Toxicity Of Hydrocarbons Research Articles

Fluorescent analyses of sediments and near-seabed water in the area of the WW2 shipwreck “Stuttgart”

Motorship wrecks on the seabed pose a serious threat to the marine environment due to oil leaking from their fuel tanks. Such substances can penetrate the sediments and enter the water. There is a need to analyse bottom water and seabed sediment samples for the content of toxic petroleum substances. Tests were undertaken on samples collected near ​​the site of the World War II shipwreck of the s/s “Stuttgart”. The wreck is located in the Baltic Sea, in the Gulf of Gdańsk. To answer whether toxic hydrocarbons from wrecks enter the sea environment, a fluorometric analysis was carried out based on measurements of excitation-emission ultraviolet spectra for sediments and near-seabed water. The results of these analyses indicate the presence of oil substances in the sediments and the bottom water at some sampling points close to the wreck site. Studies have shown that the applied method of the so-called fluorometric indicator allows for determining the sites of water pollution with oil substances hidden in sediments.

ESSAI DE TRAITEMENT BIOLOGIQUE DES HUILES LUBRIFIANTES USAGÉES RÉCUPÉRÉES DANS DES GARAGES DE KINSHASA À L’AIDE DES URINES HUMAINES ET KAOLIN EN RÉPUBLIQUE DÉMOCRATIQUE DU CONGO

In the various car garages of Kinshasa (in the Democratic Republic of Congo), the lack of consideration of environmental standards is the basis of the voluntary and/or accidental discharges of used oils directly into the environment without any prior treatment. These used hydrocarbons are pollutants that can cause major environmental problems due to their toxicity. The aim of this study is to treat used lubricating oils from car garages biologically in order to reduce their toxic potential. To this end, an aerobic biological treatment system was set up by mixing 4L of used oils with IL of urine, 2Kg of active Kaolin and 20L of water. The reduction in the toxicity of hydrocarbons was assessed through acute toxicity tests on the species Gambusia Affinis and microbiological analyses before and after biological treatment of these oils. The results obtained on the toxicity before treatment of these oils revealed that the LC50 was around ±3 ml/g of used oils to say that the pollutant is very toxic. After biological treatment, the LC50 rise to around ±66.7 ml/g for the treated oils, which represents a significant reduction in toxicity and ranks these treated oils in the order of less toxic effluents. The microbiological analyses of the used oils before their treatment did not show any bacteria; on the other hand, the analyses after treatment made it possible to highlight the presence of bacterial colonies whose identification revealed the following bacteria: Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Klebsiella and Pseudomonas, which are mostly lipolytic. This study thus allowed to treat used oils thanks to microorganisms and the intrinsic properties of urine and Kaolin.

Chemical Pneumonia with Complications Due to Accidental Inhalation of Hydrocarbon in a Child: A Case Report

Hydrocarbon poisoning, particularly from accidental ingestion, is a significant risk for children and often lead to chemical pneumonitis and severe respiratory complications. This case report describes a 12-year-old boy with intellectual disability who ingested petrol, leading to chemical pneumonia complicated by pleurisy detected through chest CT scans. This case underscores the importance of timely imaging in managing hydrocarbon poisoning and highlights the need for preventive strategies to reduce such incidents in children.

Degradation of diesel fuel by Pseudomonas aeruginosa B031 with expression of the alkB gene in a column bioreactor

Diesel fuel pollutants contain toxic hydrocarbons dominated by aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbon pollutants can be degraded in an environmentally friendly manner through bioremediation using hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria, i.e., Pseudomonas aeruginosa B031, which harbors the alkB gene that encodes an alkane hydroxylase that degrades alkane chains in hydrocarbons. This study compared the ability and efficiency of P. aeruginosa B031 to degrade diesel pollutants in a batch system and a continuous system using a column bioreactor, as well as the expression of alkB. P. aeruginosa B031 could more efficiently degrade diesel fuel in a continuous system in a column bioreactor than in the batch system. The concentrations of phenol, total organic carbon, chemical oxygen demand, and biological oxygen demand in the column bioreactor underwent a greater decrease than those in the batch system, namely 1.5-fold, 1.7-fold, 1.4-fold, and 1.3-fold, respectively. The decrease in these concentrations was followed by changes in functional groups, as shown via Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The number of bacteria and the concentration of exopolysaccharide increased in the column bioreactor by 4-fold and 2.3-fold more than the increase in the batch system. The ability of P. aeruginosa B031 to degrade diesel fuel in the column bioreactor was also demonstrated by the higher expression of alkB than that in the control.

Effects of aqueous seed extract of <i>Garcinia kola</i> on spray paint-induced histological changes in the lungs of Wistar rats

The most common cause of lung diseases among people with spray paint-related occupations is hydrocarbon poisoning which has significant morbidity and mortality if left untreated. This study aimed to investigate the effects of aqueous seed extract of Garcinia kola on spray paint-induced interstitial pneumonitis in the adult Wistar rats. Thirty adult Wistar rats weighing between 240 g and 270 g were divided into five groups of six rats each. Animals in group A were placed on feed and water only. Animals in group B were exposed to 100 ml of spray paintfumes via inhalation. Animals in group C received 500mg/kg body weight per day of Garcinia kola. Animals in group D were exposed to 100 ml of spray paint fumes via inhalation and received 250mg/kg body weight per day of Garcinia kola. Animals in group E were exposed to 100 ml of spray paint fumes via inhalation and received 500mg/kg body weight per day of Garcinia kola. The extract was administered for 30 consecutive days via an orogastric tube. Groups A, C, D and E revealed normal histoarchitecture of the lung; normal alveoli and normal interstitial space. There were observable histological variations in the lung tissues of Group B rats which include severe alveolar dilation, interstitial haemorrhage, interstitial infiltrates of inflammatory cells, severe vascular ulceration and congestion (evidence of interstitial pneumonitis). It is concluded that Garcinia kolahasan ameliorative effect on spray paint-induced histological changes in the lungs of Wistar rats.

Varying Tolerance to Diesel Toxicity Revealed by Growth Response Evaluation of Petunia grandiflora Shoot Lines Regenerated after Diesel Fuel Treatment

Continuous efforts are required to find ways to protect crop production against the toxicity of petroleum hydrocarbons, such as diesel, and contamination of soils. There is a need for identification of candidate plants that are tolerant to diesel toxicity that might also have the potential for remediation of diesel-contaminated soils. In this study, petunia, a popular ornamental plant and a model experimental plant in research on phytoremediation of environmental pollutants, was used to evaluate a novel method for rapidly assessing diesel toxicity based on the tolerance of shoots generated through in vitro plant cell culture selection. Petunia shoot lines (L1 to L4) regenerated from diesel-treated callus were compared with those from non-diesel-treated callus (control). Significant morphological differences were observed among the tested lines and control, notably with L1 and L4 showing superior growth. In particular, L4 exhibited remarkable adaptability, with increased root development and microbial counts in a diesel-contaminated potting mix, suggesting that the shoots exhibited enhanced tolerance to diesel exposure. Here, this rapid bioassay has been shown to effectively identify plants with varying levels of tolerance to diesel toxicity and could therefore assist accelerated selection of superior plants for phytoremediation. Further research is needed to understand the genetic and physiological mechanisms underlying tolerance traits, with potential applications beyond petunias to other environmentally significant plants.

Finer Particle Size Distribution and Potential Higher Toxicity of Elemental Carbon and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Emitted by Ships after Fuel Oil Quality Improvement.

Ship emissions are a significant source of air pollution, and the primary policy to control is fuel oil quality improvement. However, the impact of this policy on particle size distribution and composition characteristics remains unclear. Measurements were conducted on nine different vessels (ocean-going vessels, coastal cargo ships, and inland cargo ships) to determine the impact of fuel upgrading (S < 0.1% m/m marine gas oil (MGO) vs S < 0.5% m/m heavy fuel oil (HFO)) on elemental carbon (EC) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) emitted by ships. (1) Fuel improvement significantly reduced EC and PAH emission, by 31 ± 25 and 45 ± 38%, respectively. However, particle size distributions showed a trend toward finer particles, with the peak size decreasing from DP = 0.38-0.60 μm (HFO) to DP = 0.15-0.25 μm (MGO), and the emission factor of DP < 100 nm increased. (2) Changes in emission characteristics led to an increase in the toxicity of ultrafine particulate matter. (3) Ship types and engine conditions affected the EC and PAH particle size distributions. Inland ships have a more concentrated particle size distribution. Higher loads result in higher emissions. (4) The composition and engine conditions of fuel oils jointly affected pollutant formation mechanisms. MGO and HFO exhibited opposite EC emissions when emitting the same level of PAHs.

Micro-particle-clay aided microporous support for removal of hydrocarbon toxicity from petroleum refinery wastewater in single-slope solar distillation

The removal of toxic hydrocarbon pollutants is not sustainable via conventional treatment technology. This research investigates the feasibility of a solar distillation (SSD) system to eliminate soluble hydrocarbon salts, stubborn organics, and separation of oil emulsion from petroleum refinery wastewater (PRW). The PRW collected from the petroleum refinery facility and hydrophilic micro-particle clay (MP-clay) samples were characterized following the ASTM and SEM techniques. The treatment process for the removal of total dissolved salts (TDS), biological oxygen demand (BOD), and separation of oil emulsion was monitored in the SSD still using MP-clay aided microporous filter support, at varying MP-clay concentrations (0.5–3.5 mg/L), pH (6.6–7.3), temperature (27–80 0C), and exposure time (1–18hrs) respectively. The results showed MP-clay as self-assembled monolayers on microporous support with a 98 % reduction in BOD concentration under optimum conditions: pH of 7.3, contact time of 9 hours, and MP-clay concentration of 3.2 mg/L. The TDS concentration decreased by 94 % at the optimal exposure time (15hrs) and temperature (48 0C) in SSD still. The investigation also examined the recyclability of MP-clay for oil content accumulation and water separation. The findings demonstrated MP-clay on reuse retained 90.5 % of its activity in water separation and established MP-clay can be operated to the optimum of 3 cycles, each lasting 60 minutes. After this period, reactivity loss becomes severe owing to lipase leakage and substrate obstruction. The research findings will help harness solar energy for environmentally friendly and cost-effective PRW remediation.

Clinico-demographic profile and outcome of acute pediatric hydrocarbon poisoning in South India

Clinico-demographic profile and outcome of acute pediatric hydrocarbon poisoning in South India

Assessing susceptibility for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon toxicity in an in vitro 3D respiratory model for asthma.

There is increased emphasis on understanding cumulative risk from the combined effects of chemical and non-chemical stressors as it relates to public health. Recent animal studies have identified pulmonary inflammation as a possible modifier and risk factor for chemical toxicity in the lung after exposure to inhaled pollutants; however, little is known about specific interactions and potential mechanisms of action. In this study, primary human bronchial epithelial cells (HBEC) cultured in 3D at the air-liquid interface (ALI) are utilized as a physiologically relevant model to evaluate the effects of inflammation on toxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), a class of contaminants generated from incomplete combustion of fossil fuels. Normal HBEC were differentiated in the presence of IL-13 for 14 days to induce a profibrotic phenotype similar to asthma. Fully differentiated normal and IL-13 phenotype HBEC were treated with benzo[a]pyrene (BAP; 1-40μg/mL) or 1% DMSO/PBS vehicle at the ALI for 48h. Cells were evaluated for cytotoxicity, barrier integrity, and transcriptional biomarkers of chemical metabolism and inflammation by quantitative PCR. Cells with the IL-13 phenotype treated with BAP result in significantly (p < 0.05) decreased barrier integrity, less than 50% compared to normal cells. The effect of BAP in the IL-13 phenotype was more apparent when evaluating transcriptional biomarkers of barrier integrity in addition to markers of mucus production, goblet cell hyperplasia, type 2 asthmatic inflammation and chemical metabolism, which all resulted in dose-dependent changes (p < 0.05) in the presence of BAP. Additionally, RNA sequencing data showed that the HBEC with the IL-13 phenotype may have increased potential for uncontrolled proliferation and decreased capacity for immune response after BAP exposure compared to normal phenotype HBEC. These data are the first to evaluate the role of combined environmental factors associated with inflammation from pre-existing disease and PAH exposure on pulmonary toxicity in a physiologically relevant human in vitro model.

Theoretical Prediction Model for the Acute Toxicity of Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Pesticides Compounds to Selenastrum capricornutum

Theoretical Prediction Model for the Acute Toxicity of Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Pesticides Compounds to Selenastrum capricornutum

The overlooked toxicity of non-carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

The overlooked toxicity of non-carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Impacts of kaolinite enrichment on biochar and hydrochar characterization, stability, toxicity, and maize germination and growth

In this study, biochar (BC) and hydrochar (HC) composites were synthesized with natural kaolinite clay and their properties, stability, carbon (C) sequestration potential, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) toxicity, and impacts on maize germination and growth were explored. Conocarpus waste was pretreated with 0%, 10%, and 20% kaolinite and pyrolyzed to produce BCs (BC, BCK10, and BCK20, respectively), while hydrothermalized to produce HCs (HC, HCK10, and HCK20, respectively). The synthesized materials were characterized using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope analyses, Fourier transform infrared, thermogravimetric analysis, surface area, proximate analyses, and chemical analysis to investigate the distinction in physiochemical and structural characteristics. The BCs showed higher C contents (85.73–92.50%) as compared to HCs (58.81–61.11%). The BCs demonstrated a higher thermal stability, aromaticity, and C sequestration potential than HCs. Kaolinite enriched-BCs showed the highest cation exchange capacity than pristine BC (34.97% higher in BCK10 and 38.04% higher in BCK20 than pristine BC), while surface area was the highest in kaolinite composited HCs (202.8% higher in HCK10 and 190.2% higher in HCK20 than pristine HC). The recalcitrance index (R50) speculated a higher recalcitrance for BC, BCK10, and BCK20 (R50 > 0.7), minimal degradability for HCK10 and HCK20 (0.5 < R50 < 0.7), and higher degradability for biomass and HC (R50 < 0.5). Overall, increasing the kaolinite enrichment percentage significantly enhanced the thermal stability and C sequestration potential of charred materials, which may be attributed to changes in the structural arrangements. The ∑ total PAHs concentration in the synthesized materials were below the USEPA’s suggested limits, indicating their safe use as soil amendments. Germination indices reflected positive impacts of synthesized charred materials on maize germination and growth. Therefore, we propose that kaolinite-composited BCs and HCs could be considered as efficient and cost-effective soil amendments for improving plant growth.

Toxic effects of polystyrene nanoplastics and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (chrysene and fluoranthene) on the growth and physiological characteristics of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

While the toxicity of nano-microplastics and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to aquatic organisms is well-studied, their joint impact on microalgae is less explored. This study focused on single and combined effects of PS-NPs (30 nm; concentrations: 2, 5, 10, and 25 mg/L) and two PAHs (chrysene and fluoranthene at 10, 100 µg/L) for 96 h on the accumulation, growth, photosynthetic parameters, and oxidative stress in the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The findings revealed that exposure to increasing concentrations of PS-NPs significantly reduced the growth inhibition ratio and chlorophyll-a content after 96 h. Both PAHs (100 µg/L) + PS-NPs (25 mg/L), significantly reduced the growth inhibition ratio and chlorophyll-a levels. Individual and combined exposures of PS-NPs and PAHs can prompt antioxidant responses like SOD, GPx, and GST, as well as an unaffected level of non-enzymatic antioxidant GSH and diminished CAT activity. Furthermore, both PAHs + PS-NPs triggered ROS levels, resulting in cell membrane damage. However, the reduced oxidative effect of LPO of combined exposures can be attributed to the activation of antioxidant defenses. In addition, the microscopic visualization data shows that PS-NPs adhered to the surface of microalgae. Also, PS-NPs reduced the adsorption of PAHs on the surface of C. reinhardtii. Altogether, this study implied that the influence of coexistent PS-NPs should be considered in the environmental risk assessment of PAHs in aquatic environments.

Clinical and Evolutionary Aspects of Domestic Accidents in a Tunisian Pediatric Population

Domestic accidents are a global public health problem. They are responsible for high levels of morbidity and mortality in the pediatric population. In Tunisia, the extent of this problem remains poorly understood. The aim of this study was to determine the nature, prevalence and prognosis of domestic accidents in a Tunisian pediatric population. This was a monocentric retrospective study that collected cases of domestic accidents in children in the Pediatric Medicine Unit A of the Tunis Children’s Hospital over a two-year period (2022 – 2023). Six hundred patients were hospitalized for domestic accidents, representing 6.83% of the department’s activity. The sex ratio was 1.06. The mean age of the patients was 54 ± 42 months. The mean time from accident to emergency consultation was 6 ± 2.5 hours [1 hour – 10 days]. The most common accidents were carbon monoxide poisoning (33%), drug poisoning (24.3%), foreign body inhalation/ingestion (10.3%), caustic ingestion (17.7%), pesticide poisoning (4.5%), and hydrocarbon poisoning (4.5%). The mean length of hospital stay was 1.63 ± 1.6 days. The outcome was favorable in almost all cases (99.8%). A serious accident was observed in 0.7% of cases, with an average intensive care unit stay of 3 ± 1.4 days. This study provides an overview of domestic accidents in a general pediatric ward in Tunisia.

Long-term effects of oil contamination on soil quality and metabolic function.

Widespread soil contamination with oil and the toxicity of petroleum hydrocarbons to soil biota make it extremely important to study microbial responses to oil stress. Soil metabolites reflect the main metabolic pathways in the soil microbial community. The examination of changes in the soil metabolic profile and metabolic function is essential for a better understanding of the nature of the pollution and restoration of the disturbed soils. The present study aimed to assess the long-term effect of oil on the ecological state of the soil, evaluate quantitative and qualitative differences in metabolite composition between soil contaminated with oil and non-contaminated soil, and reveal biologically active metabolites that are related to oil contamination and can be used for contamination assessment. A long-term field experiment was conducted to examine the effects of various oil concentrations on the biochemical properties and metabolic profile of the soil. Podzolic soil contaminated with oil demonstrated the long-term inhibition of soil biological activity and vegetation. Oil affected the metabolic activity of soil fungi increasing the production of toxic metabolites. A metabolomic approach was employed to determine soil metabolites. The metabolite profile was found to vary greatly between oil-contaminated and non-contaminated soils. Carbohydrates had the largest number of metabolites negatively affected by oil, while the content of organic acids, phenolic compounds, and terpenoids was mainly increased in oil-contaminated soil. The evaluation of the long-term impact of oil on microbial metabolism can make a valuable contribution to the assessment of soil quality and the activity of soil microorganisms being under stress from oil pollution. The results contribute to a further understanding of the role of microorganisms in the ecological functions of contaminated soil, which can be useful in the development of rehabilitation strategies for disturbed sites.

Releasing and Assessing the Toxicity of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Biochar Loaded with Iron.

Iron (Fe)-loaded biochar has garnered attention for its potential applications in recent years. However, the pyrolysis process of Fe-loaded biochar generates polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which can have adverse effects on both human health and the environment. This study explored the correlation between Fe loading and PAH production in Fe-loaded biochar. The results indicate that increasing Fe loading in biochar reduces the PAH concentration, with the most significant decrease observed in naphthalene (0.02-0.08 mg/kg). This reduction can be attributed to the decrease in precursor compounds (e.g., C2H2), substitution of the C=O bond by Fe-O, and a decrease in the dissolved organic matter concentration (3.19-10.76 mg/L) with Fe loading. When Fe loading increased from 0 to 10%, the ecological toxicity of biochar increased by 33.48% due to an elevated production of dibenzo[a,h]anthracene, which poses a significant risk to human health. Therefore, it is imperative to take into consideration the ecological risk of PAHs prior to the application of Fe-loaded biochar. This study presents a comprehensive risk assessment of Fe-loaded biochar and provides valuable insights into the optimization of its production and safe application.

Tolerance mechanism of rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedings towards polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons toxicity: The activation of SPX-mediated signal transduction to maintain P homeostasis

Plant tolerance to abiotic stress depends on fast molecular cascades involving stress perception, signal transduction, gene expression alterations, and metabolic rearrangement. This study sheds light on the tolerance mechanism of rice (Oryza sativa L.) towards the toxicity of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), including phenanthrene (Phe), pyrene (Pyr), and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP). Results showed that three PAHs significantly activated the phosphoinositide signaling system involving the phosphorus (P) metabolism and homeostasis in rice roots. This activation increased phytic acid (IP6) levels to over 54.12% of the control (p < 0.05). Molecular docking verified that three PAHs occupied the IP6 binding site in SPX3, a negative regulatory factor of P homeostasis, where ARG229 interacted with PAHs via the van der Waals force. Moreover, the expression of gene encoding SPX3 was significantly downregulated 2.81-, 2.83-, and 2.18-fold under Phe, Pyr, and BaP stress, respectively, relative to the control. Conversely, the expression levels of the gene coding SDEL2 was significantly increased, promoting the degradation of SPX3. Ultimately, P absorption and nucleic acid synthesis were enhanced, alleviating the inhibition effect of PAHs on rice growth. Notably, Pyr demonstrated the strongest binding affinity for SPX3, confirming its critical interference with P homeostasis. These findings provide insight into the molecular mechanisms regulating plant responses to PAHs, and offer guidance for improving crop resistance against organic pollutants and protecting food security.

Deciphering the Toxicity of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons on Eseinia Fetida as Model Soil Fauna

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) represent a pervasive class of environmental pollutants with adverse effects on ecosystems and human health. This study was designed to unravel the intricate tapestry of toxicity specifically on Eisenia fetida, a keystone species in terrestrial environments using in silico molecular approach. Four PAHs including Benzo [a] pyrene (CID_2336), Anthracene (CID_31423), Pyrene (CID_31423) and Fluoranthene (CID_9154) were selected based on their relative soil abundance and their complexity. Their toxicity due to physicochemical and bioactive properties was assessed using SwissADME. Their inhibitory effect on endo-1,4- glucanase (PDB ID: 3WC3) was also demonstrated using molecular docking analysis. Results on the physicochemical properties of the ligands indicated that anthracene (CID_8418) and benzo [a] pyrene (CID_2336) had the smallest (178.22 g/mol) and largest (252.32 g/mol) molecular weights respectively. The toxicity of PAHs is a function of their molecular weight and sizes. The outcomes also demonstrated the strong mutagenic and tumorigenic potential of each ligand. The remaining PAHs, with the exception of fluoranthene, are similarly extremely irritating when exposed. Furthermore, all of the compounds except for benzo [a] pyrene are not readily reproduced. The ligands are harmful even to human subjects, according to their pharmacokinetics. The results of a molecular docking analysis indicate that CID_2336, which fits into the active cavity of 3WC3 and is stabilized by seven electrostatic contacts, has the lowest free binding energy of -5.15 kcal/mol. The higher free binding energies of the remaining PAHs ranged from -4.63 kcal/mol to -4.31 kcal/mol. With the exception of CID_31423, which had only six electrostatic connections, all of the ligands were stabilized by seven electrostatic interactions. All of the ligands shared identical amino acid residues, with the exception of CID_8418 and CID_9154, which lacked Ser48 and Val122, respectively. According to these results, 3WC3 can be inhibited by all PAHs. Endo-1,4- glucanase is a key enzyme in the digestive and nutrition absorption processes of the earthworm, and its inhibition can have detrimental effects on the organism. The creation of PAHs carrier molecules is necessary to prevent the compounds’ negative effects on the worm population during remediation or composting activities.

Bioremediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons contaminated soils: recent progress, perspectives and challenges.

The life of all creatures is supported directly or indirectly by soil, which is a significant environmental matrix. The soil has been polluted partly due to increased human activities and population growth, releasing several foreign substances and persistent contaminants. When toxic substances like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are disposed of, the characteristics of the soil are changed, microbial biodiversity is impacted, and items are destroyed. Because of the mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, and toxicity of petroleum hydrocarbons, the restoration and cleanup of PAH-polluted areas represent a severe technological and environmental challenge for long-term growth and development. Although there are several ways to clean up PAH-contaminated soils, much attention is paid to intriguing bacteria, fungus, and their enzymes. Various factors influence PAH breakdown, including pH, temperature, airflow, moisture level, nutrient availability, and degrading microbial populations. This review discusses how PAHs affect soil characteristics and shows that secondary metabolite and carbon dioxide decomposition are produced due to microbial breakdown processes. Furthermore, the advantages of bioremediation strategies were assessed for correct evaluation and considered dependable on each legislative and scientific research level, as analyzed in this review.