Toxicity Of Water-soluble Fractions Research Articles

Toxicity of Water Soluble Fractions of Petroleum Crude Oil and its Histopathological Alterations Effects on Red Tilapia Fish

Toxicity of Water Soluble Fractions of Petroleum Crude Oil and its Histopathological Alterations Effects on Red Tilapia Fish

Toxicity of Water Soluble Fractions of Petroleum Crude Oil and its Histopathological Alterations Effects on Red Tilapia Fish

Five treatments including control and four concentrations of water soluble fraction (WSFs) crude oil (5 ppm, 6 ppm, 8 ppm and 10 ppm) were made. Triplicate and ten fish of red tilapiawith an average weight of 8g ± 1.5 were incubated for 96 hours. The 96 hours LC50 was determined (5.25ppm). Histopathological examination of the fish was made for liver, gills, kidney, male gonad and female gonad. Liver showed congestion of blood vessels and hepatic sinusoids with focal necrotic changes of hepatocytes. Gills showed congestion of blood vessels, hyperplasia and adhesion of secondary gill lamellae. Kidney showed congestion of blood vessels and degeneration of renal tubules. Male gonad showed degeneration and necrosis of some seminiferous tubules, edema and severe reduction in all spermatogenic stages and degeneration and Female gonad showed severe necrosis of developmental stages of oocytes along with degenerated mature ripped oocytes in WSFs treated fish compared to control group.

Eco- and genotoxicity profiling of a rapeseed biodiesel using a battery of bioassays

Biodiesel is considered an important renewable energy source but still there is some controversy about its environmental toxicity, especially to aquatic life. In our study, the toxicity of water soluble fraction of biodiesel was evaluated in relatively low concentrations using a battery of bioassays: Vibrio fischeri bioluminescence inhibition, Sinapis alba root growth inhibition, Daphnia magna immobilization, boar semen live/dead ratio and DNA fragmentation and Unio pictorum micronucleus test. While the S. alba test indicated nutritive (stimulating) effect of the sample, the biodiesel exerted toxic effect in the aquatic tests. D. magna was the most sensitive with EC50 value of 0.0226%. For genotoxicity assessment, the mussel micronucleus test (MNT) was applied, detecting considerable genotoxic potential of the biodiesel sample: it elucidated micronuclei formation already at low concentration of 3.3%. Although this test has never been employed in biodiesel eco/genotoxicity assessments, it seems a promising tool, based on its appropriate sensitivity, and representativity.

Toxic Effects of Water Soluble Fractions of Crude Oil, Diesel and Gasoline on Ceratophyllum Demersum

Abstract- Oil exploration and exploitation has resulted in oil pollution in the Niger Delta. This study investigated the toxicity of water soluble fractions (WSFs) of crude oil, diesel fuel and gasoline on Ceratophyllum demersum (L). The parameters measured include fresh weight, biomass production and relative growth rate. The water soluble fractions concentrations used were 25%, 50% 100% for crude oil and diesel and 5%, 10%, 20% were used for gasoline. Results from the study showed that at 25% WSF of crude oil and diesel fuel and 5% WSF of gasoline, there was significant increase (P < 0.05) in fresh weight, biomass production and relative growth rate of Ceratophyllum demersum. While increase in concentration resulted in decrease in the growth parameters. High concentrations of Water Soluble Fractions of gasoline were the most toxic followed by diesel fuel. This study showed that low concentration of water soluble fractions of petroleum hydrocarbons enhanced growth while high concentration was toxic to the aquatic macrophyte. 
 Keywords: Crude oil, diesel, gasoline, Ceratophyllum demersum.

Acute Toxicity of Water Soluble Fraction of Crude Oil to the Early Life Stages of the African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus)

Acute Toxicity of Water Soluble Fraction of Crude Oil to the Early Life Stages of the African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus)

Toxicity of Water-Soluble Fractions of Four Fuels for Metamysidopsis insularis, an Indigenous Tropical Mysid Species

The toxicity of the water-soluble fraction (WSF) of four fuels (leaded gasoline, unleaded gasoline, diesel, Jet A-1) to Metamysidopsis insularis, an indigenous tropical mysid species was determined. Approximately 10 000 barrels (bbl) of fuel are consumed daily in Trinidad and Tobago, and about 50 000 bbl are exported. Accidental discharges at points of transfer as well as from inadequate storage facilities, can pose a significant contamination risk to the environment. Organisms were assayed with the WSF under both UV and fluorescent lights. The WSF was prepared using different fuel/seawater (v/v) mixtures. It was found that organisms exposed to diesel, Jet A-1 and unleaded gasoline showed similar toxicological responses under both light regimes, and were more toxic than the leaded gasoline. The results also showed that none of these fuels show photo-induced toxicity. The WSF of the 0.1% mixtures of unleaded gasoline, diesel and Jet A-1 were acutely toxic to M. insularis. However, for the leaded gasoline, only the 0.5% mixture was acutely toxic. The high toxicity of these fuels may be due to the presence of light, more soluble fractions. It is therefore likely that these fuels will have significant impacts in our local environment, if any spills occur.

Comparative Toxicity of Water Soluble Fractions of Four Oils on the Growth of a Microalga

Comparative Toxicity of Water Soluble Fractions of Four Oils on the Growth of a Microalga

Acute toxicity of water soluble fractions derived from a coal liquid (SCR-II) to three aquatic organisms

Acute toxicity screening tests were conducted with water soluble fractions (WSFs) of a solvent refined coal (SRC-II) liquid from a pilot plant and three reference organisms: the cladoceran Daphnia magna, the fathead (FH) minnow Pimephales promelas, and larvae of the midge fly Chironomus tentans. Stock WSFs typically contained 900 to 1100 mg l−1 total carbon (TC) and 700 to 800 mg l−1 total dye complexable phenolics, with lower concentrations of aromatic and saturate hydrocarbons and N compounds. Under standard test conditions (temperature 20 °C, pH 7.3 to 8.2 and hardness 65 to 80 mg l−1 CaCO3), mean LC50 values in mg l− TC were 3.3 for daphnia, 11.l for FH minnow, and 13.7 for midge larvae. Acute toxicity was also examined under other water quality conditions (temperature 10 or 25 °C, pH 6.0 or 6.5, and hardness ≅ 180 to 220 mg 1−1 CaCO3). The coal liquid was less toxic to daphnids at 10 °C than at 20 or 25 °C, but response of other organisms at different temperatures varied. The pH of the liquid had little effect on toxicity values. All organisms were less susceptible in hard water. Chemical compositions of stock WSFs were similar, suggesting that temperature, pH, and hardness had little effect on solubility of major synfucl components. Dilution indexes for stock WSFs were higher than for petroleum oils, and reflect the greater solubility of chemicals from the liquified coal in freshwater.

Toxicity of a coal liquefaction product to aquatic organisms.

As coal liquefaction processes approach commercialization in the United States, there is a growing need for information on their potential environmental impacts. Past oil spill experiences will not be adequate for predicting the effects of coal-derived oils, because the latter are chemically quite different from petroleum products. Using acute bioassay tests, a representative coal liquefaction product was compared with a petroluem-derived residual fuel oil and a diesel fuel, materials whose ecological effects have been documented following actual spills over the past 15 years. The acute toxicity of water soluble fractions (WSFs) of the three oils to two freshwater algae and one freshwater crustacean was determined. The WSFs were tested instead of the whole oils because (a) the water soluble components of an oil are responsible for most of its acute toxicity; and (b) while spilled oil can be contained and often recovered, the water with which it comes in contact will affect a larger area and for a longer time.

Assessment of acute toxicity of water soluble fraction of diesel on two species of marine microalgae

Acute toxicity of water soluble fraction (WSF) of diesel fuel was assessed by evaluating its effects on growth of two marine microalgae, Isochrysis and Chaetoceros. Pure cultures of each of the two microalgae were exposed to concentrations of 0% (controls), 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% of diesel WSF (in triplicates) and allowed to grow for 96 hours. Cell density was determined in each of the culture vessels every 24 hour. Cell density growth rate in every treatment, percentage growth inhibition by various concentrations and IC50 of diesel WSF on the two microalgae were determined following standard methods. While control cultures recorded exponential growth within 96 hour, the four WSF concentrations resulted in inhibition of cell growth of the two microalgae species every 24 hour. Cell growth inhibition effect increased significantly (p<0.05) from 5% to 20% WSF exposure in Isochrysis and Chaetoceros with 100% and 98% growth inhibition in the two species by 20% WSF after 96 hour. Diesel WSF had IC50 of 7.59% and 8.08% against Isochrysis and Chaetoceros respectively. Growth inhibition effects of WSF against the two species were not significantly different (p>0.05). Ecological implications of the growth inhibition effects of diesel WSF microalgae were discussed.Key Words: Cell density, water soluble fraction (WSF), concentration, growth inhibition, 96 hour IC50, Isochrysis, Chaetoceros