Toy Parts Research Articles

Cyber toy stories: The broken promises and broken parts of interactive sex toys

Cyber toy stories: The broken promises and broken parts of interactive sex toys

Small Bowel Perforation Due to an Unusual Foreign Body

Gastrointestinal perforation is one of the most common causes of acute abdomen presenting to the casualty. However, gastrointestinal perforation due to ingestion of foreign body is rare and is usually encountered in children, psychiatric patients and in alcoholics. Most of the foreign bodies pass through the GI tract without any complications. Only about 1% are known to cause complications such as perforation. Fish or chicken bones, dentures, toy parts, coins, toothpicks are the most commonly encountered foreign bodies. In this report, we present a case of a 60-year-old male who presented to the emergency department with acute abdomen secondary to ingestion of an unusual foreign body that lead to perforation and underwent exploratory laparotomy for removal of the foreign body.
 Gastrointestinal perforation is one of the most common causes of acute abdomen presenting to the casualty that needs a timely surgical intervention.[1] Important sites of gastrointestinal perforation are stomach, duodenum, small bowel (jejunum, small intestine), appendix, colon and rectum.
 The most common causes of gastrointestinal perforation include peptic ulcer disease, diverticulitis, carcinomas, IBD, ischemia of bowel wall and infrequently foreign bodies.[2]
 Foreign body ingestion as seen in children is unintentional and can be deliberate in psychiatric patients.[3] In general, many of these foreign bodies travel through the gastrointestinal tract without causing complications. Only about 1% cases of ingested foreign bodies cause complications such as hollow viscus obstruction and/ or perforation which are usually life threatening and have poorer outcomes if diagnosis is delayed.[4,5] CT is the imaging tool of choice. Such conditions require immediate surgical intervention such as exploratory laparotomy or laparoscopic or endoscopic removal can be attempted in case of stomach or duodenal foreign bodies.
 Here in the following case report, we present an atypical case who arrived at the emergency room with acute abdomen following a foreign body consumption and underwent exploratory laparotomy for retrieval of foreign body.

Structure of foreign bodies in the upper gastrointestinal tract and the frequency of their diagnosis in childhood

Foreign bodies (FB) of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) are a common problem in childhood, especially among children of younger age groups, due to the peculiarities of children’s development during this period. Purpose. To analyze the characteristics of FB in the gastrointestinal tract and the frequency of their diagnosis in children. Materials and methods. The analysis of the medical documentation of 378 children with an established diagnosis of FB in the gastrointestinal tract was carried out. The diagnosis was based on the results of studies: esophagogastroduodenoscopy, radiography (standard and using a water-soluble contrast agent), ultrasound diagnostics, computed tomography. The results of the study. The distribution of children with FB by age: children under 1 year - 12%, from 1 year to 3 years - 59%, from 3 to 6 years - 24%, 6-12 years - 5%. By gender: boys - 68%, girls - 32%. By localization: FB of the esophagus - 17%, stomach - 80%, duodenum - 3% of children. Characteristics of the extracted items: various small objects (coins, balls, toys) - 53%, batteries - 27%, magnets - 20%. Endoscopic FB was removed in 88% of children, conservative (FB came out naturally) - 10.5%, surgical - 1.5%. Conclusions. FB was most often detected in children aged 1 to 3 years (59%). There are twice as many boys as girls (68% and 32%, respectively). The most frequent localization is the stomach (80%). FB is most often represented by small toy parts, coins (53%), one in five children (20%) has a magnet, and one in four (27%) has a battery. The most common method of FB removal is endoscopic (88%).

Allometric models for biomass prediction of Hevea brasilliensis

AbstractTrees contribute to combating global warming by absorbing CO2, thus enhancing the quality of the environment. Sri Lanka maintains about 112,000 ha of Hevea brasiliensis (rubber) plantations, where 85.7% is in the wet zone. When rubber trees decline in latex production, after 30–33 years of planting, they are harvested to regenerate the next cycle. Rubber timber in Sri Lanka is used mainly for manufacturing interior parts of furniture, tool handles, and toys, leaving minimal chances for the emission of CO2 by combustion. Therefore, rubber is a good source of carbon sequestration, which can be used to earn additional benefits for the farmers. Estimating tree biomass helps to assess the carbon sequestration of those trees. Therefore this study aimed to build allometric models to predict the biomass using diameter at breast height (dbh) and total tree height (h). Since uprooting rubber trees is not allowed till maturity, whole‐tree, above‐ground, and stem biomass prediction models were built by uprooting ten 30‐ and 31‐year‐old trees from two rubber estates of the low country wet zone of Sri Lanka. For the rest of the ages, dbh and h prediction models were built by age using data collected from six age classes of rubber trees from the same two estates so those variables could be used as inputs to the biomass prediction models. For dbh and h models, Michaelis–Menten functions performed better than power‐law functions. Biomass was estimated for the stem and large branches by converting respective volumes to weights. Weight measurements were taken directly for biomass assessment for small branches, foliage, and roots. The quality of models was determined based on both qualitative and quantitative evaluations. The finding proved that the biomass of rubber plantations could effectively be estimated by dbh and h over time.

Foreign body aspirations in childhood: A retrospective review

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to examine the childhood-age foreign body aspiration (FBA) retrospectively by focusing on symptoms, types, home interventions, hospitalization and complications. MethodAll patients between 0–18 years admitted to pediatric surgical clinic and diagnosed with FBA were examined retrospectively from January 2021 to January 2022. ResultsThe study group consisted of 163 patients and their mean age was 17.8±12.7 months (1 months to 6 years). FBA events included aspiration of food (78%), coins (10%), batteries (3.7%), parts of toys (4%), buttons (2.4%) and other (2%). First aid treatment to children was performed at home by mothers (61%). Types of first aid treatment performed by mothers included tapping the back (31%); cleaning inside the mouth (24%); trying to remove the foreign body with fingers (12%), pushing the foreign body forward (5.9%) and forcing the child to vomit (9.5%) respectively. ConclusionsFBA is a potential life-threatening health problem during childhood. When the age of majority of patients being under one year old and prevalence of food in FBA types are taken into consideration, safe-feeding practices of mothers, feeding position and training about the safe-environment are the basic steps of prevention strategies. Practice implicationsOne of the most useful ways of preventing FBA cases is to provide planned and continuing education to parents, care givers and all the individuals responsible for the care of the child in order to increase their knowledge and practice levels.

The Flip-flop Toys of Saarenald T. S. Yaawaisan in the Bryn Mawr Art and Artifact Collections

The Flip-flop Toys of Saarenald T. S. Yaawaisan in the Bryn Mawr Art and Artifact Collections

Foreign body in the gastrointestinal tract in children: A tertiary hospital experience.

Foreign body (FB) ingestion in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) in children is common. Although most foreign bodies will pass spontaneously, surgical intervention is required when they fail to pass. The aim of this study was to evaluate our experience in the management of children who presented with FB in the GIT. This was a retrospective study of children that underwent laparotomy for the removal of FB in the GIT at the paediatric surgery unit of Enugu State University Teaching Hospital, Enugu over a 10-year period. A total of 272 children presented with FB in the GIT during the study period, out of which 30 patients had laparotomy. This gave an operative incidence rate of 11%. There was a slight male predominance and the ages of the patients ranged from 6 months to 5 years (median 3 years). About half of the patients had no symptoms and all the patients were investigated with an abdominal radiograph. Only one-third of the patients had a predisposing factor that could have led to FB impaction. FB impaction was the most common indication for surgery, and enterotomy with FB removal was the most performed surgical procedure. The most common FB removed were tiny parts of toys, and the most common post-operative complication was surgical site infection. There was no mortality. FB in GIT in children could be associated with complications that require surgical treatment. FB ingestion is preventable. Focus should be placed on caregivers preventing children from ingesting FB.

Management of choking

Choking is the result of a sudden obstruction, partial or complete, of the airway due to a foreign body stuck in any portion of the airway. There are numerous causes of choking, including food, tablets or toy parts, to name but a few. It can be traumatising for the suffering patient and anyone witnessing the event. As GPs, we undergo mandatory basic life support training to help in recognition of the acute respiratory symptoms associated with choking and to aid more expert management of choking. This article is intended to be used only in conjunction with learning from mandatory basic life support training and action taken should follow the latest Resuscitation Council UK guidance, sequential basic life support and algorithms.

A Rare Incidental Encounter of a Foreign Body in the Nasopharynx during Endoscopic Assisted Adenoidectomy

Otolaryngologists frequently encounter nasal foreign bodies, particularly among children and mentally retarded patients. Upper aerodigestive tract may harbour foreign bodies such as sponges, grains, toy parts, paper and cotton. Majority of inhaled foreign bodies may pass unnoticed and others can be a source of serious morbidity with occasional mortality if not identified on time and properly treated. Foreign bodies may be classically organic or inorganic and their impaction into various parts of the aerodigestive tract may occur.

CT Evaluation of Swallowed Foreign Bodies Located in the Gastrointestinal System.

Background and objectiveCT imaging is important in detecting the location and the structure of swallowed foreign bodies and assessing their complications, due to its features such as the ability to show the detailed anatomical structure and enable multiplanar examination. In this study, we aimed to analyze the CT findings of swallowed foreign bodies located in the gastrointestinal tract and compare them with the data in the existing literature.Materials and methodsWe conducted a retrospective archive study to achieve our goals. Patients who presented to our radiology department with the preliminary diagnosis of foreign body ingestion, abdominal pain, or acute abdomen and were found to have a foreign body in the gastrointestinal tract on CT between April 2018 and April 2021, especially those in whom the presence of a foreign body was confirmed by endoscopy or surgery, were included in our study. The patients were evaluated in terms of age, gender, foreign body type, foreign body localization, and complications.ResultsA total of 31 patients (15 males and 16 females) were included in the study. The patients’ age ranged from 1 to 67 years, and the mean age was 28.5 ±5.4 years. The most common foreign bodies found were metallic toy parts (n=11, 35%), and most of the foreign bodies were located in the ileum (n=9, 29%) of the patients. Complications were observed in nine patients (29%). In patients with complications, the most common finding was perforation (n=3, 38%).ConclusionWhen a CT exam is performed on patients with abdominal pain, the gastrointestinal tract should be carefully evaluated to determine if a foreign body is involved and to analyze the complications caused by the foreign body.

Management of Inedible Airway Foreign Bodies in Pediatric Rigid Bronchoscopy: Experience From a National Children's Regional Medical Center in China.

The aim of this study is to analyze the characteristics of inedible airway foreign bodies in pediatric rigid bronchoscopy to facilitate the improvement of management and technology. This retrospective analytical study was performed from January 2017 to June 2020. All admissions of pediatric patients (age<18 years) with foreign-body aspiration diagnosis codes ([ICD]-10:T17 300, T17 400, T17 500 and T17 900) and procedure codes (33.7801) were extracted. Age, sex, preoperative history and imaging data, surgical records, length of hospital stay, reoperations and postoperative complications were included. Data were analyzed with SPSS 20. A total of 1237 patients were hospitalized and underwent rigid bronchoscopy. Forty-five (3.6%) patients with inedible foreign bodies in the airway were confirmed. There were no significant differences in sex, time of onset and length of hospital stay between the inedible and edible foreign body groups, except for age and a definite history of foreign body aspiration (P = 0.000). Coughing, wheezing and fever were the common clinical symptoms in all patients. The following were the common locations of inedible foreign bodies: right bronchus (22/45), left bronchus (18/45), trachea (3/45) and larynx (2/45). The most frequent inedible foreign bodies were parts of a pen (15/45), a light-emitting diode (7/45) and plastic parts of toys (6/45). Vocal cord injury and a laryngeal web were observed in one case each.ConclusionRigid bronchoscopy is the method of choice for the removal of inedible foreign bodies. Adequate preoperative assessment to rely on CT scans, skillful operation techniques to avoid damaging and active management of postoperative complications are important for the success of the procedure.

An unusual nasopharyngeal foreign body with unusual presentation

Upper aerodigestive tract may harbour foreign bodies such as sponges, grains, toy parts, stones, paper, insects, cotton,glass ball etc. These objects may go undetected for days or even weeks. A metallic foreign body after being inhaled and ultimately being lodged in the nasopharynx is a rare entity. We report a case of an unusual nasopharyngeal foreign body (glass ball) presenting with symptoms of nasal regurgitation and change in voice in a 2-year boy. The foreign body was diagnosed by X-ray skull lateral view including nasopharynx and was removed under general anaesthesia.

To the problem of death of children from closure of respiratory tract by foreign object: expert observation

In the special forensic literature, information on the deaths of children from mechanical asphyxiation as a result of closure of the airways by foreign objects is small and fragmentary, a small number of works are devoted to them, despite the fact that the social significance of this problem is great.&#x0D; An expert observation of a case of asphyxia developed in a child as a result of closure of the upper respiratory tract by a foreign object is given. The child played for 1.5 years and suddenly began to choke. A forensic examination of the corpse revealed the presence of a foreign body (part of a childs toy) in the area of the vocal cords, completely covering the lumen of the entrance to the larynx; acute pulmonary bloating, hemorrhages in soft tissues from the area of entrance to the larynx, foci of acute pulmonary alveoli emphysema, hemorrhages in pulmonary tissue, signs of rapid death.&#x0D; Forensic medical diagnosis: mechanical asphyxia from closing the lumen of the respiratory tract with a foreign body (the presence of a foreign body in the vocal cords, completely blocking the lumen of the entrance to the larynx; acute swelling of the lungs, hemorrhages in the soft tissues from the entrance to the larynx, foci of acute emphysema of the pulmonary alveoli, hemorrhages in the lung tissue, signs of rapid death).&#x0D; The work of a forensic medical expert is often hampered by the lack of clinical data and the circumstances of the incident, as well as difficulties in interpreting the results of the study. In cases where adults are present during the aspiration of a foreign body by a child, respiratory failure is recorded with cyanosis of the face, breath holding, followed by paroxysmal unproductive cough, which indicates an existing threat of asphyxia. In this expert observation, the detailed circumstances of the incident provided by law enforcement agencies and the asphyxic alertness of the expert helped to establish the cause of death and formulate a forensic diagnosis and conclusions. However, it is important to understand that cases of death of children from obstructive asphyxia are potentially preventable and require targeted preventive work.

Çoklu mıknatıs yutan çocuk hasta: Olgu sunumu

Foreign body ingestion is common in the pediatric age group. Swallowed foreign objects show different features, especially coins, small toys and toy parts, magnets, and batteries. Coins are the most frequently swallowed foreign objects, followed by toys and toy parts. Magnets are mostly found in toys and other products. Swallowing single magnet does not often cause complications but swallowing multiple magnets or magnets attached to a metal objects could pull the intestinal walls together and cause volvulus, fistulas, and peritonitis. Medical diagnostic display techniques play an important role in cases of foreign body aspiration and swallowing observed in children. In foreign body ingestion, the main goals are rapid identification and positioning for an effective treatment. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are critical for the immediate removal of swallowed objects. Highly adhered treatments may have a high risk of mortality and morbidity. Here, we present a case of a five-year old girl who was brought to the pediatric emergency department with a suspicion of ingesting foreign objects.

Development of a certified reference material for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in rubber toy

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a large group of priority organic pollutants, which contaminate environmental compartments, food, and consumer products as well. Due to their frequent occurrence associated with elevated levels of PAHs, plastic and rubber parts of consumer products and toys are particular sources of exposure. Although European maximum levels exist for eight carcinogenic PAHs in consumer products and toys according to REACH Regulation (EC) No. 1907/2006, certified reference materials (CRM) are still not available. To overcome this lack, the first CRM for the determination of PAHs in rubber toys (BAM-B001) was developed according to the requirements of ISO Guide 35. The whole process of CRM development including preparation, homogeneity and stability studies, and value assignment is presented. The assignment of the certified mass fractions was based upon in-house study at BAM using stable isotope dilution analysis (SIDA) gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The obtained values were confirmed by the results of two interlaboratory comparison (ILC) studies with more than 50 expert laboratories from Germany and China. The mass fractions of 14 PAHs including all REACH and GS mark regulated compounds were certified ranging between 0.2 and 15.4 mg/kg accompanied by expanded uncertainties (coverage factor k = 2). In addition, informative values were determined for 4 PAHs, mainly due to higher uncertainties and/or lack of ILC data for confirmation. BAM-B001 is intended for analytical quality control particularly based on the AfPS GS 2019:01 PAK method and contributes to improve the chemical safety of consumer products including toys.Graphical abstract

Presentation and management of nasal foreign bodies in a Chinese metro area.

Nasal foreign bodies in children are common complaints encountered by pediatric otolaryngologists. We investigated clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of nasal foreign bodies in children in a Chinese metro area.Six hundred sixty eight children with nasal foreign bodies presented to Shenzhen Children's Hospital, diagnosed and treated by the authors were enrolled from January 2016 to October 2019, causes for medical consultation, age, sex, duration, types, locations, removal, and complications were recorded and analyzed.Nasal foreign bodies were common in children between 1 and 5 years of ages (96.8%). The right nasal cavity (61.4%) was the most common site for foreign body insertion (61.4%). Most of the children (89.4%) presented for a complaint of nasal discomfort or foreign body insertion themselves, or for foreign body impaction discovered by the caregivers. Most of the foreign bodies (85.0%) were discovered within 1 day. The most nasal foreign bodies were the whole toys and toy parts (34.1%). The majority of nasal foreign bodies (99.1%) located in the antero-inferior portion of the nasal cavities and could be removed with simple instruments. The occurrence of complications in nasal foreign bodies (10.2%) was not common.The present study objectively exhibited clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of nasal foreign bodies in a Chinese metro area.

Parent's Guide to Toy Safety, A

Patient Education| 2021 Parent's Guide to Toy Safety, A Connected Content Translation: Juguetes seguros: Una guía para los padres : (A Parent's Guide to Toy Safety) Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Parent's Guide to Toy Safety, A. Pediatric Patient Education 2021; 10.1542/peo_document222 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search nav search search input Search input auto suggest search filter All AAP SitesAll PublicationsPediatric Patient Education Search Advanced Search Read on to learn what to look for when buying toys and how a few simple ideas for safe use can often prevent injuries. Most injuries from toys are minor cuts, scrapes, and bruises. However, toys can cause serious injury or even death. This happens when toys are dangerous or used in the wrong way. The following are ways to help prevent injuries: Do not allow reckless or improper play. Injuries can happen when toys are thrown, jumped on, or taken apart.Watch out for small, loose, or broken toys. A small toy or part can easily get stuck in a child's ear, nose, or throat. Children can be seriously injured or killed from inhaling, swallowing, or choking on objects such as magnets, marbles, small balls, toy parts, or balloons. Keep all toys with small parts away from... Copyright © 2008 American Academy of Pediatrics2008American Academy of Pediatrics You do not currently have access to this content.

Button battery foreign body among children: a case series

&lt;p&gt;In children the foreign bodies are a common occurrence which may be either accidental or self-induced as a matter of habit. Various materials like metal, plastic toy parts, food matters, etc have been reported as foreign bodies. Button batteries have been reported as foreign bodies in the ear, nose and throat are very relevant and practical, due to their early chemical disintegration in contact with mucosal surface; hence, need emergency surgical intervention to avoid complications. Here, we report five cases of button batteries in the ear nose and throat at various stages of presentation with their sequelae.&lt;/p&gt;

Retained foreign objects in casts in children.

Cast immobilization is a noninvasive and effective option in the treatment of fractures in children. However, its use can be associated with complications, such as pressure sores, skin infections, thermal injuries, and joint stiffness. In clinical practice, retained foreign objects in casts are not uncommon. This study aims to ascertain reasons for foreign objects being retained in casts and their effects on the skin. Eighteen children with retained foreign objects in their casts were identified and interviewed. Patient demographics, type of fracture and cast applied, nature of foreign body, and medical complications caused directly by the foreign object were also recorded for analysis. The foreign objects retained included coins, stationery, toy parts, cutlery, and hygiene items. The most common reason for their retention was to relieve itch, followed by accidental insertion and deliberate play. More than half of the children did not suffer complications, and the rest were all skin complications, with the most severe one being an infected skin ulcer that required oral antibiotics. Although the complications of retained foreign bodies are limited to the skin, they can worsen with delayed treatment. Cast care and itch reduction advice must be clearly communicated to patients and their caregivers. Foreign objects in casts must be emergently removed. Level of Evidence: Level 4 Evidence.

Children’s Toy Safety Standards in Malaysia and ASEAN: Towards Single Regional Regulation of Lead-Based Paints and Children Toys

Children’s toys have always been the primary step on the manufacturing ladder for several developing economies like Malaysia and other ASEAN member states (AMS). Apart from an ideal product to chase low cost labor, children’s toys were easy to produce with relative low-quality requirements. However, following the ‘Year of the Recall’ in 2007 which saw the greatest number of recalled products of children’s toys from markets due to higher permissible amount of lead, Malaysia and several AMS no longer taken the safety of children’s toys product lightly. Despite Malaysia has amended its regulations which requires toys available on the Malaysian markets to be tested for the presence of maximum acceptable levels of lead from toy materials and toy parts, Malaysia and several AMS still has no laws on the regulation on the amount of lead in paint. Even worse, some of AMS still has no national legislations and regulations for safety standard of children’s toys product. This qualitative research utilizes the secondary data gained from scientific database analysis and library research including documents and precedents on children toy safety regulations and analyzed this data by legal interpretation. The finding shows that AMS requires proper national and regional legislations and regulations particularly for import, export, manufacturing, adoption and sale of children toys and paints to be ratified and implemented so as to avert the availability of lead-based paints and children toys with high lead content in the market.