Toxicity In Aquatic Environment Research Articles

Rapid screening of acetylcholinesterase active contaminants in water: A solid phase microextraction-based ligand fishing approach

Effect-directed analysis (EDA) has been increasingly used for screening toxic contaminants in the environment, but conventional EDA procedures are often time-consuming and labor-extensive. This challenges the use of EDA for toxicant identification in the scenarios when quick answers are demanded. Herein, a solid phase microextraction ligand fishing (SPME-LF) strategy has been proposed as a rapid EDA approach for identifying acetylcholinesterase (AChE) active compounds in water. The feasibility of ligand fishing techniques for screening AChE active chemicals from environmental mixtures was first verified by a membrane separation method. Then, SPME fibers were prepared through self-assembly of boronic acid groups with AChE via co-bonding and applied for SPME-LF. As AChE coated SPME fibers selectively enriched AChE-active compounds from water, comparing sorbing compounds by the SPME fibers with and without AChE coating can quickly distinguish AChE toxicants in mixtures. Compared with conventional EDA, SPME-LF does not require repeating sample separations and bioassays, endowing SPME-LF with the merits of low-cost, labor-saving, and user-friendly. It is believed that cost-efficient and easy-to-use SPME-LF strategy can potentially be a rapid EDA method for screening receptor-specific toxicants in aquatic environment, especially applicable in time-sensitive screening.

Combined neurotoxicity of aged microplastics and thiamethoxam in the early developmental stages of zebrafish (Daniorerio)

Microplastics (MPs) pollution, together with its consequential effect on aquatic biota, represent a burgeoning environmental concern that has garnered significant scholarly attention. Thiamethoxam (TMX), a prevalently utilized neonicotinoid insecticide, is renowned for its neurotoxic impact and selective action against targeted pests. The aquatic environment serves as a receptacle for numerous pollutants, such as MPs and neonicotinoid insecticides. However, there is currently a lack of comprehensive understanding regarding the toxic effects of co-exposure to aged MPs and neonicotinoid insecticides in aquatic organisms. Therefore, we endeavor to elucidate the deleterious impacts of aged polystyrene (PS) and TMX on zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae when present at environmentally relevant concentrations, and to reveal the underlying molecular mechanisms driving these effects. Our study showed that exposure to aged PS, TMX, or their combination notably inhibited the heart rate and locomotion of zebrafish larvae, with a pronounced effect observed under combined exposure. Aged PS and TMX were found to diminish the activity of antioxidative enzymes (SOD, CAT, and GST), elevate MDA levels, and disrupt neurotransmitter homeostasis (5-HT, GABA and ACh). Notably, the mixtures exhibited synergistic effects. Moreover, gene expression related to oxidative stress (e.g., gstr1, gpx1a, sod1, cat1, p38a, ho-1, and nrf2b) and neurotransmission (e.g., ache, ChAT, gat1, gabra1, 5ht1b, and 5ht1aa) was significantly altered upon co-exposure to aged PS and TMX in larval zebrafish. In summary, our findings support the harmful effects of aged MPs and the neonicotinoid insecticides they carry on aquatic organisms. Results from this study enhance our understanding of the biological risks of MPs and insecticides, as well as help fill existing knowledge gaps on neonicotinoid insecticides and MPs coexistence toxicity in aquatic environment.

DISSECTING BIOCHEMICAL MECHANISMS THAT MEDIATE TOLERANCE TO MILITARY CHEMICAL STRESSORS IN DIVERSE MALACOLOGICAL SYSTEMS

The ongoing military conflict in Ukraine has severely contaminated freshwater ecosystems with heavy metal pollutants including lead from ammunition and explosives. This study investigates the physiological and biochemical mechanisms of resistance in the freshwater mollusks. This study examines how freshwater mollusks, specifically Planorbarius corneus and Viviparus viviparus, resist lead compounds. Lead pollution from military activities poses a significant threat to aquatic life due to its toxicity and bioaccumulation. The research investigated species-specific responses to lead exposure, revealing differences in adaptations. Both mollusk species showed increased levels of carotenoids and proteins when exposed to higher lead concentrations, indicating a compensatory response to oxidative stress. These findings enhance our understanding of adaptive mechanisms against lead toxicity in aquatic environments affected by military pollution.

Highly efficient hexavalent chromium removal on polyethylenimine@NH2-MIL-101(Cr) composite

ABSTRACT Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) is regarded as a water pollutant because of its high toxicity in aquatic environments. In this study, polyethyleneimine-functionalised NH2-MIL-101(Cr) (PEI@NH2-MIL-101(Cr)) was fabricated by a facile wet impregnation method, and its effectiveness at removing Cr(VI) from wastewater was systematically investigated. As suggested by the experimental findings, pH was a significant determinant of Cr(VI) uptake by the fabricated PEI@NH2-MIL-101(Cr). Preferable depiction of adsorption system was achievable with the Langmuir adsorption model and the pseudo-order 2 kinetic model. At 288, 298, and 308 K, the highest adsorbability values were 241.55, 310.56, and 408.16 mg g−1, respectively. Processes like electrostatic attraction, reduction and chelation helped promote the Cr(VI) elimination. S O 4 2 − ions had a relatively large impact on the Cr(VI) adsorption compared with other coexisting ions such as N O 3 − , Cl− and H 2 P O 4 − 1 . Because of its properties of high adsorption capacity and Cr(VI) detoxification, the potential of PEI@NH2-MIL-101(Cr) in the Cr(VI) elimination from wastewater appears to be promising.

Concerns for Human Health Relating to Methylmercury (MeHg) Toxicity in Aquatic Environment: A Systematic Literature Review

Mercury poses serious health risks to people, and during the last century, its contamination of the ocean's surface has more than doubled. As a result, authorities and organizations have taken measures to shield people from exposure to this dangerous substance. Mercury pollution mainly comes from many anthropogenic activities, such as burning coal and other industrial processes. In addition to polluting food chains in marine and coastal ecosystems, these operations released mercury into the environment, which subsequently accumulated in fish and was ingested by people. Fish eating from marine, estuarine, and freshwater sources is to blame for more than 90% of MeHg (methylmercury) exposure in the United States and most other regions of the world. This systematic review describes the biotransformation of Hg into MeHg, the entry of MeHg into the aquatic food chain/food web, and the bioaccumulation process of MeHg. This article also describes MeHg toxicity in fish. It focuses on the effects of exposure to MeHg on biochemical, histological, and neurological outcomes in humans, as evident from various epidemiological sources.

Oxytetracycline-induced oxidative liver damage by disturbed mitochondrial dynamics and impaired enzyme antioxidants in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides)

Oxytetracycline (OTC), a commonly used tetracycline antibiotic in aquaculture, has been found to cause significant damage to the liver of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). This study revealed that OTC can lead to severe histopathological damage, structural changes at the cellular level, and increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in M. salmoides. Meanwhile, OTC impairs the activities of antioxidant enzyme (such as T-SOD, CAT, GST, GR) by suppressing the activation of MAPK/Nrf2 pathway. OTC disrupts mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy through via PINK1/Parkin pathway. The accumulation of damaged mitochondria, combined with the inhibition of the antioxidant enzyme system, contributes to elevated ROS levels and oxidative liver damage in M. salmoides. Further investigations demonstrated that an enzyme-treated soy protein (ETSP) dietary supplement can help maintain mitochondrial dynamic balance by inhibiting the PINK1/Parkin pathway and activate the MAPK/Nrf2 pathway to counteract oxidative damage. In summary, these findings highlight that exposure to OTC disrupts mitochondrial dynamics and inhibits the antioxidant enzyme system, ultimately exacerbating oxidative liver damage in M. salmoides. We propose the use of a dietary supplement as a preventive measure against OTC-related side effects, providing valuable insights into the mechanisms of antibiotic toxicity in aquatic environments.

Polystyrene microplastics reduce Cr(VI) and decrease its aquatic toxicity under simulated sunlight.

Microplastics (MPs) serve as vectors for chromium (Cr), influencing its fate and toxicity in aquatic environments, and have attracted much attention recently. However, it is still unknown whether MPs mediate Cr species transformation under sunlight irradiation. This study confirmed that polystyrene (PS) MPs could reduce Cr(VI) to Cr(III) under sunlight irradiation, with a photoreduction rate constant of 0.0023h-1. PS MPs-mediated Cr(VI) reduction was predominantly dependent on O2•- and simultaneously suppressed by 1O2, •OH and 3PS*. Aged PS MPs were exposed to simulated sunlight irradiation for 0, 200, 500, and 800h, and Cr(VI) reduction was hindered by increased 1O2 and •OH formation and light-screening effects (decreased photon absorption). The size, functional groups and concentration of PS MPs and environmental factors (e.g., humic acid, pH, Mg2+, Fe3+ and O2) strongly affected Cr(VI) reduction. Furthermore, Cr(VI) reduction induced by PS MPs could occur in reservoir water, and the reduction rate was faster than that in double distilled (DD) water. Correspondingly, PS MPs (1mg/L) decreased the oxidative stress induced by Cr(VI) to Lemna minor in reservoir water after 96h of sunlight irradiation. This study provided deep insight into how PS MPs affect Cr species transformations and hazardous effects in realistic aquatic environments under sunlight conditions.

Effect of dissolved organic matter on the bioavailability and toxicity of cadmium in zebrafish larvae: Determination based on toxicokinetic–toxicodynamic processes

The presence of dissolved organic matter (DOM) strongly influences the bioavailability of metals in aquatic environments; however, the association between the binding activities and the concentrations of DOM compositions is not well documented, leading to uncertainties in metal toxicity assessment. We creatively quantify the mitigation and acceleration effects of DOM compositions on cadmium (Cd) bioaccumulation and toxicity in zebrafish larvae using abiotic ligand (ABLs) and biotic ligand (BLs) in a toxicokinetic–toxicodynamic (TK–TD) model. The BL–TK–TD model could accurately predict the protective effect of fulvic acid while overestimating the complexing capacity of citric acid. The model also could successfully simulate the protective effects of native DOM in most cases from 32 natural water bodies in China. The observed LC50 values of Cd showed a peak effect for the native DOM fraction comprising hydrophilic acidic contents (3.55 ± 0.44 mg L − 1) in natural water from 32 sites. The BL–TK–TD model provides practically useful information to identify the effect of different DOM compositions on metal bioavailability and toxicity in aquatic environments and guides future water management policies aimed at controlling aquatic heavy metal pollution.

Assessment of oxidative DNA damage, apoptosis and histopathological alterations on zebrafish exposed with green silver nanoparticle

ABSTRACT The effect of green synthesis approaches in NP synthesis and their possible toxicity in aquatic environments has been very limitedly studied. In this study, VA-Ag / AC NPs were synthesised using Viscum album plant as a reducing agent and Chenopodium album (CA) plant as an active carbon source. TEM (Transmission Electron Microscope) and XRD (X-ray crystallography) analysis of the synthesised VA-Ag / AC NPs were performed to detect their morphological and chemical properties. The inducing of oxidative stress and the effectiveness of VA-Ag/AC NPs in neurotoxic pathways and teratogenic changes in aquatic organisms have been investigated. In addition, a modelling was created to elucidate the toxicity mechanism. The results revealed that green synthesised VA-Ag/AC NPs nanoparticles are approximately 1600 times less toxic than nanoparticles synthesised by different methods. It had been determined that only high doses of VA-Ag/AC NPs nanoparticles cause neurological, histopathological and morphological changes. The findings in this study for VA-Ag/AC NPs, which are the evidence of the complexity of their mode of action at the cellular level, are a first in the aquatic ecosystem and require different findings regarding the stability and safety of such synthesis products.

Comparison of sub-lethal metabolic perturbations of select legacy and novel perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) in Daphnia magna

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a class of pollutants of concern due to their ubiquitous presence, persistence, and toxicity in aquatic environments. Legacy PFAS pollutants such as perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) have been more widely studied in aquatic environments. However, replacement PFAS, such as ammonium perfluoro (2-methyl-3-oxahexanoate; GenX) are increasingly being detected with little known information surrounding their toxicity. Here, Daphnia magna, a model organism for freshwater ecotoxicology was used to compare the acute sub-lethal toxicity of PFOS, PFOA, GenX, and PFAS mixtures. Using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), the targeted polar metabolic profile extracted from single Daphnia was quantified to investigate perturbations in the exposure groups versus the unexposed organisms. Multivariate statistical analyses demonstrated significant non-monotonic separation in PFOA, GenX, and PFAS mixture exposures. Sub-lethal exposure to concentrations of PFOS did not lead to significant separation in multivariate analyses. Univariate statistics and pathway analyses were used to elucidate the mode of action of PFAS exposure. Exposure to all individual PFAS led to significant perturbations in many amino acids including cysteine, histidine, tryptophan, glycine, and serine. These perturbations are consistent with biochemical pathway disruptions in the pantothenate and Coenzyme A (CoA) biosynthesis, thiamine metabolism, histidine metabolism, and aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis pathways. Overall, the collected metabolomic data is consistent with disruptions in energy metabolism and protein synthesis as the primary mode of action of sub-lethal PFAS exposure. Secondary modes of action among individual pollutant exposures demonstrated that the structural properties (carboxylic acid vs. sulfonic acid group) may play a role in the metabolic perturbations observed. Sub-lethal exposure to PFAS mixtures highlighted a mixed response when compared to the individual pollutants (PFOS, PFOA, and GenX). Overall, this study emphasizes the niche capability of environmental metabolomics to differentiate secondary modes of action from metabolic perturbations in both single pollutant and pollutant mixtures within the same chemical class.

Effect of pesticide toxicity in aquatic environments: A recent review

Pesticides are widely used in modern agriculture to enhance the quantity and quality of yield in an effective and economical manner, leading to improved food security worldwide. Organochlorines, organophosphates, carbamates and pyrethroids are the four major groups of pesticides used. However, with increasing pesticide use, especially in developing countries, the risk of its toxicity caused by them is on the rise. Despite a low per hectare use of pesticides in India, their injudicious use has led to the presence of pesticide residues in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. It has been observed that major riverine ecosystems like Ganges, Yamuna, Cauvery, Tapi and many others show the presence of pesticides in the water column as well as the river bed sediments. Pesticides tend to bioaccumulate in the food chain. Agricultural runoff into aquatic systems raises the risk of exposure of pesticides to non-target species, leading to adverse consequences on the ecosystem. In this review, an attempt has been made to critically review the usage of pesticides in India, their entry into riverine ecosystems and the impact of pesticides on freshwater microorganisms, invertebrates and vertebrates. The review of legislation in India to control pesticide usage shows that proper implementation of the laws is needed on an urgent basis.

Strategies for robust designs in toxicological tests

Toxicological tests are widely used to study toxicity in aquatic environments. Reproduction is a possible endpoint of this type of experiment, whose response variable is given by counts. There is a literature on the most suitable probability distribution to be used for analyzing the data. In the theory of optimal experimental design, the assumption of this probability distribution is essential, and when this assumption is not appropriate, there may be a loss of efficiency in the design obtained. The main objective of this study is to propose robust designs when there is uncertainty about the probability distribution of the response variable. Three different strategies for attaining this goal are introduced and compared, and they are then applied to toxicological tests based on Ceriodaphnia dubia and Lemna minor. In addition, a simulation study is performed to test the estimation properties of the robust designs obtained.

Antidote or Trojan horse for submerged macrophytes: Role of microplastics in copper toxicity in aquatic environments

Due to their unique surface structures and physicochemical properties, microplastics (MPs) can adsorb other contaminants, thus impacting their toxicity and fate in aquatic ecosystems. In the present study, the adsorption and transportation of copper ions (Cu2+) in polyethylene (PE, 5 and 150 μm) and their combined effects on four submerged macrophyte species were assessed. Results demonstrated that the addition of PE reduced the Cu2+ concentration in copper sulfate (CuSO4) solution and the adsorption of Cu2+ in PE (10 mg/L) increased with CuSO4 concentration (100–600 μmol/L). PE alone exhibited no inhibitory effects on macrophytes, while Cu2+ showed fatal toxicity toward the macrophytes. However, the combination of PE and Cu2+ showed lower inhibitory effects on macrophytes and the toxicity attenuation varied among species. Additionally, PE may act as a carrier (like a Trojan horse) for the environmental transfer of Cu2+, thereby hosting Cu2+ toxicity against macrophytes in the imported environment. Our findings indicate that PE acts as both an antidote to and carrier of Cu2+ toxicity in macrophytes. This study should help in clarifying the combined effects and risk assessments of MPs and heavy metals in future studies.

A comprehensive review of the circulation of microplastics in aquatic ecosystem using scientometric method.

Nowadays, the extensive application of microplastics (MPs) has led to the gradual accumulation of toxicity in aquatic environment and caused potential harm to aquatic organisms and human life, which has become a hot issue of worldwide concern. Although MPs show inert or sublethal toxicity in many cases, its long-term existence can still cause harmful ecological effects. However, to our knowledge, there is a lack of comprehensive literature on the current research hotspots, circulation process, and future development trend of MPs in aquatic ecosystem. This study aims to comprehend the current research hotspots and future development trend in the field of the MPs in aquatic ecosystem using scientometric method. And the circulation process of MPs in aquatic ecosystem is also investigated. The results indicate the most of the current publications on MPs in aquatic ecosystems focus on the formation and harmful properties of MPs. The current research hotspots mainly include the causes of the formation of MPs, the extent of contamination, deposition phenomena, and the toxicity and harm caused to aquatic organisms and humans after ingestion. And the future trends in the researches related to MPs mainly include the study of microplastic cycling processes in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, as well as the effective collection of microplastics and their conversion into valuable carbon sources. This review has filled in the knowledge gap in the field of MPs research in aquatic ecosystem to some extent and plays a guiding role in the future researches.

Study on interactions of amino acid with food additive ammonium acetate: An environment friendly approach

Considering the biological importance of amino acids and proteins, the objective of this work is to study the physico-chemical and thermodynamic properties of amino acid with food additives. Volumetric studies were performed on a nonessential amino acid, glutamic acid (Glu) solutions of different concentrations in water and aqueous ammonium acetate (AA) at T = 293.15–313.15 K. AA is used as a biodegradable deicing agent. Parameters like density, apparent molar volume and partial molar volume conclude that stronger ion-ion, ion-hydrophilic and hydrophilic-hydrophilic interactions between zwitterionic centers (COO- and NH3+) and polar groups of Glu (COOH and NH2) and ions present in aqueous AA dominate the hydrophobic interactions. Structure making or breaking properties of Glu in absence and in presence of AA in solution were estimated in terms of temperature derivatives of apparent molar volume at infinite dilution. Glu is found to act as a structure maker in aqueous solution whereas the presence of ions of AA hinders the structure making ability of Glu. Existence of ion pair interactions are established between ionic end groups of Glu and AA in solution. The results of the study showed the type and extent of interactions between Glu and AA and suggest that appropriate quantity of food additives should be present in water bodies to minimize toxicity of aquatic environment.

Study of Mechanisms Used by Algae to Decrease The Silver Toxicity in Aquatic Environment

In the study SEM, EDS, TEM and UV-vis analysis were used to investigate the biosorption, bioaccumulation and bioprecipitation/bioreduction of silver by freshwater green alga Parachlorella kessleri and to shed light on the reasons of biological silver nanoparticleproduction. When dead biomass of P. kessleri was used for silver removal, majority of silver (75%) was removed within2 min. Biosorption was probably the main mechanisms responsible for Ag+ ions removal from aqueous solutions. However, whenbehaviour of living biomass in the presence of silver ions was studied, the decrease of silver concentration was slower (68% within24 hours) with subsequent increase of silver concentration in the solution and extracellular formation of silver nanoparticles. Theformed AgNPs exhibited a lower toxicity against tested organisms. Algal cells probably used the formation of nanoparticles combinedwith rapid biosorption as detoxification mechanisms against silver toxicity. Bioaccumulation inside the cells played only aminor role in the detoxification process.

TOXIC EFFECTS OF LEAD ON FISH AND HUMAN

Bioaccumulation is a characteristic aspect in toxicity caused by Pb exposure. Toxic effects are induced in fish due to Pb exposure effecting its biochemical and physiological functions. Exposure pathway (dietary and waterborne), environmental factors (salt-water or fresh water) and Pb binding capacity with protein, SH and sulfur group decide accumulation pattern of Pb exposure. Activation of antioxidant responses like TBARS, GSH, GST, CAT and SOD occurs in fish for its protection in response to the oxidative stresses induced in fish due to Pb accumulation. Disruption of neurotransmitter function also occurs due to Pb accumulation which causes neurotoxicity in fish. Pb interaction also disturbs immune system responses. In fish, various systems are affected due to Pb toxic exposure which can be used as an indicator of toxicity in aquatic environment.

Effects of MnO2 crystal structure on the sorption and oxidative reactivity toward thallium(I)

• Tl(I) uptake affinity decreased as: δ-MnO 2 > α-MnO 2 > γ-MnO 2 > β-MnO 2 > λ-MnO 2 . • α-MnO 2 exhibited the strongest oxidation ability for Tl(I). • Tl(I) was scarcely oxidized by β-MnO 2 over a wide range of pH values. • TlOH was involved in the redox process at alkaline pH conditions. Manganese dioxides (MnO 2 ) with a high affinity for thallium (Tl), strongly influence its fate and toxicity in aquatic environments. The crystal structure of MnO 2 plays a critical role in their activity for the uptake of heavy metals. However, few studies have examined the differences in interactions between Tl and various crystal structured MnO 2 . In this study, the fundamental data on the sorption and oxidative reactivity of Tl(I) by MnO 2 with five known crystal structures (δ-, α-, γ-, β-, λ-MnO 2 ) was obtained at different pH values (5, 7, 12). The results showed that the uptake of Tl followed the order of δ-MnO 2 > α-MnO 2 > γ-MnO 2 > β-MnO 2 > λ-MnO 2 , and increased with increasing pH for each MnO 2 . Moreover, α-MnO 2 exhibited the strongest oxidation ability for Tl(I) at all the tested pH values, while β-MnO 2 could scarcely oxidize aqueous Tl(I). However, for δ-MnO 2, γ-MnO 2 and λ-MnO 2 , the extent of Tl(I) oxidation was much larger at pH 12 than at pH 5 or 7, which was ascribed to the active species of TlOH involved in the redox process. Besides, the sorption of Tl(I) led to a decrease in crystallinity of δ-MnO 2 and α-MnO 2 but slightly impacted the structure of γ-MnO 2 , β-MnO 2 and λ-MnO 2 . These findings might contribute to understanding the immobilization processes of Tl by different crystal structured MnO 2 at various pH conditions.

Potential Complexing Ability of Surface Water Organic Matter: II. Toxicity of Metal-Containing Aquatic Environment

The results of biotesting the toxicity of natural water from the upper section of the Kanev reservoir and Lake Verbnoe before and after addition of 500 μg/L Al(III), Fe(III), and Cu(II) using juveniles of Daphnia magna Straus are discussed. The toxicity of the aquatic environment was assumed to be determined by the presence therein of a labile fraction of metals, primarily Cu(II) as potentially bioavailable. The concentrations of Allab, Felab, and Culab in the original natural water from the Kanev reservoir and Lake Verbnoe were estimated at 20.0, 27.5, and 6.8 μg/L and 20.2, 68.7, and 11.2 μg/L, respectively. The metals under study and at such concentrations did not show acute toxicity for juveniles of Daphnia magna Straus. In natural water with metal additives, the concentrations of Allab, Felab, and Culab decreased from 500 μg/L at the beginning of the experiment to 138, 70, and 34 μg/L, respectively, on the 28th day of the experiment, which was reflected in the results of biotesting. In the control (purified tap water), the concentrations of Allab, Felab, and Culab by the end of the experiment were 98, 217, and 105 μg/L, respectively, and acute toxicity persisted throughout the experiment. Water from the Kanev reservoir and Lake Verbnoe no longer showed acute toxicity only after the 14th and 28th day, and the corresponding Culab, Allab, and Felab concentrations were 70 and 34 μg/L, 200 and 212 μg/L, and 114 and 70 μg/L. The acute toxicity of Cu(II) without addition of Al(III) and Fe(III) was observed at a concentration of 230 μg/L, whereas Cu(II) in combination with Al(III) and Fe(III) showed acute toxicity at a lower concentration (50 μg/L).

Impact of Pesticide Toxicity in Aquatic Environment

The intensified agricultural crop production for growing high yield varieties requires the indiscriminate use of pesticides and fertilizers, which protect the crop from pests, thus helps in improving the quality and quantity of crops. The aquatic environment gets contaminated by the application of pesticides through several routes: runoff, spray drift, and leaching, which pose serious health risks to the aquatic ecosystem as well as to human beings. This exposure can directly affect all levels of biological organization, including primary producers, microorganisms, invertebrates, or fish. Thus, monitoring methods should be adopted for controlling the runoff events in the spraying method, such as suspended matter sampler for particle-associated pesticides that can be used for controlling the number of toxic substances in water bodies.