Town Law Research Articles

The absurdity of the modern law of town and village greens

PurposeThis paper aims to use doctrinal legal investigative methods combined with economic analysis to investigate the efficacy of the Law.Design/methodology/approachThe purpose of this paper is to explain the inherent absurdity in the modern law of town and village greens (TVGs). The author wishes to show that the public understanding of what constitutes a green worth protecting is incomparable with how the Law currently operates, instead providing a crude vehicle to prevent development.FindingsApplying an efficiency maximisation framework to the law of TVGs the Law fails to protect land worth protecting, as well as prevents allocatively efficient bargaining from taking place.Research limitations/implicationsThis research has not presented empirical evidence to suggest the extent of the damage identified. This is a separate question to the marginal impacts of the damage.Originality/valueA Law and Economics analysis of TVG Law in England and Wales has not been attempted before.

The invisible poor in Norwegian and Danish town laws c 1200–c 1350

The most vigorous period of urban law production in both Denmark and Norway failed to regulate urban poverty, in particular for those falling outside the groups that comprised the personae miserabiles, the deserving poor. A close reading of Danish and Norwegian town laws, in Latin and the vernacular respectively, provides an understanding of how poverty fitted into the social and legal system of the towns. A comparative approach reveals both how these regions embraced different strategies towards the urban poor, and how these strategies coincided with general European trends in different ways. This article argues that jurisdiction over the urban poor was not economically or administratively attractive, and thus neither the town nor the church wanted legal responsibility for them. Norwegian regulation followed a European pattern of combating urban poverty through legislation, whereas late twelfth-century Danish towns supported institutions to care for the poor.

The Town Law of Novo Brdo and Byzantine Law

The paper analyzes how the Byzantine law influenced The Town Law of Novo Brdo, which represents the second part of Despot Stefan Lazarevic?s Novo Brdo Legal Code of 1412. A possible connection between the town law of Novo Brdo and certain provisions of The Syntagma of Matthew Blastares and one of the privileges that the town of Ioannina received from the Byzantine Emperor Andronikos II in 1319 is suggested. Accordingly, it is assumed that certain provisions of the Town Law of Novo Brdo could have been formulated during the reign of Emperor Stefan Dusan.

Episcopal Power and Authority in Communication with the City of Bardejov in the Late Middle Ages

This study deals with communications between the town of Bardejov and bishops in the Middle Ages. The author examines how the ecclesiastical power and authority of the bishops was demonstrated in their communications with the royal city of Bardejov. The bishops’ power toward medieval towns in the Kingdom of Hungary was primarily manifested in the tithes and exemptions granted in the rights of archdeacons. In the case of Bardejov, there can be found some areas where the power of bishops of Eger (frequently represented by episcopal vicars) was demonstrated. First of all, the episcopal tithe collection caused permanent disputes between the parish priest, town representatives and the bishop. The author describes how the problems were solved and the machinery of episcopal powers in these cases. Another area of communication and the manifestation of episcopal authority was that of judicial cases between burghers, which were occasionally brought before ecclesiastical court contrary to town law. A further, greatly signifi cant manifestation of episcopal power in the area of the city was that of ecclesiastical rituals and symbolic communication. The study mentions various examples of episcopal presence in the consecration of churches, chapels, altars and liturgical dress.

KEWENANGAN KEPALA DESA DALAM MENYELESAIKAN SENGKETA MASYARAKAT BERDASARKAN UNDANG-UNDANG DESA

Public activities are never separated from social communication. Village community groups adhere to the characteristics of a peaceful and serene life, it cannot be separated from differences of opinion. Conflict issues that arise are triggered by conflicts of interest that cause debate. If this is allowed, it will damage the value of decency, social values ​​that cause disturbances in the security and comfort of the village community. The application of dispute resolution or violence in Indonesia, culturally, uses a lot of local community structures. To maintain harmony, organize and improve life in the village, it is more important to prioritize solving problems by consensus around people where there is a conflict, it is carried out peacefully. Ending the problem that was carried out by deliberation and consensus was carried out to maintain a harmonious life as the duty of the Village Head to resolve conflicts among its citizens. The authority of the Village Head to be able to resolve customary cases in examining and adjudicating according to their customs and not by law. The village head's obligation does not cancel the wishes of several individuals if they wish to have their case resolved in court, where it has been determined that the village head's obligations are to carry out his duties in resolving every community conflict in his village. The role of the Village Head as a conflict resolution issuer is very much needed to create a working judiciary in Indonesia. Conflict resolution based on local wisdom as explained in the Town Law can be utilized as much as possible in an effort to realize justice for the community.

Две «одинаковые» фрайбургские хартии 1275 г.: краткий проект

Introduction. In 1275, two drafts of town law of Freiburg im Breisgau were created. This article presents an analysis of one of these texts, namely the short draft. Methods and materials. The main research method is comparative historical analysis. The contents of two charters are compared, namely the 1218 Rodel draft and the short draft of 1275. Analysis. There are 6 thematic clusters uniting the laws by branches of law: 1) privileges of citizens and rights of the Town Lord; 2) criminal procedure law; 3) civil law; 4) town administration; 5) trade law; 6) various laws. The first part of the laws from the short draft is a translation of the Rodelian laws, the second one represents reformulated Rodelian norms, while the last one contains new laws in the legislation of Freiburg. Results. Though the document did not become an official town charter, it manifested the changes in the town law of the 13th century, compared to the previous 1218 Town Charter. In addition, the laws in the draft reflected the political struggle for power between the Town Lord of Freiburg, the City Council of 24 and the town community. The Town Lord regained his previously lost rights, in particular the legislative initiative. However, at the same time, the short draft significantly limited Lord’s arbitrariness towards the property of citizens as well as Freiburg citizens themselves. According to the short draft, the City Council of 24 strengthened and expanded its power in the town, becoming a full-fledged legislative and executive body of the town administration. The town community, on the other hand, was losing its privileges and rights, for example, it lost the opportunity to elect some of the civil servants and members of the Council of 24.

The Code of Local Laws of the Western Provinces of 1837 as the monument of municipal law of Ukraine

It is established that the Code of Local Laws of the Western Provinces of 1837 (the Code of 1837), the draft of which has beenprepared by the Second Department of His Imperial Majesty’s Own Chancellery was to be the codified collection of local law for Kyiv,Volyn and Podil Provinces in the 1830s. However, in 1838 the concept of expanding the all-Russian system of legislation to allprovinces strengthened, so the fully prepared Code of 1837 did not come into force, but it was used as a manual for legal scholars andpractitioners.It is established that the sources for the Code of 1837 were the norms of Ukrainian customary law; privileges, regulations, constitutionsof Lithuanian and Polish law; universals and instructions of the hetmans; nominal and senate decrees of the Russian autho -rities; decrees of judicial practice of Ukrainian state, statutory and town courts. In theoretical and legal comparison with other collectionsof legislative acts of that time, the structure of the Code of 1837 is quite clear and at the same time branched out, namely it consistsof: Introduction; Part I “Laws on estates”; Part II “Civil laws”; Part III “Laws on judicial rites, on court proceedings, and on measuresof civil penalties”; Annexes. Each of the books was divided into sections, subsections, chapters, and paragraphs with footnotes. Legalnorms concerning town (municipal) law were mostly concentrated in Section III (Book I Part I) “On townspeople”, Subsection III(Book II Part I Section II) “On acts of the estate of townspeople” and Section III (Book II Part I) “On special acts of the estate of townspeopleand countrypeople”.It is noted that in the first half of 19th century norms of town law regulated not only the activities of town self-government, butalso determined the rights and duties of a particular townee estate, their belonging to the town community, which were concentrated inthe Code of 1837. Having analyzed the content of the main provisions of the town law of the Code of 1837, it should be noted that acertain number of its paragraphs have a blanket way of formulating. In the Code of 1837, the codifiers technically used the referenceto the articles of the Code of Laws of the Russian Empire of 1832. The peculiarity of the regulations of the Code of 1837 was the establishmentof concepts of citizens of western provinces and of free people as townspeople in its text. An important feature of the provisionsof the Code of 1837 also concerned such a category of townspeople as honorary citizens of the western provinces. The norms ofmunicipal law of the Code of 1837 did not contradict the main source of municipal self-government for Ukrainian towns in the firsthalf of the 19th century, that is the Charter on the Rights and Benefits of the cities of the Russian Empire of 21 April 1785. The Codeof 1837 preserved its practical significance even at the beginning of the 20th century where it came to legal relations having arisenbefore the 1840s, and, accordingly, were subject to the local laws of that time.

Implementation of By Law of Town Palu of Number 3 Year 2016 About Garbage Management

Palu Town still deal with the garbage problem which frequently become the society focus. Existence of garbage of around society can endanger the health and environmental if is not managed better. Garbage management intended by garbage to do not endanger the health and do not contaminate the environment and also to obtain;get the benefit for society prosperity. This research aim to to know its implementation is by law of Town of Number Palu 3 Year 2016 about Garbage Management. Research Type used by is deksriptif with the approach qualitative, doing/conducting perception, circumstantial interview ( indept interview) and documentation. Researcher Use The Theory of Policy Implementation of According To Mazmanian And Sabatier.Hasil Research show this Perda not yet walked optimal, Lack of Society Awareness in Managing Area Garbage Self-Supportingly, Inexistence Work Is Of Equal Among/Between Party DLH of With The Institution- Other Institution Like Special Police From Satpol PP To the Straightening Of The Perda. Conclusion from this research is perda of garbage management not yet implementation, because lack of awareness of area organizer to manage the garbage self-supportingly, society tend to offish to participate in managing garbage, only rely on the just just hygiene worker, inexistence work is of equal among/between party On duty Environment ( DLH) with Set Of Police Pamongpraja ( Satpol PP) in the sanction perda enforcer. Not yet the existence of Governor Regulation ( New Pergub) arranging Minimum Service Standard applying (SPM) in management of garbage management, uncommitt his/its is incentive and disisentif in the perda.

Die Gerichtsbarkeit der Prager Altstadt und der vereinten Prager Städte in der Zeit der Jagiellonen (1471–1526)

The purpose of this contribution is to present a research project on the judiciary of the Old Town of Prague and the United Prague towns in the time of the Jagiellons and some of its preliminary results. The main starting‐point as to the investigated sources is represented by sentences and verdicts of the town court of the Old Town of Prague from 1475–1518 and by sentences and verdicts intimated by the town court of the United Prague towns from 1518–1526. The sentences and verdicts passed in those years are found predominantly in the Books of verdicts (libri sententiarum). From the entire number of 1,004 registered sentences in law‐suits, 533 were passed by the town court of the Old Town in 1475–1518, and 471 by the town court of the United Prague towns in 1518–1526. From those 1,004 sentences, 257 (25.6 %) concern criminal cases. Also in the paper, the results of the analysis of the abovementioned criminal cases are presented. The analysis led to the conclusion that the greater part of the criminal agenda of the courts under investigation consisted of criminal acts against life and health and honour. Offences against property occurred only in relatively smaller numbers. Regarding the development of town law it is possible to register during the Jagellonian era a conspicuous improvement concerning the adjucative practice of the court of the Old Town. This improvement was reflected also in a better quality and more refined forms of decisions rendered by the court. Whereas the Old Town law is to be regarded from the point of view of its development as representing at the outset of the Jagellonian era in considerable measure an autochthonous legal system sui generis taking over only in an unsystematic way and ad hoc the norms of the south German and Magdeburg town laws, the first tenth of the epoch in question in the Old Town was characterised by the broad and intense taking over of the conspicuously more developed town law of Brno (Brunn) and of Roman law too. Towards the end of the Jagellonian era, this takeover in the Prague towns was completed not only at the theoretical level, but also in the sphere of legal practice, thereby creating one of the central preconditions for the later codification of the Bohemian town law (1579).

Przywilej lokacyjny Lublina z 1317 r. Siedemset lat nadania praw miejskich

The Municipal Charter granted to Lublin in 1317 by Prince Władysław the Short was the then state power’s acknowledgement for the urban aspirations of the town which at that time gained the status of a metropolis of the eastern Poland. The powers of the mayor and the burgesses of Lublin were the re-enactment of the provisions contained in other charters of that period, which resulted from the adoption of the German town law. The founding document of Lublin failed to include certain specific provisions (e.g. the right to timber, the right of storage, the right of fair days). However, other privileges concerning common town-related decisions (e.g. the right to land, own judiciary, share in income from rents) were typical of charters granted under the Magdeburg Law.

XIII wiek – stulecie przełomu w dziejach średniowiecznego szkolnictwa w Polsce

The 13th century in the Piast Poland was marked by a feudal fragmentation of the Polish Kingdom and was heavily burdened with the deepening political disruption of the country resulting in economic and military weakening of the component principalities (dukedoms) of the country. This, in the next century, eventually led to some of the provinces falling into dependencies upon the Kingdom of Bohemia. However, what was destructive and divisive from the perspective of political history, offered a stimulating dimension for the history of culture and education, for the period in question was characterized by a multiplication of chanceries throughout the whole of the century, which, as a result, increased a demand for literate individuals. Colonization based on the Magdeburg Law (a set of German town laws) and the influx of foreigners into Polish lands: chief settlers (German: der Lokator), friars and monks from newly established Cistercian, Dominican and Franciscan orders as well as knights in service of ducal courts or representing military orders, in short, people deeply rooted in Western legal tradition, capable of making use of documents or written legal codification, boosted the phenomenon even more. The development of towns, trade relations between the principalities as well as international trade facilitated the emergence of capital that, alternatively, could also be used in founding schools of all kind. A considerable influence upon the following leaping increase in the number of schools and the quality of teaching standards in the country came from ecclesiastical synods and councils whose legislation regulated many relevant activities and issues related to management of schools, levels of education for applicants for teaching posts, or, more broadly, created appropriate intellectual climate favourable for further development of the schooling system. A number of the above factors, as well as other factors discussed in the body of the article, were decisive in making the thirteenth century a particularly significant period in the historical process of the development of Polish literary and educational culture.

THE VISION OF THE CHILDHOOD IN THE CODES OF THE URBAN LAW IN THE RZECZPOSPOLITA IN XVI - EARLY XVII CENTURY

As the people of the Middle Ages thought in symbolic categories, this symbolism was imposed on the notion of human life. In Europe, it had a distinct Christian colouration and was associated with the symbolism of numbers. This was reflected as well in the idea of the stages of human life, the number of which ranged from three to seven. Childhood, which was the first in this scheme, lasted from birth to adolescence, that is until reaching puberty. For the medieval people who thought concretely, just tangible things were important. It is not surprising, therefore, that the notion of attaining adulthood was not so much based on the formal number of years as on the real external physiological features. However, over time, such a ‘visual’ determination of the age of the personrecedes into the background.Childhood has been linked to a guardianship that has received much attention in the city law codes of the early modern period. Anyone who could not manage their lives and property could count on it.In the Middle Ages, childhood had no place, and until the 12th century, children were hardly depicted. The appearance of the post-mortem images of children in the 16th century was evidence of a change in the emotional attitude to them. This change was reflected in the city law codes of the late 16th century. They protected the right of a child to life and property, even of the unborn or born but not survived child. The born and baptized child was already a complete person with soul and likeness of God.The German town law protected children from too severe punishment, first of all from execution. It was believed that before reaching a certain age the children were unconscious creatures, so they could not deliberately commit crimes. And punishment to death was unacceptable for unconscious wrongdoing. The city law codes in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth of 16th and early 17th centuries reflected the evolution of ideas about childhood from the late Middle Ages to the early modern era. Although they refer to the legal norms of previous epochs, they contain many provisions which appeared under the influence of Humanism and the Reformation. As a result of deeper Christianization of morality at the turn of the Middle Ages and modern era, a new attitude to childhood appears, as to a special and important stage in human life. Therefore, as of the 16th century, there were special articles about children in legal codes. The city law begins to protect the interests of children by considering various aspects, in particular, the rights of the unborn but conceived child, of the children of ‘righteous bed’, orphans, etc., the children’s property interests, their lives and future.

Celebrating “the Joyful Revolution”: about commemoration of the Constitution of May 3rd in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania

The article discusses how the ratification of the 3rd of May 1791 Constitution was celebrated in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. This event, understood by the contemporaries as the beginning of the new epoch, inspired organization of both official and spontaneous celebrations all over the country. While analysing the content and visual expression of these events, it is sought to disclose how these festivals of “the new epoch” were formed and what they looked like, what transformations of the society had inspired them. These celebrations were a tool and product of “the Joyful Revolution”: they were used for patriotic upbringing and unification of the society in the presence of outward threats, though, at the same time, the high spirits of the “revolutionary” time inspired spontaneous festive events. The organizers of such celebrations were mostly the representatives of middle nobility and townspeople, as they had become the most active supporters of the ruler and implemented the reform programme. There were especially many initiatives by townspeople, who due to the new law felt the full-fledged citizens of the state. Similar to earlier celebrations of state significance, almost all festivities were dedicated to the ruler, who was pictured as the father of the nation and creator of the Constitution. A new image of the ruler was started to propagate: the portrait of a king-patriot working for the wellbeing of the homeland and its citizens. The ideas of the “citizens’ nation” encompassing all social strata of the Republic were actively manifested. Acts of the nobility oath to the town law were very important for unification of the society in a symbolic sense; they demonstrated the fraternity of all estates. It is worth mentioning here the demonstration of military attributes and military capacities in order to strengthen the morale of population in troublous times. The article covers in more detail the decorations created for the Constitution anniversary by a nobleman Vincentas Ignacas Marevičius (Wincenty Ignacy Marewicz) in his homestead near Lukiškės, which most visually demonstrated the new structure of the society entrenched by the Constitution. These celebrations of the “3rd of May epoch” could be held for quite a short time and thus failed to create new rituals and symbols. Maybe this was the reason why texts were so important in their décor and explained anew the meanings of symbols applied in earlier celebrations.

УЯВЛЕННЯ ПРО СТАРІСТЬ У МІСТАХ РІЧПОСПОЛИТСЬКОГО ПРОСТОРУ НА МЕЖІ СЕРЕДНЬОВІЧЧЯ ТА РАННЬОМОДЕРНОЇ ДОБИ

From ancient times, philosophical treatises divided human life into separate periods. The most extreme of them were childhood and old age. If the first of these stages is relatively well represented both in legal literature and documentary sources, the second one is paid much less attention. There was no clear dating of the beginning of old age. The attitude towards older people was ambivalent, which was dictated by both Christian views and the practice of life. These views were widespread in the towns of the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth in the 16th and 17th centuries. The town law to some extent protected older people, but in most cases, they did not act as subjects of law. The important groups of sources for the history of old age are the codes of law and burghers’ testaments.

The Wrong Side of History: A Comparison of Modern and Historical Criminalization Laws

Like many other cities throughout the country, Washington’s homeless population is being targeted through ordinances infused with a historical spirit of control and discrimination. The policy brief looks at the history of criminalization laws by focusing on historical criminalization laws and how they paved a way for current anti-homeless ordinances. The policy brief reveals that the spirit of historical criminalization laws is present in anti-homeless ordinances today. Since these historical laws have been repealed and overturned, so should anti-homeless ordinances that share the same spirit of control, exclusion, and discrimination. The brief focuses on five historical laws and modern anti-homeless ordinances through case studies: Vagrancy; Anti-Okie, Jim Crow, Ugly, and Sundown Town laws. Each section discusses the impetus for each law and the effect it had on targeted individuals. Next, the brief examines specific language from these laws and how they were applied - and ultimately, how they were overturned by judges, legislatures, and public opinion. The brief then shifts focus to three case studies of modern anti-homeless ordinances. This comparison reveals that modern anti-homeless ordinances share much of the same form, phrasing, and function as historical laws that banned African-Americans from attending public school with white Americans; that banned Midwesterners from entering Western states during the Great Depression; and that banned people with physical disabilities from residing in certain cities. And yet, anti-homeless ordinances are just contemporary expressions of the same impulse to marginalize already marginalized people. Ultimately, this brief shows that modern anti-homeless ordinances are just historically infamous laws in a new guise.

The Influence of Exile

Belonging is a fundamental human need. But human instincts are Janus-faced: equally strong is the drive to exclude. This exclusive impulse, which this Article calls “the influence of exile,” reaches beyond interpersonal dynamics when empowered groups use laws and policies to restrict marginalized groups’ access to public space. Jim Crow, Anti-Okie, and Sundown Town laws are among many notorious examples. But the influence of exile perseveres today: it has found a new incarnation in the stigmatization and spatial regulation of visible poverty, as laws that criminalize and eject visibly poor people from public space proliferate across the nation. These laws reify popular attitudes toward visible poverty, harming not only the visibly poor, but also society as a whole. This Article seeks to expose and explain how the influence of exile operates; in doing so, it argues against the use of the criminal justice system as a response to visible poverty. In its place, the Article argues for more effective and efficient responses that take as their starting point an individual right to exist in public space, which for many visibly poor people is tantamount to a right to exist at all.

This or that: The many hats of higher education law enforcement

I knew pretty early on after making the transition from municipal policing to higher education law enforcement that I was entering a world unlike any other. Sure, there are many regulations and statutes that affect administrators and executives of local, town, state and federal law enforcement agencies; there is definitely no shortage.

The Einsiedeln GM Eclogues: 1

Thamyra: Midas, you've a vested interestin what comes of this contest.You've always thought yourselfmore handsome than the law.Midas: I am of the golden soil, law of town,stocks invested in cities of the world.It's so delightful listening to you argueas the sacred wood is cleared for moreof my malware to implant. Yesterday'sbad is today's good. Clickbait. Feedthe world. Make the link. I am alreadyan heirloom and yet, and yet . . . vibrantand modern and immunization of future.Thamyra: The only prize is for plants to growon their own legs. To let them be whatthey will be with as little coaxing . . .no conjuring or tampering, no patentsor patents, past linked to future.Ladas: Outcomes. Farm to profit furrowslittle man backed by big daddyfurrows profit to farm outcomes.It's just me, little me O me, and myfamily because they are mine O mine.Glory in my new machineryits glittering stereo system.Thamyra: I am confident. But I'd ratheran ear of wheat with its ownflorescence, a burst of canolaflowers with their own energy,their conversations with sun,their oleaginous honesty.Let them be. How can theybreak free of your delinquency?Ladas: Light is fading and you ramble on.I am the cheapest and most efficient.I want tomorrow now. Begin! Begin!You are fading with the old world.You are fading with the old ways.Thamyra: Praise the land, not the company.The company you keep keeps you.Ladas: I've a bounty to display and what have yougot? I've staked my claim and it is bountiful.Midas: Hail the land of Oxymorons! Go for it, boys and girls.Neighbors. Childhood friends. Euphemisms.Great sport. Shepherds. Whatever. Ladas-firstcrack of the whip. Thamyra-go on,see what you can do about it. Best shot.Ladas: Great company! You who've windrowedentire countries. Silos, where seed grows.India. America. Soon through committeesthe backdoor of Europe. Legal eagles highover the fields, the paddocks, pickingoff the rodents. May you hop fences,adorn roads. Spillage is unity, spillageis liberty, spillage is new colonies.It's how we state it. In the small print.Let me spread their seed everywhere.I am fecund. I am effusive. Abundantsterility! Works of art in this new ageof mechanical reproduction-copyright!I am creation. I am extinction. I amexpansion. New meanings to old words.Priests and priestesses, bachelorsand spinsters. Our oil at footy gamesand fancy restaurants, in school lunchesand rave parties. Praise, praise the gene!Praise the trance dance of mind and sunand sky. I am bulk shipments to the starving,lining their stomachs-they should thinkthemselves lucky. The door is open.I am the thunder beneath the soil.I am a better yellow than the old yellow.Every border falls to me. I am research.I am promise. I am agent orange to weedgrowth. I am immunity in the fallout.I am the artificial nature needed, I amGenesis, I am the helping hand, I amrevelation, I am the book, I am the spiritreleased from the atomic seed. …

From Ethnic Law to Town Law: The Customs of the Kingdom of Sicily from the Twelfth to the Fifteenth Century

The history of Sicily, the largest island of the Mediterranean, is notably distinct from the history of the rest of Italy. It is because of this distinctiveness that Sicily can serve as a paradigmatic example of a pluralist legal system, one with a mix of both personal-law and territorial-law rules. In the time period that I examine in this essay, customary law took several different forms. What legislation, private records, and judicial decisions all call »custom« plays three different roles: law of specific ethnic groups, rights and customary practices concerning real property, and the law of towns. Recommended citation: Pasciuta, Beatrice, From Ethnic Law to Town Law: The Customs of the Kingdom of Sicily from the Twelfth to the Fifteenth Century, in: Rechtsgeschichte - Legal History Rg 24 (2016) 276-287, online: http://dx.doi.org/10.12946/rg24/276-287

Aspects of the transfer of the Saxon-Magdeburg Law to Central and Eastern Europe

An important impetus for the development and dissemination of the Saxon Mirror, the most famous and influential German law book of Central Germany between 1220 and 1235 by one Eike von Repgow, was the municipal law of the town of Magdeburg, the so called Magdeburg Law. It is one of the most important German town laws of the Middle Ages. In conjunction with the Saxon Mirror with which it was closely interconnected, the Magdeburg Law reached the territories of Silesia, Poland, the lands belonging to the Teutonic Order, the Baltic countries (especially Lithuania), Ukraine, Bohemia, Moravia, Slovakia and Hungary. The peculiar symbiosis between Saxon Mirror and Magdeburg Law on the way to Eastern Europe has been expressed in the source texts (ius Teutonicum, ius Maideburgense and ius Saxonum in the early originally carried the same content). Ius Maideburgense (Magdeburg Law) has reached the foremost position as a broad term, which encompassed the Saxon territorial law as well as the Magdeburg town law, and, quite frequently, also the German Law (ius Teutonicum) in general. Modern scholarship recognizes this terminological overlapping and interrelatedness through the notion of Saxon- Magdeburg Law. In a very complex process of legal transfer, the Saxon-Magdeburg Law became a fundamental source of the legal systems in several Eastern European states during the late Middle Ages and the early modern period. In this sense the Saxon-Magdeburg Law contributed to the groundwork of the development of law in Europe. Milestones achieved in the process included the formal concession of Magdeburg Law to the capitals Krakow (Poland), Kiev (Ukraine), Minsk (Belarus), Vilnius (Lithuania) and other towns by kings and princes between the 13th and 15th centuries. Recommended citation: Lück, Heiner , Aspects of the transfer of the Saxon-Magdeburg Law to Central and Eastern Europe, in: Rechtsgeschichte - Legal History Rg 22 (2014) 79-89, online: http://dx.doi.org/10.12946/rg22/079-089