Touchscreen Phones Research Articles

Wristwatches in bare-below-the-elbows out-of-hospital policies: time for a review

Background: Bare-below-the-elbows (BBE) policies are common in infection prevention and control strategies but the evidence relating to wristwatch prohibition is slim and varied in quality. No dispensation is considered for those working outside hospital, which poses unique infection prevention and control challenges. Blanket approaches may be putting patients at further risk of healthcare-acquired infections (HCAIs). Aims: This review aimed to collate evidence and bring clarity to the ongoing debate surrounding mandated BBE policy, specifically relating to wristwatches worn within the prehospital setting. Methods: Three searches were undertaken, and results refined against an inclusion criterion to ensure relevance. Findings: Wristwatches can be considered a vector for HCAI; however, most data on this are confounded by other known risk factors. No studies were conducted outside a hospital environment. Alternative time sources used by clinicians such as touchscreen phones are a significant pathogen vector. Conclusion: Four policy evidence-based recommendations are made in relation to this topic. The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) should review this topic as the evidence base underpinning its guidance is inadequate.

Usability of a gamified eletromyographic biofeedback mobile application to monitor the voluntary contraction of the masseter and suprahyoid muscles

To assess the usability of a gamified electromyographic biofeedback mobile application to monitor the voluntary contraction of the masseter and suprahyoid muscles. This is a cross-sectional study in a sample of 27 health professionals – dental surgeons and physical and speech-language-hearing therapists –, who used a gamified electromyographic biofeedback mobile application and then assessed it with a visual analog scale (for user satisfaction) and the Measuring Usability of Touchscreen Phone Applications checklist (MATcH-MED). Data underwent descriptive analysis with one-way ANOVA, post hoc, and Tukey test, considering p < 0.05. Participants were satisfied with the system and application. Usability was considered high with MATcH-MED, with a mean of 56.82 points. Physical therapists ascribed very high usability to it, with a significant difference between them and the dentists (p < 0.03). In conclusion, the gamified electromyographic biofeedback application had a high degree of usability, making it apt for monitoring the voluntary contraction of the masticatory and swallowing muscles.

Curved LCD based deflectometry method for specular surface measurement

Phase measuring deflectometry (PMD) technique is widely used to measure the specular surface. However, the Current PMD methods are generally based on the planar LCD for the measurement, which limits the measurable curvature of the surface under test (SUT). To increase the measurable range of curvature, this paper proposes a novel PMD method by using a curved LCD monitor. A calibration method based on the cylindrical coordinate system is introduced for the proposed system calibration. To extend the measurable range further, the curved LCD is applied in stereoscopic PMD. The partial surface of SUT in the field of view (FOV) of each camera and curved LCD are reconstructed with iterative algorithm respectively, the calibration parameters as well as the seed point are used for point cloud registration. Simulations show the advantage of a curved LCD over a planar one and the feasibility of the proposed method. The actual performance is demonstrated in the experiments for specular optics and a phone touchscreen.

Мобильные устройства как средство визуализации при дистанционном обучении в медицинском вузе

Objective. The main goal of this work was to describe the concept of a mobile application that supports the functions of an electronic board for mobile devices with a touch screen. Material and methods. The work uses theoretical methods: a review of the literature on the research problem, analysis of publications, as well as an empirical method of observing the distance work of Tyumen State Medical University teachers. Results. The original article reflects the views of the teacher of the medical university on the problem of distance education during the pandemic of the new coronavirus infection and contains a practical proposal for creating a mobile application with which it is possible to facilitate teacher-student interaction during practical sessions conducted using video conferencing systems. The essence of the proposed concept is to synchronize the operation of a personal computer and a mobile device with a touch screen (phone, tablet), as well as a video conferencing system, in which a remote lesson is held, through a mobile application – a virtual board. Such an application turns the touch screen of a mobile device into an analogue of a graphics tablet, on which you can write using any suitable object. In this application the teacher has administrative permission. He can give or restrict access to the virtual clipboard to any student. This will bring the virtual educational process as close as possible to the real one. Conclusion. When implemented thorough of this idea should ensure improve the end result of education. The main disadvantage of this idea is the need for the teacher and students to have both a computer and a mobile device with a touch screen. Also the operation of this application will be difficult in places with low-speed Internet, or when Internet connection is not available.

Mining, analyzing, and modeling text written on mobile devices

AbstractWe present a method for mining the web for text entered on mobile devices. Using searching, crawling, and parsing techniques, we locate text that can be reliably identified as originating from 300 mobile devices. This includes 341,000 sentences written on iPhones alone. Our data enables a richer understanding of how users type “in the wild” on their mobile devices. We compare text and error characteristics of different device types, such as touchscreen phones, phones with physical keyboards, and tablet computers. Using our mined data, we train language models and evaluate these models on mobile test data. A mixture model trained on our mined data, Twitter, blog, and forum data predicts mobile text better than baseline models. Using phone and smartwatch typing data from 135 users, we demonstrate our models improve the recognition accuracy and word predictions of a state-of-the-art touchscreen virtual keyboard decoder. Finally, we make our language models and mined dataset available to other researchers.

A novel security scheme for behavioral authentication systems based on keystroke dynamics

This article presents a comprehensive analysis behavioral authentication systems based on keystroke dynamics using android mobile devices. Behavioral security authentication is an efficient biometric‐based security system that can be used to authenticate users. It is exploited to strengthen password authentication efficiently and inexpensively because no extra hardware is required in most of these schemes. Keystroke dynamic rhythm uses combinations of timing features and nontiming features that are extracted and processed from several devices such as classical keyboard and built‐in software keyboard in touch screen and smart phone devices. This work presents a comprehensive analysis of using biometric behavioral authentication system‐based on keystroke dynamics. Neural network classifiers are used in this work. The performance results show that keystroke dynamics provides good level in performance measures as a second authentication factor. The distinguishable role for nontiming features in addition to the timing features is demonstrated. These features have a significant role in improving the performance measures. The proposed model achieves low error rate of 0.3% for false acceptance rate, a false rejection of 1.5%, and an equal error rate of 0.9%. These are considered excellent enhancements when compared with previous reported results. Suggestions for future directions, and challenges for using behavioral‐based authentication systems are also highlighted.

P.142 The effect of modern technology on cervical spine biomechanics. Literature review

Background: The use of smartphones has increased drastically over the last decade. Improper posture, and excessive use have raised concerns about their effect on cervical spine health. Methods: -MEDLINE database was searched for articles using the keywords: neck pain, musculoskeletal symptoms, cervical spine, cervical -biomechanics, mobile phone, cell phone, smart phone, smartphone, mobile device, touchscreen phone. Full-text Articles from 1990 to 2017 were included. Statistical comparisons and tables are provided when appropriate. Results: 43 articles were included for review. First article was published in 2002. Majority of studies were published between 2010 – 2017 (36 vs. 5 in 2000-2010). Studies included were of cross-sectional, experimental, or systemic review design. No longitudinal studies were identified. We categorized articles into 5 subgroups; we found 14 biomechanical studies, 10 electromyographic studies, 5 ergonomical studies, 14 clinical studies, and no surgical studies. Conclusions: Text-neck posture leads to significant changes in cervical spine biomechanics. Increased compressive load, antero-posterior shear load, and high cervical extensor muscles activity were associated with forward flexed neck posture adapted by smartphones users. Neurosurgeons need to take the abnormal posture and load distribution into consideration when planning for surgical interventions, especially in young adults with history of excessive use of smartphones.

Texting with touchscreen and keypad phones - A comparison of thumb kinematics, upper limb muscle activity, exertion, discomfort, and performance

This study aimed to compare thumb kinematics and upper limb muscle activity, and the influence of hand size, when texting on a keypad smartphone and a touchscreen smartphone. Furthermore, the study compared exertion, discomfort, and performance when texting on the two phones. The thumb kinematics were tracked using a 3D motion analysis system and muscle activity was registered in six upper limb muscles using surface electromyography in 19 participants. When texting on the touchscreen phone compared to the keypad phone thumb flexion (p = 0.008) and flexion/extension range of motion were smaller (p = 0.02), the thumb was on average less internally rotated (p = 0.02), and activity (50th and 90th percentile) of the thumb and forearm muscles was lower (p ≤ 0.05). The differences in thumb flexion were found only in the group with shorter hands and the differences in muscle activity was found only in the group with longer hands. These findings suggest there are differences in risks for developing musculoskeletal disorders during smartphone use with different key activation mechanisms and different hand sizes.

Comparing Speech and Keyboard Text Entry for Short Messages in Two Languages on Touchscreen Phones

With the ubiquity of mobile touchscreen devices like smartphones, two widely used text entry methods have emerged: small touch-based keyboards and speech recognition. Although speech recognition has been available on desktop computers for years, it has continued to improve at a rapid pace, and it is currently unknown how today's modern speech recognizers compare to state-of-the-art mobile touch keyboards, which also have improved considerably since their inception. To discover both methods' “upper-bound performance,” we evaluated them in English and Mandarin Chinese on an Apple iPhone 6 Plus in a laboratory setting. Our experiment was carried out using Baidu's Deep Speech 2, a deep learning-based speech recognition system, and the built-in Qwerty (English) or Pinyin (Mandarin) Apple iOS keyboards. We found that with speech recognition, the English input rate was 2.93 times faster (153 vs. 52 WPM), and the Mandarin Chinese input rate was 2.87 times faster (123 vs. 43 WPM) than the keyboard for short message transcription under laboratory conditions for both methods. Furthermore, although speech made fewer errors during entry (5.30% vs. 11.22% corrected error rate), it left slightly more errors in the final transcribed text (1.30% vs. 0.79% uncorrected error rate). Our results show that comparatively, under ideal conditions for both methods, upper-bound speech recognition performance has greatly improved compared to prior systems, and might see greater uptake in the future, although further study is required to quantify performance in non-laboratory settings for both methods.

IFREEPHONY: MINIMALISTIC INTERFACE DEVELOPED FOR THE VISUALLY IMPAIRED AND THE ELDERLY COMMUNITY IN BANGLADESH

Touchscreen-based phones can be challenging for people with visual impairment. These phones require special features to cater to their needs when it comes to a developing country’s perspective like Bangladesh. The interface needs to remain simple as well as it must support the required functionalities. It is often observed that touchscreen phones are not desirable for the user community in Bangladesh as it offers a complex set of functions. We have considered visually impaired personnel in terms of physical limitations and the community who falls in the older age limit as our target community. Our user study has confirmed that the visually impaired user community here asks for a simple and functional interface. We have designed, developed, and deployed a simple system ifreePhony that captures the minimalistic features. We have considered both the elderly and the visually impaired community in our user studies. It shows around 36% reduction in search time and around 57% increase in text typing compared to a traditional phone.

TOUCHSCREEN AND PERCEIVED USABILITY: A COMPARISON OF ATTITUDES BETWEEN OLDER AND YOUNGER MOBILE DEVICE USERS

With increasing popularity of touchscreen phones, there is a corresponding increasing emphasis on ergonomics considerations with a focus on use and interaction style between older and younger users. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the use of touchscreen phone interfaces to discover if they are designed to be inclusive and consider ergonomics. The research methods comprised interviews and focus groups in order to gain qualitative data on the use and satisfaction of touchscreen phones in relationship to age. Results have demonstrated a variety of opinions among the age groups, with users in the 18-25 age-range promoting a positive attitude towards brands, but blaming technology for errors, in contrast to users in the 60-70 age range who blamed themselves for errors and were more focused on function than brand. The study has gone some way towards enhancing our understanding of the attitudes surrounding inclusive design in relation to touchscreen phones.

A new usability evaluation approach for touch screen mobile devices

Satisfaction of new expectations such as product usability and customer feelings are increasing the value of mobile electronic devices. In this study, cell phones, which are widely used among all touch screen mobile devices, are selected and various features which affect the usability of these products are researched in analytical network process (ANP)-technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution-based (TOPSIS) Taguchi method. With the participation of fifteen subjects, usability tests are performed for four equivalent brands of touch screen phones. The relationships and interactions between the criteria affecting the usability of the touch screen phones and the results of the questionnaires are evaluated by ANP. Also, ANP is combined into TOPSIS-based Taguchi method and the most usable touch screen mobile phones with respect to optimal criteria levels are determined with a proposed integrated approach. This study helps the touch screen mobile phone designers focus on the usability that contribute most to the desirable product options. The proposed ANP-TOPSIS-based Taguchi method provides an effective way for facilitating the consumer oriented touch screen mobile phone design process.

Extending the Touchscreen Pattern Lock Mechanism with Duplicated and Temporal Codes

We investigate improvements to authentication on mobile touchscreen phones and present a novel extension to the widely used touchscreen pattern lock mechanism. Our solution allows including nodes in the grid multiple times, which enhances the resilience to smudge and other forms of attack. For example, for a smudge pattern covering 7 nodes, our approach increases the amount of possible lock patterns by a factor of 15 times. Our concept was implemented and evaluated in a laboratory user test (n=36). The test participants found the usability of the proposed concept to be equal to that of the baseline pattern lock mechanism but considered it more secure. Our solution is fully backwards-compatible with the current baseline pattern lock mechanism, hence enabling easy adoption whilst providing higher security at a comparable level of usability.

An Ergonomic Study on Influence of Touch-screen Phone Size on Single-hand Operation Performance

Touch-screen smart phones have gradually occupied the market of traditional Qwerty Phones and become the mainstream products of mobile phone industry. However, few ergonomics research has been conducted on the touch screens of smart phones, while it has led to tendosynovitis among users owing to the overuse of thumbs. Sizes of smart phones in market range from 3.0 to 7.0 inches. What’s more, 4.0 inches and above are the common size of current touch screens. Also, considering the users’ habits, one-hand operation is preferred when the other hand is occupied. This paper has collected hand parameters of 80 subjects and has adopted an experiment which includes the performance testing and surveys of subjective evaluation by means of usability evaluation. After analysing correlation between touch-screen sizes and operation performances, the result indicates that under one-hand operation, the size of touch screen affects the operation performance significantly. However, it’s hard to implement one-hand operation if the touch-screen size is over 5.7 inches. Additionally, the thickness of smart phones affects the degree of comfort remarkably.

Touch Behavior Analysis for Large Screen Smartphones

As phone touch screen becomes larger and larger, for single hand holding posture, the user interaction can be extremely hard if icon do not be placed into proper touch area. So it is necessary to know the specific suitable touch zone on large phone screen. In this paper we performed a target selection task on a large screen smartphone and analyzed the task performance under different variable conditions. Response time, hit rate and hit offset differences between gender and target location and the possible reasons for such difference are discussed. Design recommendation for button and icon location are also been discussed based on the experiment result.

Digitods: Toddlers, Touch Screens and Australian Family Life

Digitods: Toddlers, Touch Screens and Australian Family Life

KoalaPhone: touchscreen mobile phone UI for active seniors

We deal with a problem of designing a user interface for touchscreen phones with respect to special needs of seniors. We conducted qualitative study (\(\hbox {n}=5\)) followed by quantitative one (\(\hbox {n}=118\)). From the comparison of our study with existing studies we observed an obvious trend in more extensive usage of advanced features, which cannot be explained only by the shift of the younger seniors to older age groups. We provided a set of recommendations and we designed a new touchscreen phone user interface to support needs of active seniors. In comparison (\(\hbox {n}=15\)) with standard Android UI our solution had higher completion rate in two of four complex tasks and 6\(\times \) higher completion rate of all tasks while producing 2.4\(\times \) fewer errors. Our interface was subjectively perceived more comfortable, efficient and producing less errors.

Use-Dependent Cortical Processing from Fingertips in Touchscreen Phone Users

Cortical activity allotted to the tactile receptors on fingertips conforms to skilful use of the hand. For instance, in string instrument players, the somatosensory cortical activity in response to touch on the little fingertip is larger than that in control subjects. Such plasticity of the fingertip sensory representation is not limited to extraordinary skills and occurs in monkeys trained to repetitively grasp and release a handle as well. Touchscreen phones also require repetitive finger movements, but whether and how the cortex conforms to this is unknown. By using electroencephalography (EEG), we measured the cortical potentials in response to mechanical touch on the thumb, index, and middle fingertips of touchscreen phone users and nonusers (owning only old-technology mobile phones). Although the thumb interacted predominantly with the screen, the potentials associated with the three fingertips were enhanced in touchscreen users compared to nonusers. Within the touchscreen users, the cortical potentials from the thumb and index fingertips were directly proportional to the intensity of use quantified with built-in battery logs. Remarkably, the thumb tip was sensitive to the day-to-day fluctuations in phone use: the shorter the time elapsed from an episode of intense phone use, the larger the cortical potential associated with it. Our results suggest that repetitive movements on the smooth touchscreen reshaped sensory processing from the hand and that the thumb representation was updated daily depending on its use. We propose that cortical sensory processing in the contemporary brain is continuously shaped by the use of personal digital technology.

Contextual Design: Evolved

Contextual Design is a user-centered design process that uses in-depth field research to drive innovative design. Contextual Design was first invented in 1988 and has since been used in a wide variety of industries and taught in universities all over the world. It is a complete front-end design process rooted in Contextual Inquiry, the widespread, industry-standard field data gathering technique. Contextual Design adds techniques to analyze and present user data, drive ideation from data, design specific product solutions, and iterate those solutions with customers. In 2013, we overhauled the method to account for the way that technology has radically changed people's lives since the invention of the touchscreen phones and other always-on, always-connected, and always-carried devices. This book describes the new Contextual Design, evolved to help teams design for the way technology now fits into peoples' lives. We briefly describe the steps of the latest version of Contextual Design and show how they create a continual immersion in the world of the user for the purpose of innovative product design.

Effects of phone type on driving and eye glance behaviour while text-messaging

This study examined whether phone interface – touch screen keyboard vs. numeric keypad – moderates the impact of sending and receiving text messages on simulated driving performance and eye glance behaviour. The high visual–manual demands of text messaging are known to degrade driving performance and these effects may be exacerbated by the absence of tactile cues when using a touch screen phone. Twenty-four participants (25–50years) sent and received text messages on either a touch screen or numeric keypad phone while driving a simulated freeway environment. As expected, compared to baseline, receiving and particularly sending text messages led to decrements in speed monitoring, decreased the amount of time spent looking at the forward roadway by up to 29%, and increased subjective workload. The performance degradations observed were similar across the numeric keypad and touch screen keyboard phones. Future research should further investigate the possible moderating effects of phone interface type on distraction using longer text message tasks and under more challenging driving conditions.