Tourism Industry In Turkey Research Articles

An Economic Approach to Smart Tourism (Tourism 4.0) Technologies: The Case of Türkiye

21. yüzyıl küreselleşme ve dijitalleşme olgularının hızlı bir şekilde yaşandığı, tüm dünya ekonomilerinde Endüstri 4.0 kavramının öne çıktığı bir dönemin başlangıcıdır. Günümüz turistlerinin dijitale yatkınlığı, turizm işletmelerinden beklentilerini de şekillendirmektedir. Bu nedenle turizm işletmelerinin özgün, teknoloji odaklı olması tercih edilmektedir. Dolayısıyla Endüstri 4.0 ile yaşanan süreçte teknoloji ve inovasyona ilişkin gelişmeler, dijital dönüşüm noktasında turizm işletmelerinin rekabetlerini artırmaktadır. Akıllı (dijital) turizm için turizm işletmeleri gerekli yatırımlar yaparak bu doğrultuda bütçe ayırması, finansman oluşturması ve istihdam edeceği iş gücü için gerekli eğitimlerin düzenlenmesi gerekmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye örneği üzerinden akıllı turizm (Turizm 4.0) teknolojilerini turizm ekonomisi kapsamında incelenmesidir. Bu doğrultuda Türkiye’de turizm endüstrisinin ekonomik katkıları ve dijitalleşme sürecine ilişkin veriler tablo ve grafikler aracılığıyla analiz edilmiştir. Çalışmada elde edilen bulgulara dayanarak akıllı turizm ile yaşanan teknolojik dönüşümlerin, bir ülkeye gelen turist sayısı, turizm gelirleri ve turizm gelirlerinin gayri safi yurt içi hasıla (GSYH) içindeki payını artıracak potansiyele sahip olduğu belirtilmiştir.

The Expansion of Turkey’s Medical Tourism Industry

The Expansion of Turkey’s Medical Tourism Industry

An Input-Output Analysis of Water Consumption Effects of Tourism Industry in Turkey

In this study, the production and water consumption impacts of the year 2018 investment and income targets of Turkey’s tourism industry is explored through the use of input-output model. In this respect, the input-output table published by TURKSTAT for 2012 was used and total demand, output and water use of tourism industry was obtained through industrial aggregation. In the analyses, tourism industry’ place in water resources and water consumption was considered in relation to the linkages with the other industries in Turkey which is as a water scarce country and in which the volume and quality of water is decreasing due to global warming and urbanization. When the impact assessment findings with regard to an increase in private sector investment and foreign tourism income are analyzed, plastic, agriculture, fisheries, chemistry and various services industries are observed to consume more water following tourism industry’s own water consumption.

The effect of food safety education on food safety knowledge, attitudes, behaviors of individuals who work in food and beverage departments in Turkey

The current study was conducted to compare the effects of the training models implemented to enhance food safety knowledge, attitude, and habits of food handlers operating in food, and beverage departments in the tourism industry in Turkey. The staff working in food and beverage departments in hotels and restaurants was selected as a sample to determine how food safety and hygiene training provided at different periods through different techniques have impacts on knowledge, attitude and, behavior.The target group is composed of the staff working in the food and beverage departments of hotels and restaurants in the tourism industry. Between the period September 2018 and December 2019, long-term and short-term training was given to 1150 personnel and the memorability of the training content was checked during controls. Research data were collected by the researchers with face-to-face interviews through a questionnaire form. Data analysis was carried out by using the SPSS 15.0 statistical package (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).As a result of the study, it was concluded that long-term training stimulated a positive change in food safety and, hygiene knowledge, attitude, and practices (p < 0.001), and the permanence was verified during controls. Even though short-term training also had a positive changes in food safety and hygiene knowledge, attitude, and practices (p < 0.001), no significant difference was observed and the permanence could not be verified during controls (p > 0.001).Due to the findings of the study, it is recommended to provide the staff working in food and beverage departments of hotels and restaurants with food safety and hygiene training, and to compose a long-term training model to ensure the transformation of food safety and hygiene knowledge to be reflected in attitudes and habits.

Turizm Sektörü ve Hollanda Hastalığı: Türkiye Örneği (2000 - 2020)

Dutch Disease was used to describe the decline of the manufacturing industry of the Netherlands following its discovery of natural gas in the 1960s. The concept of Dutch Disease was later expanded to include oil, natural gas, agriculture, minerals, hot money and tourism. The purpose of this paper was to investigate whether the tourism industry in Turkey harming Turkey’s international competitiveness and causing deindustrialization the period after 2000s. In this study, the relationships between real effective exchange rate, foreign tourism revenues and current account deficit have been examined as the method. It was concluded that massive capital inflows in 2004-2014 years in Turkey that takes the first place in lowering the real effective exchange rate, while foreign tourism reached the second row. In the light of these findings, it cannot be said that the tourism sector in Turkey caused the Dutch Disease. However, in this study, it was concluded that foreign tourism caused the overvaluation of TL after the hot money and the country's manufacturing industry turned into an assembly industry.

Effects of Terrorism and Political Instability on Tourist Behavior: 2016 conflicts in Turkey

Aim: This article investigates the effects of two attacks and a failed coup attempt during 2016 on the tourist behavior. Foreign tourist data for the 2003-2019 period is analyzed to observe irregularities in Turkey’s national tourism income.&#x0D; Design / Research methods: Linear regression, multivariate regression and regression based static forecasting methods are applied for modeling the relationships. These models are supported with statistical tests.&#x0D; Conclusions / findings: Results on this study are in accordance with the current literature in the sense that conflicts in 2016 caused a shift in tourist behavior which in turn impaired the tourism industry in Turkey. Repercussions did not endure longer than expected and Turkish tourism recovered rapidly, only facing a serious loss due to the shift in tourism demand trend.&#x0D; Originality / value of the article: This study makes an addition to the terror and tourism literature, especially for the Mediterranean region and specifically for Turkey both of which are among the most popular tourist destinations worldwide. The aftermath of attacks and the coup attempt in Turkey during 2016 have not been researched before. The data and the outcomes presented sufficient evidence to infer on this issue.

The Role of the Struggle Against Terrorism in Tourism Development in Azerbaijan

The development of technology, the comfort of air transport and the annual reduction in prices have been the motivating factors for tourists. Despite this motivation, travelling abroad is a cause for concern. One of the biggest sources of concern is the risk of a terrorist act. The country that wants to develop tourism must take various measures to prevent these problems. Initially, literature review was conducted in this study and it revealed how the terrorist acts affect the tourism industry in Turkey. At the same time, information on prevented terrorist acts in Azerbaijan has been given for years, with statistics showing how these events affect the number of tourists. In the end, recommendations were given on what measures could be taken in the future for sustainable tourism.

Diffusion of sustainability and CSR discourse in hospitality industry

PurposeThe authors’ focus is on the way in which sustainability and corporate social responsibility (CSR) discourses and practices emerge in the collaboration of multinational companies (MNCs) with the local hotels in developing country contexts. This paper aims to identify the prevailing institutional orders and logics that bring about CSR and sustainability discourse in tourism industry in Turkey. It also investigates how and to what extent the CSR and sustainability practices align with the local institutional logics and necessities.Design/methodology/approachEmpirical evidence is generated through case studies covering Hilton Worldwide Holdings Inc. (Hilton), its Turkish subsidiary and a local hotel chain to ensure data triangulation. Primary data were collected through interviews with the executives of the selected case hotels, which was supported by extensive secondary data.FindingsSome components of CSR and sustainability logics developed in the headquarters diffuse into local affiliate hotel, not all. Local affiliate hotels seek to acquire local legitimacy in their host environment, despite a standard format imposed by their headquarters. Local necessities and priorities translate themselves into such initiatives in a very limited way in the affiliates of the Hilton where there is mostly a top-down approach. Similar approach has also been observed in the case of the local hotel which is part of a family business group. Family’s values and family business headquarter shape the CSR and sustainability strategy and the logics reflecting the local component.Research limitations/implicationsThis paper addresses a theoretical and empirical gap by demonstrating the role of MNCs in the diffusion of sustainability and CSR practices, as acknowledged by Forcadell and Aracil (2017). The authors contribute to the critical writings about the positive impact of CSR and sustainability in the context of the MNCs and their subsidiaries, which is not substantiated due to limited empirical evidence. In addition to these contributions to the CSR and sustainability literatures in tourism and hospitality domains, the authors add to the institutional theory by demonstrating the link between institutional orders and institutional logics. They also show the multiplicity of logics that emanate from the differences of logics developed in the headquarters (centrally imposed) and local affiliate organizations (context-specific) and contribute to theory by highlighting tensions.Practical implicationsThis study appeals to management teams and executives of hotels dealing with these issues of tailoring of CSR practices to local necessities. The authors do not only raise awareness of this consciousness but also demonstrate practical application of some of these strategies and prioritization by detecting market specificities and distinctive societal needs. Hotel managers should resist against the headquarter- or family business-driven uniform approach to CSR and sustainability and reflect on corporate policies through checking isomorphic tendencies. This entails being cognizant of local conditions and necessities and respond to them in a flexible and accommodating way. It involves engaging with a full spectrum of stakeholders, including the leadership in headquarters as well as local organizations (e.g. NGOs, suppliers, etc.) and other institutional forces (e.g. state) to align their sustainability and CSR practices with the locally dominant logics. Managers should be aware of certain logics governing CSR and sustainability practices; some of these logics might be constraining critical thinking and innovative practices.Social implicationsManagers should be proactive in interpreting different institutional logics and process them through critical reflection and boundary spanning and mapping of new opportunities. Moreover, MNC hotel executives should be aware of the limitations of a blanket approach toward CSR and sustainability and increase their sensitivity toward local conditions.Originality/valueThrough this study, the authors are able to add further value to the critical writings about the positive contribution of CSR and sustainability in the context of the MNCs and their subsidiaries, which is not substantiated due to limited empirical evidence.

Global risks and tourism industry in Turkey

This study applies the World Economic Forum’s global risk report methodology at a country and industry specific level to understand how the national as well as the industry contexts and conditions affect perceptions of the global risks, using the case of tourism industry in Turkey. Data was collected from a sample of respondents involved in tourism industry through an online questionnaire. Findings shows that significant variances exist between the perceived likelihoods and impacts of global risks and their ranks at the global and the country/industry levels. These findings demonstrate that for country level actors at specific industries such as tourism the global risks can be viewed and evaluated differently. Particularly, the global economic risks and the global geopolitical risks are perceived by the respondents to be more likely to occur and have more impacts compared to the global environmental and technological risks. Subsequently, the rankings of the risks and the top five risks are also very different between the global and the country/industry specific levels. Considering the importance of tourism for the global and national economies, it is important that global risks are analyzed and monitored at national and regional levels. This will provide policy and decision makers with more information to manage the risks and tourism industry based on the interrelationships that exist between the global risks and the tourism.

Barriers For Implementing of HACCP Food Safety System: The Case Of Alanya

The tourism industry in Turkey has been serving 30 million tourists each year and supplying them to have healthy nutrition as well. Protection of the health of the guests and in order to prevent adverse effects to the image of establishments and the destination food safety is a major concern. The objective of the study is to research whether the establishments have food safety system and to identify the problems in this issue by researching the barriers in front of the implementation of food safety and to propose solutions to barriers. The researcher interviewed the food and beverage managers of the hotels to acquire data and the semi-built interview-technique was used. At the first part of the interview, we only wanted them to reveal his/her ideas about the topic without directing them with any questions. On the second part of the interview, the questions made in advance were directed to the interviewers and their responses were taken. The result of the research has revealed that 83,4% of the hotels in Alanya don’t have food safety system. The main obstacles to implement the HACCP food safety system are defined that they are the cost, not satisfied control, the kitchen, cold rooms and the granaries which are not designed suitable for the food safety procedures and lack of staff.

Social dialogue in the tourism industry : An evaluation of Turkey by interpolation method

Social dialogue, an indicator of decent work, is the workers, the employers, and the state engaging in triple business associations and consensus attempts to determine economic and social policies (Görmüş, 2007). Therefore, social dialogue requires an effective organization of workers and employers. The tourism industry in Turkey is characterized by the fact that employment is quantitatively effective, but the unemployment rate is high. Also, the unregistered workforce is high in terms of labor quality; therefore, social protection is not effective, working hours are high, and wages are low so that the right to work is not fully realized under unionization and collective bargaining. It is assumed that social dialogue cannot be realized effectively because it is quite low. The purpose of this study is to examine the inadequate social dialogue even though there is an effective legal framework. In this study, social dialogue, which has been dealt with by the International Labour Organization (ILO) in the context of decent work, was measured as proposed by the ILO. The statistical and legal aspects of social dialogue were examined using data from the Turkish tourism industry. The results support inefficient rates of social dialogue. However, a strong social dialogue may improve working conditions of employees and solve conflicts among the involved parties.

Does Sustainability Matter? A Qualitative Study in Tourism Industry in Turkey

Abstract: The main purpose of the study is to analyze the perception of the concept of “sustainability” among undergraduate tourism students in a foundation university in Izmir, Turkey. Structured face to face interviews with 57 respondents revealed that according to 73.7 percent of participants, firms do not pay attention to sustainability in Turkey. However, only 45.6 percent stated that sustainability matters in tourism industry and 24.6 percent said that sustainability is not seen as an essential ingredient for the tourism industry in Turkey. The level of perception of sustainability among the respondents vary and they have different approaches to the concept of sustainability. Specifically, protection of the green environment, cultural, social and society values, natural beauty and recycling outweigh gaining revenue as a firm and having a profitable business. Being innovative and adding value to what you are doing is less considered in terms of describing sustainability. Keywords: Sustainability, Tourism and Hospitality, Sustainable Organization

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PSYCHOLOGICAL CONTRACTS AND ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT: A CASE STUDY IN THE HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY

Tourism industry in Turkey has been increasing rapidly since the 2000s, especially in hospitality. It has been argued that the development of the industry depends largely on employees’ behavior. To understand how employees feel in terms of organizational behavior, it is necessary to refer and examine term of organizational commitment. Psychological contract reflects the belief system of employees to mutual responsibility and obligation between individuals and organizations. There are obvious links between the nature of the psychological contract and the individual’s commitments to the organization. This study aims to measure the relationship between psychological contracts and organizational commitment in hospitality establishments. Through this aim, the hypothesis of the study is given below. There is a significant relationship between psychological contracts and organizational commitment in establishments. The data was collected from 375 employees of 10 establishments in Ankara in Turkey. But 340 observations were just used to analyze because of technical problems. Questionnaires consist of 3 parts. The first part has some descriptive information about characteristics of participants. In the second part, there are “psychological contracts questionnaire” for 21 different items. In the last part, there are “organizational commitment questionnaire” for 15 different items. The results of the analyses suggest that there is a negative relationship between psychological contract and organizational commitment. Perception level of psychological contract of the employees with bachelor degree is more positive than the high school degree and lower degrees. Perception level of organizational commitment of the employees with bachelor degree graduate is more positive than the high school degree and the lower degrees. It is remarkable that the employees who work at the food &amp; beverage department have most negative perception about psychological contracts and organizational commitment.

Effects of foreign demand increase in the tourism industry: a CGE approach to Turkey

The “Incentives Program for the Tourism Industry in Turkey” foresees a high growth rate in inbound tourism revenues over the next 10 years. This paper aims to analyse the economic effects of a 10% increase in foreign demand for the tourism industry in Turkey by using a computable general equilibrium model based on a social accounting matrix year of 2002. The tourism industry is specified by using tourism satellite accounts and set as a separate sector in input–output table. Simulation results suggest that increase in foreign tourism demand causes an increase in the GDP and employment, households' income, real private consumption and investment expenditures in the economy and puts pressure on domestic prices at different levels as expected.

The Impacts of Political and Economic Uncertainties on the Tourism Industry in Turkey

Turkey is one of the most visited countries by international tourists in the world. In 2013, the tourism receipts in the country increased by 11. 4% compared to the previous year. More than 4 million Russian tourists visited Turkey in 2013, mainly on the Mediterranean region. Utilizing a case study approach, this study examines the impacts of the political and economic uncertainties on the tourism market in Turkey. The uncertainties are identified as follows: (1) global economic crises, (2) political instabilities between the EU and Russia, and (3) domestic and regional political instabilities. Based on the number of tourist arrivals and statistics on tourist flows, the study reveals that the tourism market in Turkey is indirectly affected by the political instability and following economic crisis in Russia. Furthermore, the domestic and regional political instabilities surrounding Turkey have not negatively affected tourist flows. This study contributes to the literature with an analysis on how uncertainties in state policies have an impact on the tourism market. The paper is based on secondary resources such as in-depth statistical data, country reports, industry forecasts as well as risk/reward and security ratings. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n2s5p265

Impact Analysis of Demand-Driven Shocks in Turkey's Tourism Industry within the Framework of the Social Accounting Matrix

The ‘Incentives Programme for the Tourism Industry in Turkey’ foresees a high growth rate in inbound tourism revenues in the next 10 years. This study analyses the impact of various shocks on inbound tourism demand for Turkey. First, domestic and inbound tourism activities are separated by using the information provided in input–output tables and tourism satellite accounts. Second, social accounting matrix-based price multipliers are calculated to carry out analyses in which inbound tourism is included explicitly as one industry. The policy shocks involve a fall in energy prices and in the tax rate on tourism output. Hence, an upward pressure on inbound tourism demand is targeted via price changes in both the supply and demand sides of the industry. The empirical findings show that inter-industry effects are larger than the effects on inbound tourism, revealing that ‘price’ alone is not a satisfactory policy instrument for promoting the tourism industry. In other words, neither of the shocks employed is sufficiently influential to enable the tourism industry to reach the targets envisaged.

Accommodation Business Management's Attitudes towards Employees Received Vocational Tourism Education

Despite the growing number of institutions which are giving tourism education at the level of high school or higher education, a lack of qualified employees has continued to be one of the main problems for the tourism industry in Turkey. According to researchers looking at former tourism students it is evident that after a while employees move away to other business sectors from that of tourism. The purpose of this research is putting forward the importance of employees who have had tourism education for the tourism industry. To this end, the hotel manager's perception of employees who had tourism education was specified. At the preparation of the research quantitative methods were used and in the data collection, survey methods were used. According to the research findings, hotel managers pointed out that, employees who had vocational tourism education had a positive contribution to the performance, profitability, productivity of businesses and customer satisfaction. Yet, another finding of the research, according to the hotel managers, is that the vocational education given is insufficient.

An Investigation of the Publication of Books about Tourism Education in Turkey

Tourism education has been developing in recent years along with the expanding tourism industry in Turkey. Tourism literature and published tourism lesson books have also been expanding for over twenty years. The aim of this study is to investigate the content of published tourism books in Turkey. In order to facilitate this, fifteen popular publishing houses were investigated in this study. According to this study's findings, 160 tourism books were published in these publishing houses. Food and beverage and tourism marketing were the most studied subject fields while research methods, transportation and tourist health were the least studied. Publishing more books on tourism in all fields should be encouraged in order to increase the variety of the books on this subject in Turkey.

Impact of terrorism on tourism in Turkey: empirical evidence from Turkey

This article aims at investigating the causal impact of terrorist attacks on the tourism industry in Turkey based on the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounds testing procedure for the period between 1986 and 2006. The ARDL bounds test reveals that tourism is in a long-run equilibrium level relationship with terrorism. The evidence obtained from the long-run and short-run parameter estimates indicates the existence of a negative causal effect of terrorism on tourism.

Labor Transformation through the Prism of the Household: Evidence from The Turkish Tourism Industry

AbstractThe purpose of this article is to use the household as an analytical construct in order to examine how the process of labor transformation in the tourism industry is experienced within the immediate circumstances of workers in three coastal towns in Turkey. I argue that the recent growth of the tourism industry in Turkey absorbs a major portion of its labor force from agriculture, and factors such as the scale of operation, maintenance of links to the rural background, and the social composition of tourism workers yield different patterns of labor transformation. The best site for evaluating these patterns of labor transformation is the household, which provides access to social as well as economic aspects of labor transformation. Household analysis explains the complexity of labor transformation due to the coexistence of traditional forms of production and the market economy. The article is based on ethnographic evidence on household structures, household composition and division of labor in three coastal towns.