Towel Fabrics Research Articles

Color and functionality construction of cellulose towels with biological Monascus pigment based on a nano-suspension system

As a sanitary textile that directly contacts sensitive parts of the human body, such as mouth, nose and eyes, towel is very important for our daily life and health. However, the colored cellulose towels we use daily are dyed with synthetic dyes. This can be a problem for people with sensitive skin, particularly babies. In this research, cellulose towel fabric was dyed using a nano-level Monascus pigment dyeing solution, which eliminated the need for organic solvent to dissolve the pigment, making it an environmentally friendly dyeing scheme. After 90 °C pre-mordanting treatment and 80 °C dyeing for 30 min respectively, the K/S value of towel fabric could reach 9. In addition, the washing fastness of dyed towel fabric was 3–4, the dry/wet friction fastness was 4–5 and 3–4, and the K/S value remained high even after 20 washing times, and also demonstrated a certain level of UV resistance and antibacterial properties. In conclusion, the application of the dyeing method for cellulose towel fabric with biological Monascus pigment based on a nano-suspension system was found to be both efficient and environmentally friendly, which was anticipated to replace certain traditional synthetic dyes in the future.

Effect of block copolymer silicone softener on textile fabric hydrophilicity, softness, and durability

The present work addressed the effect of the structural intensification of amino-functional silicone softeners on selected functional properties of polyester, cotton/polyester, knotted cotton and terry towel fabrics. The amino-functional silicone softener formulations contain two comb-structured compounds (primary and secondary amino-silicone) and one block-structured compound (quaternary amino-silicone) softener. Amino-silicone surfactant was made using stable emulsions, and the treated fabric's performance were carefully examined and their wettability and softening capacities were compared. The resultant fabric was physically, morphologically and structurally analyzed using particle size analysis (PSA), FTIR, SEM, EDAX and expert panel hand-feel testing. It was observed that primary and secondary amino-silicone softeners had good softening ability but less hydrophilic effect on the cotton-polyester blend fabric. However, because of the different structural characteristics of the quaternary amino-silicone softener, variations in the wettability and softening ability of blend fabrics were noticed. Due to their superior softness, hydrophilicity, surface tension, and contact angle properties when compared to primary and secondary amino-silicone surfactants, quaternary amino-silicone surfactants are valued as versatile additives in a range of industries and applications. Finally, it has been observed that the prototype fabric softeners containing silicone derivatives may provide quality features that enhance fiber properties.

Towel‐Inspired Fabric‐Based Evaporator for Highly Efficient Water‐Evaporation Desalination

AbstractSolar‐driven interfacial evaporation is an environmentally friendly and sustainable freshwater‐production technology with substantial market potential. Nonetheless, it encounters significant challenges related to energy‐conversion efficiency and resistance to salt crystallization. Thus, a towel‐inspired fabric‐based evaporator (TFE) containing various functional layers using carbon and cotton‐polyester‐blended fibers is designed and woven. The surface of the TFE is woven into a towel‐ring structure, which affords a high sunlight‐contact area and a superior sunlight absorption rate of 96.2%. In contrast, the hydrophilic layer at the bottom of the TFE delivers superior water‐molecule storage and conduction due to its multilayer corner‐interlocking fabric structure. Compared to commercial fabric‐based evaporators, the loop structure of the towel fabric enables water molecules to flow rapidly under the influence of wind, which effectively enhances the evaporation rate of the TFE. The optimal TFE can reach a high water‐evaporation rate of 3.72 kg m−2 h−1 under 1 kW m−2 sunlight and a wind speed of 2 m s−1, which is ascribable to sunlight/wind synergy. No precipitated salt is detected on the TFE surface after continuously evaporating a 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution for 8 h. These exceptional attributes position the TFE as a highly suitable candidate for diverse seawater desalination applications.

Investigation of One Bath Dyeing Processes of PES/CO Mixed Towel Products and Investigation of Test Results

In recent years, restrictions on water use have increased due to the increase in population, global warming, rapid pollution and depletion of water resources. All over the world, not only warnings but also laws are issued and more environmentally friendly and sustainable production processes are developed. Our company is one of the well-established bathrobe and towel manufacturers and exporters in Denizli. As a result of the environmental policies adopted in 2014, environmentally friendly and harmonious production processes are implemented.The method normally used for dyeing PES/CO mixed towel products; first dyeing of the polyester part under HT conditions, reductive washing followed by dyeing of the cotton part with reactive dyestuff. Although disperse dyes require acidic environment and HT conditions, dyeing processes must be done in two separate baths because reactive dyestuffs are fixed in alkaline environment. It is stated in the literature that one-bath, one-step dyeing is possible by using disperse dyestuffs resistant to alkaline environment or by using reactive dyestuffs that can be fixed in acidic-neutral environment. In the light of the information obtained, one-bath dyeing of PES/CO mixed towel fabrics, which will be a new process for our processing, has been carried out. With the study, the time, chemical, energy and water values ​​consumed in this new process were examined and studies were carried out for the most ideal use. Since the study is a sustainable dyeing process, all dyeing steps have been reviewed. The most important criterion is the improvement of the water and energy consumption steps spent in the whole process for dyeing in the one-bath dyeing step. With this improvement, there is no difference in color and fastness between the old system and the new system. Research and experimental studies on this subject are also summarized in this paper.With this new process study, our company's water, energy and chemical savings, the company's impact on the environment and the waste water load have been reduced. In this way, our company's carbon footprint has been reduced and a more sustainable production process has been implemented. In the test results, there was no problem in washing, color and rubbing fastness efficiency. It is thought that the publications to be made with the results obtained can give ideas to the dyehouse businesses in Denizli and other provinces and develop new R&D ideas for improvements.

Flexible and free-standing electrode for high-performance vanadium redox flow battery: Bamboo-like carbon fiber skeleton from textile fabric

Developing the free-standing and flexible electrodes with high current density and cycle stability is still under debate towards the extensive application of vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs). So far, carbon felts, carbon fibers and carbon papers are used which mostly prepared from fossil precursors make them unsustainable. Herein, we first sought to prepare a mechanically flexible and free-standing carbon cloth from terry cloth towel fabric (100% cotton) by using a simple pyrolysis method (TCC). Interestingly, we obtained a bamboo-like carbon fiber structure with a well-balanced micro, -meso, and -macro porosity. Moreover, a low-cost Polyethyleneimine (PEI) is used for Nitrogen doping on carbon cloth skeleton (N-TCC) to improve its electrochemical performance. The as-prepared N-TCC were utilized as efficient electrodes for the VRFBs with higher electrochemical activity towards vanadium species VO2+/VO2+ than TCC and commercial graphite felt (GF) in a 3 electrode electrochemical cell i.e. half-cell. Interestingly, the VRFBs constructed with N-TCCs electrodes (both +ve and –ve half cells) in a full cell configuration at varied current densities from 40 to 160 mA cm−2, we achieved an increased energy efficiency (EE), voltage efficiency (VE), and columbic efficiency (CE) compared to pristine CFs, and TCC based VRFBs. The newly designed cotton based electrodes establishes a unique opportunity for constructing a low-cost, metal-free VRFBs towards a large-scale commercialization of sustainable energy storage system.

Investigation of the Usability of Cationization Process in Towel Fabric Pretreatment and its Effect on Product Properties

In the scope of the study, it was aimed to examine the usability of cationization process instead of bleaching process in the pretreatment process of terry fabrics and the effect of these process parameters on fabric performance properties on tensile strength, softness and hydrophility values. For this purpose, 4 different towel fabrics with two different weights and two different pile raw materials (100% cotton and 100% modal) and all other characteristics are same, were produced. Then, sample fabrics were subjected to the cationization process at different concentrations after the bleaching process, while some of them were unbleached. After all the processes applied, the processed samples were tested in accordance with the standards. As a result, it was determined that applying cationization process instead of bleaching process contributed positively to terry fabrics in terms of tensile strength and softness, and acceptable results were obtained in terms of hydrophility.

Comparison of the physical properties of woven and warp knitted bathrobe towel fabrics produced with similar properties

In recent years, the use of towel fabrics produced by warp knitting machines in the production of bathrobe fabrics has gradually increased. These fabrics, which can be produced more massively at a lower cost, also show a more flexible character than woven towel fabrics. When working with two pile yarn groups whose raw materials or properties are different from each other, the creation of fabric structures with a completely different face and back is seen among the reasons for choosing these fabrics. In this study, after determining the basic performance characteristics such as weight, tensile strength, tear strength, bursting resistance, shrinkage, and water absorbency of the bathrobe towel fabrics produced with the weaving and warp knitting technique, which has undergone the same finishing processes, their performance and strength properties were compared with each other and the results were evaluated using statistical analysis methods. It has been determined that while woven towel fabrics give higher strength values, warp-knitted towel fabrics show higher stretch. The degree of hydrophilicity degree is increased significantly after sequential finishing processes in both towel fabrics. As a result of the finishing processes, there was a general decrease in the tear strength of the woven bathrobe terry fabric, while there was no systematic decrease in the other strength parameters and the strength properties of the warp-knitted towel fabric. In consequence of the finishing processes in both towel fabric structures, a significant reduction in size was observed in the warp direction.

Comparison of the physical properties of woven and warp knitted bathrobe towel fabrics produced with similar properties

In recent years, the use of towel fabrics produced by warp knitting machines in the production of bathrobe fabrics has gradually increased. These fabrics, which can be produced more massively at a lower cost, also show a more flexible character than woven towel fabrics. When working with two pile yarn groups whose raw materials or properties are different from each other, the creation of fabric structures with a completely different face and back is seen among the reasons for choosing these fabrics. In this study, after determining the basic performance characteristics such as weight, tensile strength, tear strength, bursting resistance, shrinkage, and water absorbency of the bathrobe towel fabrics produced with the weaving and warp knitting technique, which has undergone the same finishing processes, their performance and strength properties were compared with each other and the results were evaluated using statistical analysis methods. It has been determined that while woven towel fabrics give higher strength values, warp-knitted towel fabrics show higher stretch. The degree of hydrophilicity degree is increased significantly after sequential finishing processes in both towel fabrics. As a result of the finishing processes, there was a general decrease in the tear strength of the woven bathrobe terry fabric, while there was no systematic decrease in the other strength parameters and the strength properties of the warp-knitted towel fabric. In consequence of the finishing processes in both towel fabric structures, a significant reduction in size was observed in the warp direction.

Process Optimization for Biosingeing of 100% Cotton Terry Towel Fabric Using Box–Behnken Design

In the present day, numerous researchers have paid more attention to the dyeing and finishing quality of environmentally friendly textile products in the world because the lack of outstanding products is an alarming problem. Therefore, the purpose of the present study is to treat the fabric with cellulase enzymes to improve the dyeing and finishing quality. The effects of varying chemical concentrations, temperatures, and processing times were examined in the model and different process parameters were optimized in the preparation biosingeing process. The results of the Box–Behnken design were obtained as R2 = 0.7243, 0.9027, and 0.9966 for optimum absorbency, weight loss, and tensile strength, respectively. The treated fabric was analyzed using FTIR to know the unknown functional group and the chemical bonds on the fabric molecule. Testing of physical properties of the treated fabric was done and the result was comparable with other untreated fabrics. The treated fabric performance was studied at 40, 50, and 60 minutes and at temperatures of 30, 55, and 80°C. The experimental investigation has been carried out to determine the effect of biosingeing on different physical parameters, such as the tensile strength of treated cotton fabric (437 N), which was almost similar to that of the untreated fabric (443 N), with almost no significant differences. K/S value for the biosingeing fabric of treated fabric was 17.58, but the that of the untreated fabric was 15.6, which was significantly different. Thus, the enzymatically treated fabric is of good quality because the protruding fiber was removed in biosingeing process. This ecofriendly singeing preparatory process is an alternative process for terry towel fabrics.

Investigation of the Effect of the Use of Bamboo and Silver Yarn on Antibacterial Activity in Towel Fabric

Towels in home textile products are textile surfaces that are frequently used in daily life. Towel products are generally used to remove moisture and water from the body. In this context, the main performance feature expected from terry fabric due to the contact of the product with the skin is softness, fast drying and antibacterial properties. Due to the moisture on the towel fabrics, it provides a suitable environment for bacterial growth. For this reason, studies are carried out on the antibacterial properties of the towel. In this study, it is aimed to conduct research activities within the scope of developing antibacterial terry fabric. For this purpose, different terry fabric productions were made using silver yarn, bamboo and antibacterial chemicals, and their antibacterial properties were examined. In this context, the antibacterial chemical finishing process, known as the classical method, was applied to the towels, which were first woven from 100% cotton yarn. In addition, towel fabrics were produced by using 70% bamboo-30% cotton yarn and 92% cotton-8% silver yarn. Antibacterial activities of the obtained fabric samples against S.aureus and K. pneumonie bacteria according to AATCC 100 standard were examined. According to the obtained test results, the antibacterial activity level of bamboo blended towels close to the antibacterial activity level obtained with chemical finishing was observed in the trials.

Effect of yarn structure variables on comfort properties for cotton towels

The main purpose of this research is to study the effects of yarn structure variables as key factors influencing the comfort characteristics of cotton towel fabrics. Results of this work can help the producers or manufacturer to create desired quality towel fabric using optimum yarn parameters. The heaviest Grams per Square Meter (GSM) and the highest water vapor permeability were recorded by the Egyptian variety (Giza 90) while the maximum water absorption and air permeability were recorded by the Sudan variety (Acala). It is shown that the mean values of all comfort properties except air permeability decreased when the yarn count and twist multiplier increased. It is obvious that most interaction effects among the yarn parameters (cotton materials, yarn count and twist multiplier) were no significant for all towel comfort properties. It is found negatively and highly significant correlation coefficient between air permeability and each one of the other towel comfort properties. On the other hand, it is indicated that the heavier and thicker towel had more ability to water absorption and water vapor permeability. Also, there was positive and highly significant relation between water absorption and water vapor permeability. Results indicated that there were positively and highly significant associations between yarn hairiness and all towel comfort properties except air permeability. On the contrary, negatively and highly significant associations were obtained between yarn properties being number of neps, thin and thick places and evenness CV % from one side and all towel comfort properties except air permeability from the other side. It is clear that the yarn elongation and yarn tenacity had weak and ineffective effects on the towel comfort properties.

Effect of some construction elements of terry towel fabrics on absorption property

The aim of this has been to study some of the construction elements of terry towel fabrics on the efficiency and ability of absorption for these kinds of fabrics. The specification of warp yarns is constant according to (count – material – density), and we used some different variables for wefts, and it represented in: 1- Different wefts materials: where we used three different wefts which are (cotton- viscose- microfiber). 2- Different weaves: where we used three different weaves on wefts for each repeat for every weave and which are (3 wefts, 4 wefts, 6 wefts). 3- Different pile height: where it was change on pile loop height on fabric surface Which are (130-160-190). The effect of these variables has been studied on absorption property for terry towel fabrics and statistical analysis has been performed for the results of absorption and discussion.

Compression properties of pile fabrics in the presence of water

The compression properties of towel pile fabrics with water contents from 0% to 500% were measured to investigate the effect of pile ratio and weft yarn density. The compression energy decreased substantially from 0% to 50% and 100%, and then increased with the water content. Towel fabric with a high pile ratio showed a larger increase in compression energy than towel fabric with a low pile ratio. Water transfer through the towels was investigated in both horizontal and vertical directions. The vertical water transfer from the pile surface to the base was related to the maximum water absorption velocity ( Vmax). Subjectively evaluated, soft towels showed larger Vmax and compression energy values with water than short-pile towels.

Innovative Techniques for Production of Terry Towel Fabrics with Aesthetical Values

Terry fabric is such an important type of fabric that it has taken a very essential place in the daily live. However, the current methods used for the production of terry fabrics are considered as conventional techniques, and the produced fabrics have a classical appearance. The improvement in living standards requires enhancement of the aesthetic characteristics of terry fabric as equal as its functional properties. This consequently demands looking for innovative techniques in designing of terry fabrics that achieve novel aesthetical values. This in turn enriches the surface appearance of this type of fabric, and, hence, it can compete other fabrics in local and international markets resulting in increase in exports of this sector. This research concerns with designing innovative techniques for production of terry towel that enrich the aesthetical value of the fabric. Two innovative techniques have been developed in this research. The first one is the designing of textured terry, and the other is the designing of stripped terry. The produced samples were evaluated by a questionnaire, and data were collected and analyzed to assess participants’ opinion on the innovative fabrics. The results of the questionnaire showed that the samples produced by the innovative techniques have accomplished novel vision of terry fabrics with aesthetical value which is different from the traditional towels.

Comparing the Influence of the Drop Fill and Overflow Rinsing On the Reactive Dyeing Process in a Textile Dye House

Drop/fill rinsing method was used for reducing the high water consumption of overflow rinsing process in textile dye house. However, it is not known whether this drop/fill method has adverse effects on the final fabric properties or not. In this study, the effects of using drop/fill method instead of overflow rinsing process on colorimetric and fastness properties of 100% cotton towel fabrics are investigated. It is found that, skipping to the drop fill rinsing method from the over flow rinsing process and obtained fresh water saving has no negative effect on colorimetric and color fastness values of the processed fabric samples and can be used conveniently in the industrial sized production.

English

As a result of the literature review, it was observed that previous studies concentrated mainly on investigating the water absorption properties of towel fabrics, but limited studies analyzed air permeability properties of towel fabrics. The purpose of this study is to investigate the air permeability of bamboo / cotton and cotton towels produced with different pile heights and to analyze the effect and importance level of pile fiber type and pile height in these two types of towel fabrics. The paper presents an investigation of the air permeability ability of towel fabrics with respect to pile height and pile fiber type. Towel fabrics were produced under industrial conditions. 100% bamboo and 100% cotton yarns were used as pile yarns, while 100% cotton yarn was used as weft and ground warp yarn. The effect of pile fiber type and pile height on the air permeability properties of fabrics was compared using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The Design Expert 6.01 program was used for statistical analyses. It was found that air permeability of bamboo/cotton towel fabrics was higher than 100% cotton towel fabrics and the air permeability of both types of towels decreased as pile height increased. Key words: Bamboo, cotton, terry towel, air permeability, pile height.

세면용 타월의 파일섬유 종류와 세탁에 따른 주관적 감각과 촉감 선호도

세면용 타월의 파일섬유 종류와 세탁에 따른 주관적 감각과 촉감 선호도

Hydrophobic lipophilic modified cotton fabric for oil absorption applications

ABSTRACTIn this paper, the method of “hydrophobic modified coating” was used by introducing the low surface energy hydrophobic groups and silica nanoparticles on the surface of towel fabric. A hydrophobic lipophilic cotton fabric with biodegradability and super absorbent capacity was prepared by modifying the surface by silica nanoparticles. The surface structure was characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The performance indexes such as oil absorption ratio and oil retention rate were tested and evaluated. The results revealed that the hydrophobicity and oil absorption properties of the cotton fabrics were significantly improved after hydrophobic modification. The water contact angle is 140° and the oil contact angle is 0°, showing strong hydrophobicity of the modified fabric. In addition, the modified cotton fabric had an oil retention rate of 84.6%, which can be avoided as secondary pollution during the recycling of saturated pure cotton fabric. Moreover, the cotton fabric with residual oil can be used for power generation fuel, high fever, high enthalpy, and flammable ashless products.

The Effects of Ozone Bleaching and Ozone Desizing Method on Whiteness and Water Absorption of 100% Cotton Terry Fabrics

In this study, the effects of ozone desizing and bleaching on the hydrophilicity and whiteness of terry fabrics were investigated. The results were compared with those obtained after conventional desizing and bleaching (hydrogen peroxide bleaching). The test samples contain two side piled woven terry cloths of four different areal weights. The ozone desizing and bleaching process was carried out at fixed PH values (6) in four different ozonation times and two different ozone doses. The rate of water pickup in fabrics was 60%. It has been determined that as ozonation time and the ozone dose increase, the degree of whiteness and water absorption of the terry fabric increases. However, the increase in the ozonation time did not cause a significant change in the low ozone doses; the change in the ozonation time at high ozone doses is causing a marked change in the investigated properties of the towel fabric. The degree of hydrophilicity and whiteness achieved after ozonation was found to be close to the results obtained in conventional bleaching. However it was seen that although acceptable water absorbency was obtained by the ozone desizing method, these values were lower than those of the conventional desizing method. Ozone bleaching and desizing do not require the consumption of water, the consumption of heat energy, and the use of any chemical additive that harms the environment with its wastes. As a result, owing to ecofriendly, saving energy and acceptable fabric properties with regard to whiteness and absorptivity, ozone bleaching can be applied instead of the conventional bleaching and desizing method.

Study of moisture absorption characteristics of cotton terry towel fabrics

The main objective of this work is to study the factors influencing the moisture absorption characteristics of terry towel fabrics based on 100% cotton fibres. Different moisture absorption properties studied in this research work are water absorption, absorption time, absorption rate (static absorption), dynamic, and vertical wicking. The results showed that the moisture absorption related behaviour of the terry towel fabrics were based on their fabric weight, thickness and pile yarn twist.