Toxic Waste Products Research Articles

Dichloroacetate for Cancer Treatment: Some Facts and Many Doubts.

Rarely has a chemical elicited as much controversy as dichloroacetate (DCA). DCA was initially considered a dangerous toxic industrial waste product, then a potential treatment for lactic acidosis. However, the main controversies started in 2008 when DCA was found to have anti-cancer effects on experimental animals. These publications showed contradictory results in vivo and in vitro such that a thorough consideration of this compound's in cancer is merited. Despite 50 years of experimentation, DCA's future in therapeutics is uncertain. Without adequate clinical trials and health authorities' approval, DCA has been introduced in off-label cancer treatments in alternative medicine clinics in Canada, Germany, and other European countries. The lack of well-planned clinical trials and its use by people without medical training has discouraged consideration by the scientific community. There are few thorough clinical studies of DCA, and many publications are individual case reports. Case reports of DCA's benefits against cancer have been increasing recently. Furthermore, it has been shown that DCA synergizes with conventional treatments and other repurposable drugs. Beyond the classic DCA target, pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase, new target molecules have also been recently discovered. These findings have renewed interest in DCA. This paper explores whether existing evidence justifies further research on DCA for cancer treatment and it explores the role DCA may play in it.

Innovative strategy for comprehensive utilization of vanadium slag: Maximizing valuable metals recovery and minimizing hazardous waste generation

Compared to traditional methods, which faced challenges such as enormous toxic waste and low efficiency, self-pressure acid leaching (SPAL) presented a promising solution for the cleaner production of vanadium slag (VS). Under controlled conditions, the structure of vanadium slag (VS) could be disrupted by SPAL. Meticulous optimization of the SPAL process parameters had resulted in remarkable recovery efficiency: 97.72 % for vanadium, 86.09 % for chromium, 90.27 % for manganese, and 94.73 % for iron at 433 K. Mechanism studies revealed that titanium and silicon followed a "dissolution before precipitation" mechanism and ultimately enriched in the non-toxic residue. Importantly, due to the absence of extra oxidants, all metal ions in the leaching solution remained in a low valence state, effectively eliminating the generation of toxic V(V) and Cr(VI). This approach holds significant promise for the efficient and environmentally friendly recovery of valuable metals from VS, while minimizing the production of toxic waste.

Immobilization of ionic liquids (ILs) on magnetic mesoporous silica nanotubes: A high throughput and reusable nanocatalyst for the green synthesis of indeno[1,2-b]indolone derivatives

The acidic ionic liquid supported on the magnetic mesoporous silica nanotubes (M-MSNTs/IL) was prepared as a new magnetic catalyst and fully characterized with FE-SEM, HR-TEM, EDS, TGA, BET, VSM, FT-IR, EDX, elemental mapping and XPS. The template of catalyst was magnetic aminated MWCNTs (M-MWCNTs/CONHBu), which removed through calcination process and magnetic mesoporous silica nanotubes (M-MSNTs) were obtained and functionalized using adenine based ionic liquid. The prepared catalyst was successfully applied as a new reusable heterogeneous catalyst for the one-pot three-component indeno[1,2-b]indole-9,10-dione derivatives in water at 75 °C. All of desired products were obtained in good to excellent yields (79–96 %) after relatively short reaction times. M-MSNTs/IL also exhibited a remarkable performance with TOF of 61.2 h-1 and TON of 86.7. The use of M-MSNTs/IL catalyst in the synthesis of indeno[1,2-b]indole-9,10-dione derivatives revealed several advantages including mild reaction conditions, high yield of pure products, clean reaction conditions, avoiding the production of toxic waste, chemical stability of the catalyst, low amount and reusability of catalyst. In addition, the applied nanocatalyst was recovered with an external magnet and reused 6 times without considerable reduction in its catalytic activity.

Photocatalytic Degradation of Crystal Violet Dye Using Iron Oxide Nanoparticles

Increased industrial population causes water pollution. The release of toxic waste products from various industries become a major environmental issue. There are several methods for water decontamination and the advanced oxidation process (AOP) is one of them. The AOP’s rate can be increased using a variety of nanoparticles as a catalyst to degrade contaminants dyes like Crystal violet (CV). Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) are one of the most suitable materials to deal with this environmental issue because of their easy reusability along with high reactive surface area and easy to synthesize. Considering this, using the co-precipitation method iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) were synthesised in the present work. The as-prepared nanoparticles are then systematically characterized by various analytical tools. The XRD and FTIR suggest the crystalline structure and surface functional groups of the IONPs. The zeta potential study depicts the surface charge of nanoparticles within the colloidal solution. Additionally, the catalytic activity of IONPs was studied by the photo-Fenton process. The utilization of various catalytic parameters like pH (3–7), catalyst dosage (100–400 mg), dye concentration (0.025–0.1 mM) and H2O2 concentration (2–8 mM) has enhanced the effectiveness of the photo-Fenton process for the efficient removal of organic pollutant. Degradation efficiency was observed to be 94% after 90 minutes in the treatment of 5 mg nanoparticles with 0.05 mM dye solution. This magnetically recyclable catalyst will facilitate the advancement of water treatment in an environmentally sustainable and cost-effective manner, with notable potential.

Grewia tenax-Mediated Silver Nanoparticles as Efficient Antibacterial and Antifungal Agents

Nanoparticles have gained immense interest as probable drug molecules against microbial infections. Metal nanoparticles synthesized via exploring the reduction potential and capping activity of plants were found to have remarkable antimicrobial activity. The synthesis was conducted without hazardous chemicals and generation of toxic waste products. The focus of the study was, therefore, to investigate the efficacy of silver nanoparticles biosynthesized using Grewia tenax leaf extract as an antibacterial, antibiofilm, and antifungal therapeutic agent. The silver nanoparticles (GTAgNPs) were synthesized using optimized conditions of 2.5 mM AgNO3 and 1 : 10 ratio of 10% extract at 37°C on continuous stirring. The characterization was done by UV-visible spectroscopy, DLS, SEM, zeta potential, and FTIR. The antibacterial activity of GTAgNPs against both Gram (+) Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus and Gram (−) Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria via zone of inhibition, MIC, and MBC was analysed. The inhibitory effect of silver nanoparticles on biofilm formation was also observed against these bacteria. These nanoparticles were then evaluated for their potential antifungal activity against Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger by observing fungal growth inhibition. The probable mechanism of antimicrobial activity by GTAgNPs was studied by scanning electron microscopy which showed the significant formation of pores on the cell surface in GTAgNPs-treated microbial cells, leading to the death of the microbial cell. All these studies concluded that GTAgNPs possess the potent antimicrobial potential and can be employed as antimicrobial therapeutic agents.

Interplay between the Glymphatic System and the Endocannabinoid System: Implications for Brain Health and Disease.

The intricate mechanisms governing brain health and function have long been subjects of extensive investigation. Recent research has shed light on two pivotal systems, the glymphatic system and the endocannabinoid system, and their profound role within the central nervous system. The glymphatic system is a recently discovered waste clearance system within the brain that facilitates the efficient removal of toxic waste products and metabolites from the central nervous system. It relies on the unique properties of the brain's extracellular space and is primarily driven by cerebrospinal fluid and glial cells. Conversely, the endocannabinoid system, a multifaceted signaling network, is intricately involved in diverse physiological processes and has been associated with modulating synaptic plasticity, nociception, affective states, appetite regulation, and immune responses. This scientific review delves into the intricate interconnections between these two systems, exploring their combined influence on brain health and disease. By elucidating the synergistic effects of glymphatic function and endocannabinoid signaling, this review aims to deepen our understanding of their implications for neurological disorders, immune responses, and cognitive well-being.

Bacterial efflux pump modulators prevent bacterial growth in macrophages and under broth conditions that mimic the host environment.

Bacterial efflux pumps are critical for resistance to antibiotics and for virulence. We previously identified small molecules that inhibit efflux pumps (efflux pump modulators, EPMs) and prevent pathogen replication in host cells. Here, we used medicinal chemistry to increase the activity of the EPMs against pathogens in cells into the nanomolar range. We show by cryo-electron microscopy that these EPMs bind an efflux pump subunit. In broth culture, the EPMs increase the potency (activity), but not the efficacy (maximum effect), of antibiotics. We also found that bacterial exposure to the EPMs appear to enable the accumulation of a toxic metabolite that would otherwise be exported by efflux pumps. Thus, inhibitors of bacterial efflux pumps could interfere with infection not only by potentiating antibiotics, but also by allowing toxic waste products to accumulate within bacteria, providing an explanation for why efflux pumps are needed for virulence in the absence of antibiotics.

Dental Waste - Management and Statistics

Waste management is a crucial issue in the contemporary world, playing a significant role in the fight against environmental problems. Inadequate waste management leads to the pollution of air, water, and soil with toxic and harmful substances and to the emission of greenhouse gases, thereby contributing to climate change, the reduction of biodiversity, and the destruction of ecosystems, as well as to the emergence of diseases and allergies in animals. The management of waste is primarily determined by its type and source, with recycling, incineration, and landfilling being the most common methods. The healthcare sector, with limited opportunities for waste reduction, has its own unique approach to waste management. In particular, dental waste presents a considerable environmental risk due to the hazardous and toxic substances it contains. A prime example of such substances is mercury (Hg), a toxic and bioaccumulative metal that was commonly used in dental amalgam for over a century. With the available statistical data, it is possible to recognize that dentistry can pose a serious threat to the environment, and steps can be taken to control and reduce the production of toxic waste and its potential impact on the environment.

Erythropoietin mitigated thioacetamide-induced renal injury via JAK2/STAT5 and AMPK pathway

The kidney flushes out toxic substances and metabolic waste products, and homeostasis is maintained owing to the kidney efforts. Unfortunately, kidney disease is one of the illnesses with a poor prognosis and a high death rate. The current investigation was set out to assess erythropoietin (EPO) potential therapeutic benefits against thioacetamide (TAA)-induced kidney injury in rats. EPO treatment improved kidney functions, ameliorated serum urea, creatinine, and malondialdehyde, increased renal levels of reduced glutathione, and slowed the rise of JAK2, STAT5, AMPK, and their phosphorylated forms induced by TAA. EPO treatment also greatly suppressed JAK2, Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases, and The Protein Kinase R-like ER Kinase gene expressions and mitigated the histopathological alterations brought on by TAA toxicity. EPO antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties protected TAA-damaged kidneys. EPO regulates AMPK, JAK2/STAT5, and pro-inflammatory mediator synthesis.

Implementing smart waste management system for a sustainable circular economy in the textile industry

In recent years, global supply chains (SCs) have envisioned redesigning their sourcing, production, and distribution processes due to sustainable production and consumption progression. This has led to the concept of a zero-waste circular economy (CE), which is gaining increasing attention in both developed and emerging economies. The textile industry, in particular, has a significant environmental impact due to the use of toxic chemicals and the production of toxic waste throughout the clothing value chain. While the textile industry in emerging economies is increasingly attempting to transition to a CE model by implementing Smart Waste Management Systems (SWMS), challenges persist due to the complex industry structure involving numerous stakeholders, changing consumer behavior, and lack of strong standards. To address this significant issue, this study addresses challenges faced by the textile industry in adopting SWMS, specifically in the context of an emerging economy. To systematically identify the significant challenges and analyze strategies to address these challenges, a research framework using a hybrid approach, namely the grey Analytical Network Process (ANP), has been developed. The study uses a case study of the textile industry in Bangladesh to validate the effectiveness of the framework. The findings suggest efficient monitoring and control of waste recovery is the most critical step in adopting SWMS. This study offers detailed and comparative insights into the framework of implementing SWMS in the textile industry. Additionally, this research is the first to undertake an analytical decision approach to map challenges and strategies in implementing SWMS. The study outcomes will be beneficial for industry practitioners to ensure efficient monitoring and control of waste recovery and help the industry move towards a sustainable CE.

Synthetic bacteria for the detection and bioremediation of heavy metals.

Toxic heavy metal accumulation is one of anthropogenic environmental pollutions, which poses risks to human health and ecological systems. Conventional heavy metal remediation approaches rely on expensive chemical and physical processes leading to the formation and release of other toxic waste products. Instead, microbial bioremediation has gained interest as a promising and cost-effective alternative to conventional methods, but the genetic complexity of microorganisms and the lack of appropriate genetic engineering technologies have impeded the development of bioremediating microorganisms. Recently, the emerging synthetic biology opened a new avenue for microbial bioremediation research and development by addressing the challenges and providing novel tools for constructing bacteria with enhanced capabilities: rapid detection and degradation of heavy metals while enhanced tolerance to toxic heavy metals. Moreover, synthetic biology also offers new technologies to meet biosafety regulations since genetically modified microorganisms may disrupt natural ecosystems. In this review, we introduce the use of microorganisms developed based on synthetic biology technologies for the detection and detoxification of heavy metals. Additionally, this review explores the technical strategies developed to overcome the biosafety requirements associated with the use of genetically modified microorganisms.

Effect of Dialysis on Biochemical Parameters in Chronic Renal Failure Patients: A Cross-sectional Study

Aims: Hemodialysis uses a semi-permeable membrane and electrochemical gradient to balance fluid and essential nutrient levels in the body. The kidneys perform this function in healthy individuals. The study aims to analyze the biochemical parameters of patients undergoing hemodialysis.
 Study Design: Cross-sectional study.
 Place and Duration of Study: The study enrolled 130 patients with chronic renal failure undergoing hemodialysis in King Khalid Hospital Tabuk, Saudi Arabia between January 2023 and February 2023.
 Methodology: The study applied correlation analysis to determine the nature of the relationships between the biochemical parameters during hemodialysis. Descriptive statistics were also used to determine the mean concentrations for the parameters during hemodialysis.
 Results: The concentrations of urea dropped from 45.12mmol/l from week one to 5.74mmol/l in week four. While the concentration of creatinine dropped from 761.53umol/l from week one to 160.60umol/l in week four. The study used correlation analysis to establish that there was a statistically significant strong positive correlation between urea and creatinine, calcium, iron, total iron binding capacity (TIBC), and albumin had their concentrations vary during dialysis weeks, with their concentrations increasing during some weeks and decreasing during others. It was also determined that there was a significant negative correlation between urea and TIBC.
 Conclusion: The study established that there was a significant reduction in the concentration of urea and creatinine during the fourth week of dialysis compared to the first week of dialysis. Therefore, dialysis helps to remove toxic waste products from the bloodstream.

Lights at night: does photobiomodulation improve sleep?

Sleep is a critical part of our daily routine. It impacts every organ and system of our body, from the brain to the heart and from cellular metabolism to immune function. A consistent daily schedule of quality of sleep makes a world of difference to our health and well-being. Despite its importance, so many individuals have trouble sleeping well. Poor quality sleep has such a detrimental impact on many aspects of our lives; it affects our thinking, learning, memory, and movements. Further, and most poignantly, poor quality sleep over time increases the risk of developing a serious medical condition, including neurodegenerative disease. In this review, we focus on a potentially new non-pharmacological treatment that improves the quality of sleep. This treatment, called photobiomodulation, involves the application of very specific wavelengths of light to body tissues. In animal models, these wavelengths, when applied at night, have been reported to stimulate the removal of fluid and toxic waste-products from the brain; that is, they improve the brain's inbuilt house-keeping function. We suggest that transcranial nocturnal photobiomodulation, by improving brain function at night, will help improve the health and well-being of many individuals, by enhancing the quality of their sleep.

CSF Dynamics: Implications for Hydrocephalus and Glymphatic Clearance.

Beyond its neuroprotective role, CSF functions to rid the brain of toxic waste products through glymphatic clearance. Disturbances in the circulation of CSF and glymphatic exchange are common among those experiencing HCP syndrome, which often results from SAH. Normally, the secretion of CSF follows a two-step process, including filtration of plasma followed by the introduction of ions, bicarbonate, and water. Arachnoid granulations are the main site of CSF absorption, although there are other influencing factors that affect this process. The pathway through which CSF is through to flow is from its site of secretion, at the choroid plexus, to its site of absorption. However, the CSF flow dynamics are influenced by the cardiovascular system and interactions between CSF and CNS anatomy. One, two, and three-dimensional models are currently methods researchers use to predict and describe CSF flow, both under normal and pathological conditions. They are, however, not without their limitations. "Rest-of-body" models, which consider whole-body compartments, may be more effective for understanding the disruption to CSF flow due to hemorrhages and hydrocephalus. Specifically, SAH is thought to prevent CSF flow into the basal cistern and paravascular spaces. It is also more subject to backflow, caused by the presence of coagulation cascade products. In regard to the fluid dynamics of CSF, scar tissue, red blood cells, and protein content resulting from SAH may contribute to increased viscosity, decreased vessel diameter, and increased vessel resistance. Outside of its direct influence on CSF flow, SAH may result in one or both forms of hydrocephalus, including noncommunicating (obstructive) and communicating (nonobstructive) HCP. Imaging modalities such as PC-MRI, Time-SLIP, and CFD model, a mathematical model relying on PC-MRI data, are commonly used to better understand CSF flow. While PC-MRI utilizes phase shift data to ultimately determine CSF speed and flow, Time-SLIP compares signals generated by CSF to background signals to characterizes complex fluid dynamics. Currently, there are gaps in sufficient CSF flow models and imaging modalities. A prospective area of study includes generation of models that consider "rest-of-body" compartments and elements like arterial pulse waves, respiratory waves, posture, and jugular venous posture. Going forward, imaging modalities should work to focus more on patients in nature in order to appropriately assess how CSF flow is disrupted in SAH and HCP.

Сlinical case of acute opsthorchiasis in endoscopy

A clinical case of one of the most common parasitic diseases in the Russian Federation, opisthorchiasis, is presented. Today, opisthorchiasis and its associated complications are an urgent problem in medicine. Parasitic invasions are in fourth place in terms of damage to public health. There is no specific clinical picture, and the predominance of latent forms makes it difficult to diagnose opisthorchiasis. Particular attention is paid to the issue of complications, the most significant of which are acute pancreatitis, purulent cholangitis, liver abscesses, perforation of the bile ducts with the development of bile peritonitis. In the chronic course of invasion, parasitism occurs in the host‘s hepatobiliary tract, production of toxic and immunogenic waste products, and disruption of cell metabolism, which is one of the factors contributing to the development of cancer of the bile ducts and pancreas. The relevance of the problem of opisthorchiasis and its complications, combined with the complex and vulnerable diagnosis of this disease (clinical, laboratory, instrumental), demonstrate the importance of finding effective methods for its detection.

Ammonia promotes the proliferation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells by regulating the Akt/mTOR/S6k pathway

Ammonia plays an important role in cellular metabolism. However, ammonia is considered a toxic product. In bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells, multipotent stem cells with high expression of glutamine synthetase (GS) in bone marrow, ammonia and glutamate can be converted to glutamine via glutamine synthetase activity to support the proliferation of MSCs. As a major nutritional amino acid for biosynthesis, glutamine can activate the Akt/mTOR/S6k pathway to stimulate cell proliferation. The activation of mTOR can promote cell entry into S phase, thereby enhancing DNA synthesis and cell proliferation. Our studies demonstrated that mesenchymal stem cells can convert the toxic waste product ammonia into nutritional glutamine via GS activity. Then, the Akt/mTOR/S6k pathway is activated to promote bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell proliferation. These results suggest a new therapeutic strategy and potential target for the treatment of diseases involving hyperammonemia.

Quantification of dimethoate and chlorpyrifos residues in green leafy vegetables by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

The presence of pesticide residues in food represents a significant threat to consumers, mainly due to their toxicity to humans. Evidence has even been found that determines the relationship between many diseases and deaths from ingestion, contact, or mishandling. The need to introduce controls on pesticide residues has become an issue of central concern to society, given the increasing knowledge about the potential dangers associated with the use of pesticides. So the objective of the present study was to evaluate and analyze the feasibility of using the laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy technique as a potential tool for the quantification of dimethoate and chlorpyrifos in green leafy vegetables. For this purpose, reference samples with powdered chard were made using the aforementioned pesticides, with increasing concentrations in a range of 0–80 mg kg−1 and 0–250 mg kg−1, respectively. By applying calibration curves, it was possible to quantify pesticide residues by measuring S (416.26 nm), P (460.21 nm), and Cl (837.59 nm) emission lines, with limits of detection of 1.7 mg kg−1, 0.8 mg kg−1, and 6.9 mg kg−1 respectively. Clear evidence of the applicability of this technique as a potential tool for the study of pesticides in food matrices was established. It was achieved by minimum sample preparation, ensuring a rapid analysis, low application costs, and without toxic waste production. In this way, its use as a preliminary evaluation technique or complementary to the analytical methods traditionally already used is evidenced.

Hibernating bats may use protein stores for water balance

All hibernating bats need to eat enormous amounts of food during autumn to build up a substantial fat store for hibernation. These large fat stores supply the immense amount of energy needed to survive without access to food and water. However, little is known about how the breakdown of proteins from muscles and organs contribute to the hibernating animal's energy stores and possibly their water budget. Liam McGuire from Texas Tech University, USA (now at the University of Waterloo, Canada), and colleagues from Montanan State University, Texas Tech University and the Wildlife Conservation Society, all in the USA, set out to investigate how proteins from the muscles and organs of two species of bats are used for energy and water during hibernation.In October 2016, before the bats entered hibernation, the team observed 184 cave myotis (Myotis velifer) in a cave in Oklahoma, taking measurements of the animals’ forearm length (a measurement of body size), determining their sex and using a mobile laboratory to measure the amount of fat, muscle and organ masses. Next, the team collected the same measurements from 65 Townsend's big-eared bats (Corynorhinus townsendii) at two caves in eastern Nevada during both the fall and winters of 2017–2019 to track changes in the fat, muscle and organ masses as the animals hibernated. Then, the team calculated the amount of energy and water generated by the Townsends’ big-eared bats from the decreases in fat, muscle and organ mass.McGuire and colleagues found that prior to entering hibernation, muscle and organ masses in the cave myotis was ∼25–38% of the animals’ total body mass. The team suspect that during this period, the bats build up their digestive organs to allow them to binge and build up their fat reserves in addition to bulking up their muscles to carry the large fat store. However, larger muscles and organs also provide bats with access to protein throughout hibernation. In addition, the males had proportionally larger muscles and organs, whereas the females had more body fat, which the researchers suggested may be due to differences in the animals’ reproduction strategies. Females need to conserve energy reserves throughout hibernation in preparation for possible pregnancies following hibernation. With their larger protein stores, the males have greater flexibility when arousing from hibernation to burn through organs and muscle to fuel their energy and water requirements, as protein breakdown produces more water compared to fat. But how did the hibernating big-eared bat reserves hold during their long hibernations?The males consumed approximately twice the amount of muscle and organ tissue than the females, accounting for 35% of the males’ total body mass loss and contributing 7% of the energy they used during hibernation. The females, however, had more body fat and were able to generate more energy as fat produces larger amounts of energy relative to protein. The researchers calculated how much water the animals generate as they both broke down muscle and organs and discovered that, after they subtracted the additional water that the animals lost excreting the toxic waste products generated by consuming protein, the female bats benefited by retaining four times more of the water they generated than the males. The team argues that bats could potentially use protein breakdown for hydration during hibernation.McGuire and colleagues have successfully shown that bats build up their muscles and organs prior to hibernation, which could be used as a minor source of energy but could also play a major role in the production of water. Relatively little is known about how hibernating bats using protein as a source of water, but this new study opens the flood gates to new avenues in bat hibernation research.

Cu-Catalysed tandem reactions for building poly hetero atom heterocycles-green chemistry tool

Abstract Of late, regio-selective tandem reactions are given much attention due to the formation of several multiple bonds in a single synthetic operation, avoids altering the reaction conditions, isolation of the intermediates during the reaction, reduces the production of toxic waste to the environment and can produce highly complex organic molecules with desired selectivity. Though, it requires the well-built knowledge for optimization of the process, it permits to make the complex organic molecules with least number of steps, and it has eventually made great interest and inspiration to the upcoming organic chemists. Presentation of current book chapter presents the Cu-Catalysed tandem reactions for building poly hetero atom heterocyclic compounds via green approach.

Underutilized Sources of Pectin as Edible Coating

Natural and biodegradable materials are becoming a trend in the food processing and packaging industries to reduce environmental problems and minimize toxic waste production. The development of natural edible coating and thin films is a research interest among scientists. Pectin, a natural polysaccharide used in the development of edible films and coating, increases the shelf life of perishable food items by protecting them from the outer environment, delaying loss of nutrition, and helping in maintaining physical and chemical properties for a longer duration. Pectin is commercially produced from Apple and Citrus fruits because of its phenomenal gelling quality. However, many other fruits and vegetables also contain a good amount of pectin, but pectin has structure variation, making it versatile for a wide range of applications. The Indigenous minor fruits and vegetables also serve as a good source of pectin, which may differ in structural and gelling properties from commercial pectin but may have the ability to use in making the edible coating. The development of edible thin film and coating from underutilized sources of pectin increases the demand and cultivation of these sources on an industrial level, which are limited to local and small-scale industries. The present review focuses on different types of underutilized sources of pectin to develop natural edible thin films and coatings.