Town Planning System Research Articles

"The Singing Building" in the Ryazan Kremlin (XVII-XVIII Centuries): A Strategy for Preserving the Object of Cultural Heritage

Introduction: The Ryazan Kremlin is a unique architectural open-air museum-reserve. The importance of the Ryazan Kremlin in the town-planning system of the city is associated with its historical significance. It is the oldest part of Pereyaslavl-Ryazan. The architecture of the Ryazan Kremlin is represented by 17 monuments of history, culture and architecture of federal significance. Among them is the

ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS OF URBAN PLANNING SYSTEMS AND THEIR FUNCTIONAL PURPOSE

The processes of functioning of urban planning systems in modern conditions of society development are subject to new challenges. These challenges are determined by changes in the environment, priorities for social development, problems of urban areas, which determine new models of spatial and territorial distribution of the population. The article is devoted to topical issues of finding ways to increase the attractiveness of areas for the population. Theoretical definition of the basic concept of town-planning systems, their components is given, normative-legal bases of theoretical definition of town-planning system are analyzed. Urbanization processes involve both the development of territories and the creation of additional aspects for research to improve urban systems. Problems of development of urbanized territories are worked out. "Smart" urbanization determines the conditions that in modern society meet the socio-economic, environmental and spatial requirements for a comfortable human life. The town-planning system is defined as a complex concept and its further structuring is carried out by allocating the enlarged blocks of town-planning systems, definition of their structural elements and analysis of the functional role of each structural element according to the defined blocks. The article analyzes the factors influencing the attractiveness of areas for the population in modern conditions of society. The identified factors are classified and grouped in order to form a system for assessing the attractiveness of the territory for the population for further development of measures to improve the comfort of living in this area, grouped into blocks: economic, social, spatial, environmental. Based on the structuring, a model of elements of the urban system and a model of parametric characteristics of the processes of assessing the attractiveness of the urban system were developed. These models are intended to be the basis for further development of a system for assessing the attractiveness of areas to ensure their sustainable development. These models are developed by analyzing urban systems, determining their elements and functional purpose, assessing the impact of each element on the attractiveness of the population. Carrying out the assessment by introducing an integrated criterion will not only determine the potential of the territory for further development, but also ensure the formation of strategic development plans by analyzing their "weaknesses" and making management decisions to deal with such negative factors. The result of this work should increase the attractiveness of the urban planning system for the population. Prospects for further research identify the processes of analysis of the potential of territories and forecasting ways of population movement in accordance with changes in territorial attractiveness.

URBAN NETWORK OF PRIMARY CARE FACILITIES.

The urban health system, as an important component of the urban environment, requires understanding and updating in accordance with the changing political, economic, socio-demographic and other circumstances and requirements of society. Since 2015, a comprehensive healthcare reform has been taking place in Ukraine, which concerns all aspects of the organization, operation and further development of the system, including solutions to the problems and issues of architectural and urban reorganization and rethinking of the existing structure in Soviet times. Today, the first important steps have been taken to upgrade the town-planning system of primary care facilities for the population. These significant changes require further development to enhance the role of pre-hospital care for patients, which is in line with WHO recommendations and the progressive countries' experience in the development of the medical industry. The problems of the existing state of the urban planning network of institutions of the primary level of medical care for the population (therapeutic and pediatric profiles) of Ukraine are considered. Based on the world progressive experience, the introduction of family medical services is justified, the ways of further development of the network are outlined in the context of modern requirements and needs of society. The city-planning network of primary health care institutions should be developed on the principles of family medicine, that is, the medical institution should be universal in terms of age categories of patients. Also, the primary medical link should be the most extensive urban planning network providing the most convenient access for patients in order to prevent morbidity at the prehospital level. From this position, the following typological varieties of primary care institutions are offered: basic (family doctor's offices, outpatient clinics, primary medical care centers) and auxiliary (consultative and diagnostic medical centers at secondary and tertiary care hospitals, medical centers of maternity hospitals and perinatal centers).

Planning for Problems with Short-term Lets? A Comparative Economic Analysis of the use of Town Planning Versus Private Law Systems to Tackle Spill-over Effects

New business models, such as that of Airbnb, have led to a rise in the use of residential properties as short-term lets. In this paper, the writer considers the social efficiency of the use of the public town planning system and alternative private law systems, to regulate the activity. Specifically, the paper considers the use of these in order to tackle spill-over amenity effects upon neighbouring properties. The writer applies the general framework of Ellickson (1973) in performing a comparative economic analysis of the systems. This includes an analysis of the “90-nights” rule of UK planning law, which applies to London. The writer argues that in the specific case of short-term lets, the private law systems disclose relatively low transaction costs. This, in conjunction with their allocative efficiencies, makes them preferred to town planning. Taking into account the problem of nonconvexities, it is concluded that the “90-nights” rule, and the requirement for planning permission for short-term lets, should be repealed. This conclusion encloses an understanding that the amenity effects considered here involve little uncertainty. The courts, if equipped with private information from litigants and public information from development plans, are well placed to regulate this activity.

EARLY TOWN PLANNING SYSTEM OF SMALL TOWNS IN PERAK

The township planning in Perak was affected post-signing of the Pangkor Treaty in 1874, as the state became the first state in Malaysian Peninsula intervened by the British. Introduction of grid system by the British has apparently affected the early layout of major cities such as Ipoh, Taiping, Kuala Lumpur, George Town and Singapore. This study attempts to investigate the theory of town planning during the British era after noticing a knowledge gap in regard to early town planning system of small towns in Perak. Based on purposive sampling using varying topographies as the criterion of site selection, 10 out of 20 small towns in Perak were selected for data collection. The small towns were Kuala Kurau, Klian Intan, Bagan Datoh, Lumut, Parit, Tanjung Rambutan, Pusing, Sungkai, Padang Rengas and Lenggong. Besides measured drawings, interviews were conducted with the locals and historical manuscripts of the research locale were also revisited. Based on comparative analysis, the study found that topographical factor was insignificant in influencing the early layout of small towns in Perak since linear system was used at different topographical background (riverside, coastal, hilly terrain and flatland areas). Moreover, location factor was found to be significant in terms of influencing the arrangement of early shophouse buildings into rows, which influenced the early layout of small towns in Perak.

EARLY TOWN PLANNING SYSTEM OF SMALL TOWNS IN PERAK

The township planning in Perak was affected post-signing of the Pangkor Treaty in 1874, as the state became the first state in Malaysian Peninsula intervened by the British. Introduction of grid system by the British has apparently affected the early layout of major cities such as Ipoh, Taiping, Kuala Lumpur, George Town and Singapore. This study attempts to investigate the theory of town planning during the British era after noticing a knowledge gap in regard to early town planning system of small towns in Perak. Based on purposive sampling using varying topographies as the criterion of site selection, 10 out of 20 small towns in Perak were selected for data collection. The small towns were Kuala Kurau, Klian Intan, Bagan Datoh, Lumut, Parit, Tanjung Rambutan, Pusing, Sungkai, Padang Rengas and Lenggong. Besides measured drawings, interviews were conducted with the locals and historical manuscripts of the research locale were also revisited. Based on comparative analysis, the study found that topographical factor was insignificant in influencing the early layout of small towns in Perak since linear system was used at different topographical background (riverside, coastal, hilly terrain and flatland areas). Moreover, location factor was found to be significant in terms of influencing the arrangement of early shophouse buildings into rows, which influenced the early layout of small towns in Perak.

THE INFLUENCE OF NATURAL LANDSCAPE AND CHINESE TRADITIONS TO TRANSFORMATION OF ART NOUVEAU AND NATIONAL ROMANTICISM ARCHITECTURE IN CHINA

Introduction The actuality of this theme connects with problems of function, protection and restoration of the Art-nouveau (A.N.) heritage in Chinese towns, which consists more than 200 objects. Necessary to mean the scientific works of Liu Daping and Van Yang [7], A.Ivanova [1], T. Johston [5], B. Lane Miller [6], S. Levoshko [3], M. Marinelli, L.Sadovski [8], Wang Chaolu [11] and Yuan Binjiu [12]. and many others, who marked the domination role of Chinese natural and cultural conditions to forming of versions Art-nouveau and North National Romanticism in China. But in their scientific researches in whole describes the architectural objects and more less the problems of existing of this objects in natural environment. That’s why necessary to mark the main role of Buddhism and Taoism for forming the ancient Chinese landscape traditions, because later this Chinese original traditions led to change the European A.N. architecture in Chinese settlements. Methods The aim of this research was to analyze the process of transformation the Art-nouveau (A.N.) and North National Romanticism in China and the role of natural landscape in this process. The main methods of investigation was the method of the systematic-structural analyze/ With this method were determined the main role of natural landscape and Chinese traditions for impression of the A.N. objects in China. Results The main changes between the European A.N. and Chinese version of A.N. connected with differences in natural landscape. The European objects were situated in the regular town-planning system without trees and parks. The main feature of traditional Chinese architecture forming in continue of centuries was the organic connection between nature and building with the domination of natural landscape. That is why the town-planning situation in Chinese centres of A.N. and National Romanticism architecture differ so strongly from the European town-planning situation. Chinese objects in most cases situated in parks and in architectural complex dominate the natural landcsape with picturesque hills, exotic trees and flowers and lakes with golden fishes. The specific features of nature in different parts of China determined the impression of A.N. objects (the A.N. objects and objects of North National Romanticism in German settlement Qingdao with subtropical climate differ strongly from similar objects at Russian settlements Harbin, Shenyang and Dalyan in Nortern-East part of China). Really, the changing landscape was the main reason for transformation the European architectural style for Chinese conditions. Conclusions The scientific novelty of research: – were analyzed in complex and argued the role of nature conditions and natural landscape in process of transformation the Art-nouveau architecture in Chinese settlments, the A.N. objects in China surround the picturesque gardens with exotic plants; - was determined at the base of methodology of system-structural analyze that the A.N. objects in China differs strongly from the European examples of A.N. and North National romanticism not only in forms but more in natural environment. There is the original situation of existing the brutal gray objects of North National romanticism with granite blocks among the color Chinese landscape, that why its determine the protection not only the A.N. buildings but the natural arrangement too; - the existing of A.N. objects in China along the natural landscape led to transformation this territory into the protective national parks and touristic zones. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.sace.20.3.18961

Scottish reform of the town and country planning system; Is it too little too late for post-Brexit Scotland?

The call for planning reform is never far from politicians’ lips as a solution to economic, social environmental and other problems in all parts of the UK. A planning Bill will be considered by the Scottish Parliament in the 2017–2018 session and modest reforms to the existing system of plan creation are expected. This opinion considers the planning system in Scotland at a time of inevitable change in environmental law due to Brexit. It concludes that a clearer and more open view of what used to be known as the town and country planning system needs to be adopted. This is required not only to bring about effective change on the ground but also to address the challenges and opportunities of the United Kingdom leaving the European Union.

Город и право

The logic of the contradictory process of legal institutions resurrection in town planning sphere in Russia is the topic of discussion in the article. After a quarter of the century the fi rst cycle of this process is concluded — unexpectedly we are at the very beginning again. Once again the task of choice appears: whether to continue and conclude developing of legal zoning oriented system, or to agree with the fi nal victory of the soviet style administrative town planning system. From the very beginning the legal process was doomed to be a fi ghting arena of two alternatives. Legal sources of this contradictory process and its particularities on different phases are discovered. Various trends of the legal situation development are discussed and consequences are presented due to one or another choice between the two alternatives in urban legislation — choice still to be done.

Children and Planning: To What Extent Does the Scottish Town Planning System Facilitate the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child?

Children are often not given explicit attention in land use planning outside of allocating space for schools, parks and playgrounds. This is problematic as children both use and navigate beyond these settings, and findings from research on and with children report how they are frequently marginalized in society. This is partly affected by the way town planning systems treat children's spatial needs and participation. Therefore, this article investigates whether and how the Scottish town planning system acknowledges children, particularly in light of the internationally recognized rights set out in the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC). It uses critical discourse analysis of key Scottish planning policies, along with a survey of Scotland's planning authorities to ascertain the extent to which children are provided for and participate in the system. It argues that children's rights are not widely acknowledged or incorporated into town planning policy and practice, and suggests this must be addressed to achieve greater social justice and support Scotland's commitments as a signatory of the UNCRC.

The Remodeling of Decision Making on Major Infrastructure in Britain

The UK government passed the 2008 Planning Act in order to reform the process for decisions on major infrastructure projects. Previously, this had been dealt with under the main town and country planning system, with the use of public inquiries, alongside sectoral consenting procedures. Here, the reasons for this legislation are explored, including revisions made by the Localism Act 2011, embedding this within an understanding of the broadly business friendly drives of all UK governments in recent years. Detailed assessment is made of the two main instruments used in England: national policy statements (NPSs) and the Infrastructure Planning Commission/National Infrastructure Directorate. This suggests that detailed implementation has generated certain contradictory or unexpected effects. A comparison is made with a very different approach in Scotland. An assessment is made of the significance of the law, given the political economic realities in which the new system's early life will be evolving.

Research on Solutions to Small Town Planning and Construction in Inner Mongolia

There are many problems existing in small town planning in Inner Mongolia. After analyzing the causes of these problems, some solutions to them are put forward, such as, strengthen the control of the planning and work out the perfect town planning system, carry out the strategy of sustainable development, keep personality of the town and highlight town features, speed up the construction of key town and drive the rapid development of small towns, etc.

Utilising Transferable Developments in the City Development: An Experience of Mumbai

Cities are experiencing growth across the world and constantly striving to meet the challenges imposed by growth pressures. Cities in developing world are growing at a much rapid pace and they would require much needed forward planning and financial strength to sustain it. In a way, growth of cities is inevitable in the transition state of developing societies towards more urban based and globalisation is inevitably resulting in inevitable shifts in economic structures that lead to concentration of skills and capital which is possible in urban agglomerations. Hence, the growth of cities to some extent cannot be curtailed through wrong policies, rather what is required, as we find it in the US, is the growth management, which requires careful forward planning and mobilising of finances. Indian town planning system, like several other planning systems in the world, relies on the preparation of master plans or development plans of cities over a long time horizons (typically, 20-25 years) and implementing them through various mechanism like land acquisition, development and infrastructure provision. However, over the years, this process has become very long and the effectiveness of plan implementation is fraught with so many other problems that the general public are tending to lose confidence on the capabilities of planning authorities in plan making and effective implementation on ground

Financing Coastal Land Use Planning: A Case Study of LUAS, Malaysia

Managing natural resources sustainably is essential in this contemporary era of town planning system. This includes managing and planning the invaluable of coastal areas. In this regards, coastal management programmes have been acknowledged as a primary approach in delivering the coastal strategies and objectives towards achieving a sustainable coastal development worldwide. As such, this paper suggests that town planning system as one key element of coastal management that can and should make a substantial contribution to planning and managing coastal land uses in Malaysia. It has many positive implications to the environmental, social and economic sectors. In addition, financial element has become a significant attribute in implementing coastal management initiatives. This study offers input in planning literatures by addressing the integration of coastal management, town planning and financial elements which are very relevant with today's current global changes on environment as a whole.

The Town Planners’ Perspective: Development Plan Towards Sustainable Coastal Management in Malaysia

This study investigates whether the town planning system can and should make a substantial contribution to coastal management by conducting primary research that focuses on the application of theory on practice. Perspectives of Malaysian town planners were viewed by carrying out questionnaire survey for data collection. Coastal management requires other tools in delivering its wide spectrum of objectives and strategies to make it more sustainable. In this regards, development plan system in the town planning practice is recognised as one of the tools to assist coastal management. This paper examines the limited consideration given to the contribution of development plan to coastal management. Though it is evident that development plan has some limitation, town planners are still highly regarded development plan as a useful mechanism to ensure that coastal management can achieve its objectives and strategies in the land-side of development.

The reconstruction of bombed cities in Japan after the Second World War

The reconstruction of bombed cities in Japan after the Second World War has recently attracted much attention and has given rise to important research in English on exceptional cases, such as Tokyo, Osaka and Hiroshima. This research shows that these cities were forced to retreat from the initial idealistic planning for reconstruction owing to pressure from central government, and that local authorities were not able to incorporate the views of ordinary people under the town planning system at that time. This paper examines the cases of eight provincial cities that were designated by the government in the late 1940s as 'model cities' of war-damage reconstruction, as they were considered to have made remarkable progress. The planned major reconstruction of the eight cities, which brought about substantial changes to their physical forms, was in most cases characterized by a wide street leading to a new square fronting the principal railway station. However, the reaction of ordinary citizens to the official reconstruction proposals often prevented their full implementation.

Environmental Concerns in Local Planning Practice

The town and country planning system has been identified to be one of the key instruments in delivering land use and development objectives that are compatible with the aims of sustainable development. Several areas of actions should therefore be considered in the local planning strategy to achieve a more radical approach to environmental sustainability. These include conservation, shaping the locational pattern of development and accommodating environmentally desirable qualities in all development. This paper considers how far local planning authorities through their development control powers are likely to fulfill this role. Drawing on the content analysis of local plans, this paper identifies the framework for development control particularly on envrionmental matter. It also examines the conditions that accompanied a planning approval to determine the extent of control pertaining to environmental aspects. The results indicate the lack of consideration given to environmental related matters compared to the traditional concerns of land use planning. Finally the paper discusses the constraint of the present system and prospects to facilitate better management.

Environmental Concerns in Local Planning Practice

The town and country planning system has been identified to be one of the key instruments in delivering land use and development objectives that are compatible with the aims of sustainable development. Several areas of actions should therefore be considered in the local planning strategy to achieve a more radical approach to environmental sustainability. These include conservation, shaping the locational pattern of development and accommodating environmentally desirable qualities in all development. This paper considers how far local planning authorities through their development control powers are likely to fulfill this role. Drawing on the content analysis of local plans, this paper identifies the framework for development control particularly on envrionmental matter. It also examines the conditions that accompanied a planning approval to determine the extent of control pertaining to environmental aspects. The results indicate the lack of consideration given to environmental related matters compared to the traditional concerns of land use planning. Finally the paper discusses the constraint of the present system and prospects to facilitate better management.

The New Institutional Economics and the evolution of modern urban planning: Insights, issues and lessons

Urban planning is constantly in tension; always evolving and forever re-inventing itself. The history of modern urban planning is the story of society in search of ways of managing spontaneity. This is a conundrum to which there is no obvious or easy answer. Failing to understand it leads to planning that does not work. To understand how cities develop at the boundary between market forces and government policy it is necessary to understand the role of both kinds of institution in allocating property rights over scarce land and land-related resources. This paper examines these ideas, first with reference to some theoretical insights from the New Institutional Economics and secondly, by drawing lessons from the evolution of the British town planning system over the last hundred years. The discussion addresses key issues at the heart of the institutional design problem, including the question of how rights should be distributed between state and private property owners – including third parties affected by ...

The Human Rights Act 1998, Planning Law and Proportionality

In the run-up to the commencement of the Human Rights Act 1998 there was intensive speculation as to the impact of the Act on the Town and Country Planning system. The article examines what has been the impact so far. The decision of the Divisional Court in Alconbury at first indicated that Article 6 would require drastic changes to the procedures for determining planning applications and appeals. However, successive decisions of the House of Lords have made clear that, apart from the need to give reasons, at the most Article 6 means that the courts have the potential to look more closely at the fairness of decision-making by planning authorities. Articles 8 and 1 of the First Protocol have had more effect on substantive decision-making by planning authorities but the way the courts have applied the doctrine of proportionality has meant that, except in the case of the granting of injunctions, the courts tend to defer to the superior expertise of the planning authority.