Toynbee Hall Research Articles

학교와 극장의 사회화 - 미국 진보시대 인보관 운동과 컬럼비아 대학을 중심으로

This study examines the settlement movement as the historical origin of the combination of three items: educational films, film education, and Americanization. The subjects of the study are Toynbee Hall, the Educational Alliance, the People’s Institute, and Columbia University. The influence of the settlement movement on education and educational films was enormous. Public schools became not only a place to impart knowledge to students but also community centers that provided essential activities for the welfare of community members, with the subject of education expanded by making it available to adults as well. Also promoted was the establishment of a college of education. Facilities such as kindergartens, playgrounds, libraries, museums, art galleries, gymnasiums, and public baths were installed, and free meals, school sanitation and health considerations, and clubs for leisure activities were institutionally established within public education. Along with the visual education movement, schools have become places that provide opportunities to experience various visual forms of media, including movies. The National Board of Censorship, established in collaboration with social service workers and the film industry, reversed the negativity of the social cognition of cinema. The theater environment was improved, the American film style was formed, and the production of culturally uplifting films was promoted. In terms of production and viewing, specialized film education programs have emerged, and films have become an art that must be taught systematically and professionally, becoming cultural artifacts that can be viewed repeatedly and discussed with others, like classical literature. In the progressive era, the complex of the settlement movement, universities, and the film industry made schools and film theaters effective means by which to resolve the issues of the Americanization of immigrants.

Widening the Historic Circle: The Contribution of Women Religious to the Development of Social Work

ABSTRACTThe long-taught history of social work may be missing an important part of its root system. Groups of religious sisters were doing work similar to early English settlement houses years before Toynbee Hall, yet were left out of the history possibly due to their gender, religion, and ethnicity. Using original historic writings and illustrations, this article looks at the early work of women religious – the preferred name for vowed religious women of various faiths – and how they may have had a direct influence on the work of early settlements, an influence not included in social welfare history. The authors call for a social justice response by adding the work of women religious to social welfare history.

Improving the Volk: Leon Kellner and the Jewish Toynbee Hall Movement (1900–39)

The Jewish Toynbee Hall movement—part moral crusade, part adult education—has almost entirely escaped the attention of historians, as has its prime mover, Leon Kellner. Modeled on London's Toynbee Hall, the first Jewish Toynbee Hall opened in Vienna in December 1900; within a few years, others opened across Habsburg Austria and in Germany and Romania. A Zionist project, the Toynbee Halls were taken over by Bnai Brith in Germany and Austria but remained in nationalist hands further east, part of a Jewish public sphere—reading rooms, newspapers, libraries, lecture halls—that produced, consumed, and disseminated Jewish knowledge and culture. Kellner, one of Theodor Herzl's first and closest confidants, was a Galician who became a renowned Shakespeare scholar, public intellectual, and politician. The article aims to begin to write the Jewish Toynbee Halls and Kellner back into history.

From the Local to the Colonial: Toynbee Hall and the Politics of Poverty

From the Local to the Colonial: Toynbee Hall and the Politics of Poverty

大学セツルメント「トインビー・ホール」設立の目的 : 「東ロンドンにおける二大学のセツルメント」協会の構想を中心として

大学セツルメント「トインビー・ホール」設立の目的 : 「東ロンドンにおける二大学のセツルメント」協会の構想を中心として

Meaning and identity of social work practice by thinking through settlement house as a welfare space: Comparison of Toynbee Hall and Hull House

Meaning and identity of social work practice by thinking through settlement house as a welfare space: Comparison of Toynbee Hall and Hull House

Settling at Home: Gender and Class in the Room Biographies of Toynbee Hall, 1883–1914

This article rethinks historiographical approaches to the university settlement movement through a case study of one settlement house: Toynbee Hall. It argues that this institutional space was infused with domestic ideas and emotional attachments both for its wealthier male settlers and for its poorer users. The article demonstrates how a "room biography" approach can enable us to look at settlement space differently. Rather than seeing institutional space as a background for where things happened to people, the room biography approach developed here interprets space as an active participant in the formation of settlement sociality. By zooming in on Toynbee's everyday spaces, this article demonstrates how settlement ideals of renewed cross-class friendship and homosocial relations were lived in practice and considers the micro-spaces of settling.

The Bitter Cry: materiales para una genealogía de la identidad profesional de las pioneras del Trabajo Social en Inglaterra y los Estados Unidos

Al revisar el proceso de institucionalización del Trabajo Social en Inglaterra y Estados Unidos, durante el primer tercio del siglo XX, se vuelven problemáticas algunas concepciones estereotipadas y sesgadas de la identidad profesional de los trabajadores sociales que siguen estando operativas. Para dar cuenta de la génesis de la profesión, más que apelar al deus ex machina de los nombres propios, en este artículo tratamos de objetivar en la historia social e intelectual las condiciones que contribuyeron a su formación. La crítica histórica permite de este modo sacar a la luz las aportaciones de un amplio colectivo de mujeres pioneras, como el círculo de Toynbee Hall, quienes sustituyeron el case work por el social work a partir de la nueva ciencia social. Estas mujeres abordaron la cuestión social, crearon nuevas técnicas de observación, y se comprometieron en favor de la reforma social. En los actuales tiempos de incertidumbre, el generoso compromiso social y político de las primeras trabajadoras sociales resulta especialmente ejemplar.

The Cathedral of Humanity on Halsted Street Jane Addams, Auguste Comte, and Edward Caird

Abstract Jane Addams played an integral role in the development of a pragmatic ethic. Influenced by Darwinian naturalism, Addams found her religious calling as the founder of an American settlement house, Hull House. On a postgraduation European tour Addams visited Toynbee Hall and met followers of Auguste Comte's Religion of Humanity and adherents of Edward Caird's Oxford Hegelian idealism. Comte's account of the social organism provides Addams with an alternative to Spencer's social Darwinism, one more compatible with Addams's social gospel ethics. Caird's Hegelian interpretation of the evolution of Christianity shaped the settlement movement. Addam's saw her American settlement house as the perfect environment for developing American democratic and humanistic faith.

Carrying Her Liver in a Shopping Cart (and Other Bohemian Notions)

Bruce Benderson is a writer who loves the dirt of cities and narrates the lives of those who wear its grit. His writings in fiction and nonfiction have established him as a key figure for thinking about sexuality, class, and the shifting social and cultural circumstances of urban life — in New York, especially — since the 1960s. In this critical interview, Benderson discusses urgent political issues relevant to his practice as an author, including gentrification in New York and the decline in the critical currency of counterculture; his processes and practices as a writer of fiction; his authorial relation to cultures of poverty; and themes such as nostalgia, exploitation, opportunism, pleasure, negative effects, risk, and the enjoyment of difference. The interview was conducted live at the Trashing Performance symposium, during a day of discussions and lectures called “Mainstream and Underground,” at Toynbee Hall, London, on 27 October 2011.

Between anxiety and admiration: views of British cities in Germany, 1835–1914

ABSTRACTExamination of writings about British cities that appeared in Germany between the mid-1830s and 1914 runs counter to emphasis either on German anti-urbanism or on growing hostility among Germans to their neighbours across the North Sea. Although it takes into account strong disparagement of flaws and failings that had, in the view of critics, resulted from the chaotic nature of urban growth in Britain, it points to increasing recognition – particularly after mid-century – of efforts to ameliorate conditions about which critics had complained. Much of what was singled out for commendation involved voluntary efforts by men and women who sought to improve working-class life via philanthropic uplift. During the 1850s and 1860s, the conservative social reformer Victor Aimé Huber sang the praises of the co-operative movement, both from an economic and from a moral standpoint. Later on, other observers, such as the liberal economist Gerhart Schulze-Gävernitz, lauded the most famous of the British settlement houses, Toynbee Hall in East London, on account of the activities it promoted in the area of adult education. Favourable commentary on municipal government rounded out a picture of the urban scene as a sphere in which local forces exemplified a spirit of civic-mindedness that ought to inspire admiration rather than enmity.

Juvenile Delinquency, the Juvenile Courts and the Settlement Movement 1908-1950: Basil Henriques and Toynbee Hall

This article explores the relationship between the voluntary sector and the juvenile courts in the period c.1908-1950. It specifically examines the relationship between the settlement movement and the early juvenile courts by analysing the Inner London Juvenile Court, which sat at Toynbee Hall in the East End of London between 1929 and 1953. The settlements, which brought young graduates to deprived urban areas to undertake voluntary social work, were heavily involved in boys' clubs. Many of those who began their careers in settlement youth work went on to work with the early juvenile courts, viewing their experience in clubs as a vital foundation for this work. This article focuses on Basil Henriques, a former resident of Toynbee Hall, warden of the Bernhard Baron Settlement in Stepney and magistrate at the Inner London Juvenile Court, and his 1950 book, Indiscretions of a Magistrate. It concludes that, by critically examining Basil Henriques and Indiscretions, it is possible to begin to fully explore the discourses around citizenship, gender, class and race that informed the views and practices of juvenile court magistrates in the period in which the voluntary sector and the welfare state underwent profound change.

‘Boys’ clubs are better than policemen's clubs': endeavours by philanthropists, social reformers, and others to prevent juvenile crime, the late 1800s to 1917

Conclusions set forth in Serious and Violent Juvenile Offenders (1997) and other recent reports are remarkably similar to those that men and women on both side of the Atlantic had made a century ago: prevention is better than punishment; stable families are important; schools and communities must take a role in providing positive experiences for children and youth. The Revd William Byron Forbush, sociologist Charles Zueblin, philanthropist Louise de Koven Bowen and scores of other men and women also believed that ‘structured playground activities’ and after-school recreation programmes were important interventions. Chicago's Hull-House, which was inspired by Toynbee Hall, had developed extensive educational and recreational offerings for the youth of its community by the 1890s. Scores of settlement houses, which numbered over 200 by 1904, and other private endeavours directed their energies and resources to such programmes before the First World War.

The Contribution of the Sisters of Mercy to the Development of Social Welfare

The history of the professionalization of social work often begins with the men of Toynbee Hall who inspired the settlement movement in the United Kingdom and the United States. But is it possible that an earlier group inspired them? The research presented here raises the question of whether the work of the noncloistered Sisters of Mercy may have been a prototype of the settlement movement in England. With their secular beginning in Ireland in 1824, the sisters opened Houses of Mercy in Ireland (1827) and England (1839) and eventually throughout the world to provide relief to the poor through charity, job training, education, health care, and counseling. This article presents original documents to illustrate their work and to open the question of the sisters’ role in the history of social welfare.

Slumming: Sexual and Social Politics in Victorian London (review)

Reviewed by: Slumming: Sexual and Social Politics in Victorian London William A. Peniston Slumming: Sexual and Social Politics in Victorian London. By Seth KovenPrinceton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2004. Pp. 399. $29.95 (cloth). Seth Koven has written a very "queer" book. It is an engaging study of philanthropy in late-nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century London. By philanthropy, he means the activities of journalists, such as James Greenwood and Elizabeth Banks, who exposed the conditions of the poor in [End Page 215] their writings, as well as medical missionaries, like Thomas John Barnardo, who documented his work among the orphans of London in pamphlets and photographs. He also examines the work of other educated men and women from the middle and upper classes who devoted time and energy to the assistance of the lower classes. In particular, he is interested in women's charity work in general and men's involvement with the settlement houses of East London, especially with Toynbee Hall and Oxford House. He points out that these men and women were engaged in a phenomenon called "slumming," which had, by the late nineteenth century, lost its traditional connotation of "sensationalism, sexual transgression, and self-seeking gratification" (8) and which had been redefined as "charity, sociological research, Christian rescue, social work, [or] investigative journalism" (9). However, as Koven demonstrates throughout his book, the boundary between these two meanings was never so clear and simple. Behind the moral altruism of the elites lay "a kind of passion"—to use Henry James's phrase—that Koven sees as distinctly "queer," a term that he uses throughout his book. As he explains himself, "The widely shared imperative among well-to-do men and women to traverse class boundaries and befriend their outcast brothers and sisters in the slums was somehow bound up in their insistent eroticization of poverty and their quest to understand their own sexual subjectivities" (4). Koven pursues his subject through a close reading of texts and images. He claims to use no single methodological or theoretical approach, although one could classify the work as an example of cultural history at its best. He writes: "If a methodology makes it possible to tease out meaning from my evidence, I have used it to the best of my abilities" (18). His analysis of class and gender differences allows him "to recapture the altogether messier mingling of good intentions and blinkered prejudices that informed [the reformers'] vision of the poor and of themselves" (3). In the process he provides some astonishing insights into the erotic and sexual nature of those well-meaning but prejudiced reformers. James Greenwood was "The Amateur Casual," the pseudonym under which he wrote his sensational account of spending the night in one of the casual wards for homeless men in Lambert, London, in 1866. What made his account so sensational, according to Koven, was the not-too-subtle implication that the casual wards had turned into male brothels. Upon his arrival at the ward Greenwood was forced to perform a kind of "striptease" (39), after which he plunged his naked body into a pool of cold and dirty water that had been polluted by all the other men who had gone before him. This bath, which was supposed to have cleansed him, had in essence brought him into "a disconcerting intimacy" with the physically corrupt and morally degenerative inhabitants of the ward (39). The sleeping quarters only accentuated the promiscuity of the bath, since it was in the cold dark dormitory that men paired off to "club together," as Greenwood described the physical proximity of the scantily clad men. By playing off of the sexual [End Page 216] anxieties of his readers, Greenwood was able to initiate further investigations into the conditions of the casual wards by politicians and officials, who ultimately enacted a number of bureaucratic and parliamentary reforms, culminating in the 1898 Vagrancy Act. Furthermore, Greenwood inspired "a tradition of writing about culture and society, poverty and sexuality" (74) that included the works of Matthew Arnold, Blanchard Jerrold and Gustave Doré, Jack London, and George Orwell. What fascinates Koven about Greenwood's "A Night in the Workhouse" is "the complex links between sexual...

Joseph Toynbee and his son Arnold: unpublished manuscript written by Adam Politzer

In 1914, Adam Politzer (1835-1920) was invited to the Viennese Toynbee Hall to give a lecture. To prepare for his lecture, Politzer wrote a manuscript of 22 pages, seven of them are particularly interesting concerning biographical information on Joseph and Arnold Toynbee. These seven pages are presented in translation from German to English. Politzer particularly emphasizes the social qualities of these two men. This manuscript is representative of his high regard for Joseph and Arnold Toynbee. It completes the few existing biographies of Joseph Toynbee.

Linking Clients and Policy: Social Work's Distinctive Contribution

Social work's unique and distinctive contribution to American life, often expressed as a dual focus on the person and his or her environment, resulted from a specific frame of reference that linked clients and social policy. From the earliest origins of the profession, social workers understood the relationships between individuals and primary groups and between primary groups anti forces in the larger environment. This frame of reference provided an orientation to action that placed interventions in the environment on a par with interventions with the client system (Gordon & Schutz, 1977). This dual focus, unique to social workers, was evident during the profession's formative years - the period between the 1890s and the coming of the New Deal in the 1930s - and continues to be important today. This article discusses social workers' linkage of clients - initially conceptualized as neighbors and charity cases - and social policy concerns during the profession's formative years. The article concludes with a case study of a social policy effort, the ultimately successful campaign to enact social standards for industry. Early Social Work: Settlements and Charity Organization Both of the institutions traditionally associated with, the origins of the social work profession - charity organization societies and settlement houses - began as efforts to organize the local community and to introduce a personal relationship among workers - settlement residents, district agents, and friendly visitors - and clients-neighbors and charity cases. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, industrialization, urbanization, immigration, and internal migration from rural areas to cities transformed American society. Previously a nation made up of small island communities, the United States increasingly became organized nationally (Weibe, 1967). Urbanization and industrialization characterized the emerging nation. The largest cities grew in size, and there were more of them. The proportion of urban dwellers increased from less than 20 percent in 1860 to nearly 40 percent in 1900 and more than 50 percent by 1920 (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1975). As industrial production replaced agriculture as the major source of national wealth, business institutions became larger and more influential. Concomitantly, the disparity between rich and poor increased, and the likelihood of a personal relationship between poor people and wealthy people lessened. Reformers created settlement houses and charity organization societies to respond to the changing American city. Both settlement residents and charity workers were quick to perceive the interrelationships between local and state movements, state and regional developments, and local and national phenomena. These formative professional institutions, which oriented members of the first generation of social workers to their new profession, had in common an orientation to the community and to viewing the person as embedded in the community system. Each movement was based on English precedents - London's Toynbee Hall and other English social settlements and the English Charity Organisation Societies - but each movement developed a distinctive American pattern. Both movements owed much to the example of Thomas Chalmers, an early 19th century Scottish critic of the Poor Laws, who organized a parish-based system of charity to replace the poor law in Glasgow during the early 19th century (de Schweinitz, 1943). Settlement Houses Settlement houses responded to two complementary social imperatives of late 19th century America. Settlements had objective value because they addressed the increasing fragmentation of American life that resulted from the growing contrasts between rich and poor people, native born and immigrants, and Protestants and Catholics in late 19th century America (Addams, 1893a). In addition, the settlements responded to a subjective necessity that resulted from the lack of meaningful opportunities for middle-class young people, especially women (Addams, 1893b). …

Toynbee Hall and Social Reform, 1880-1914: The Search for Community

Toynbee Hall and Social Reform, 1880-1914: The Search for Community

Toynbee Hall: The First Hundred Years. by Asa Briggs and Anne Macartney, London, England: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1984, 208 pp. $35.00

Toynbee Hall: The First Hundred Years. by Asa Briggs and Anne Macartney, London, England: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1984, 208 pp. $35.00 Get access Toynbee Hall: The First Hundred Years. by Briggs Asa and Macartney Anne, London, England: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1984, 208 pp. $35.00. Saul Bernstein Saul Bernstein School of Social Work, Northern New England Branch, University of Connecticut, Concord, New Hampshire Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Social Work, Volume 31, Issue 4, July-August 1986, Pages 316–317, https://doi.org/10.1093/sw/31.4.316-a Published: 01 July 1986

Toynbee Hall: opposition and response.

Toynbee Hall: opposition and response.