied successfully to the determination of lead in several water and food samples.

Application of Graphene as a Sorbent for Preconcentration and Determination of Trace Amounts of Lead in Water Samples Prior to Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

Application of Graphene as a Sorbent for Preconcentration and Determination of Trace Amounts of Lead in Water Samples Prior to Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry