Total Work Capacity Research Articles

Development of a Mixed Multinuclear Cluster Strategy in Metal-Organic Frameworks for Methane Purification and Storage.

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted extensive attention in methane (CH4) purification and storage. Specially, multinuclear cluster-based MOFs usually have prominent performance because of large cluster size and abundant open metal sites. However, compared to diverse combinations of organic linkers, one MOF with two or more multinuclear clusters is difficult to achieve. In this paper, we demonstrate a mixed multinuclear cluster strategy, which successfully led to three new heterometallic MOFs (SNNU-328-330) with the same common H3TATB [2,4,6-tris(4-carboxyphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine] tritopic linker and six types of multinuclear clusters ([YCd(COO)4(μ2-H2O)], [YCd2(COO)8], [In3(COO)6(μ3-OH)], [In3Eu2(COO)9(μ3-OH)3(μ4-O)], [Y9(COO)12(μ3-OH)14] and [Y2Cd8(COO)16(μ2-H2O)4(μ3-OH)8]). Three MOF adsorbents all show great potentials to remove the impurities (CO2 and C2-hydrocarbons) in natural gas and show prominent high-pressure methane storage capacity. Among them, the ideal adsorbed solution theory separation ratios of equimolar C2H2/CH4, C2H4/CH4, C2H6/CH4, and CO2/CH4 at 298 K for SNNU-328 reach to 29.7-16.0, 19.1-8.2, 33.2-10.3, and 74.3-8.5, which have surpassed many famous MOF adsorbents. Dynamic breakthrough experiments conducted at 273 and 298 K showed that SNNU-330 can separate CH4 from C2H2/CH4, C2H4/CH4, C2H6/CH4, and CO2/CH4 mixtures with the breakthrough interval times of about 48.2, 17.9, 37.2, and 17.1 min g-1 (273 K, 1 bar, v/v = 50/50, 2 mL min-1), respectively. Remarkably, SNNU-329 exhibits extremely high methane storage performance at 298 K with the total uptake and working capacity of 192 cm3 cm-3 (95 bar) and 171 cm3 cm-3 (65 bar) due to the synergistic effects of high surface area, suitable pore sizes, and multiple open metal sites.

Frequency and Functional Consequences of Low Appendicular Lean Mass and Sarcopenic Obesity in Patients with Asthma Referred for Pulmonary Rehabilitation

Introduction: One of the most prominent extrapulmonary manifestations in patients with chronic respiratory disease is changes in body weight and composition. However, the frequency and functional consequences of low appendicular lean mass (ALM) or sarcopenic obesity (SO) in patients with asthma are largely unknown. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to assess the frequency and functional consequences of low appendicular lean mass index (ALMI) and SO in patients with asthma. Methods: A retrospectively analyzed cross-sectional study was conducted in 687 patients with asthma (60% female, 58 ± 13 years, FEV₁ 76 ± 25% pred) referred for comprehensive pulmonary rehabilitation (PR). Body composition, pulmonary function, exercise capacity, quadriceps muscle function, and quality of life were assessed. Patients were classified as presenting low ALMI according to the 10th percentiles of age-sex-body mass index (BMI)-specific reference values and as having SO according to the diagnostic procedure proposed by the 2022 ESPEN/EASO consensus. In addition, clinical outcomes between patients with normal and low ALMI or with and without SO were compared. Results: The frequency of patients classified as low ALMI was 19%, whereas 45% of the patients were obese. Among the obese patients, 29% had SO. In patients with normal weight, those with low ALMI were younger and had worse pulmonary function, exercise capacity and quadriceps muscle function than those with normal ALMI (all p < 0.05). Overweight patients with low ALMI presented poorer pulmonary function and quadriceps muscle function (both strength and total work capacity). In obese class I patients, those with low ALMI showed lower quadriceps strength and maximal oxygen uptake acquired during cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Both male and female patients with SO showed lower quadriceps muscle function and reduced maximal exercise capacity compared to non-SO asthma patients. Conclusion: Approximately one in five asthma patients presented low ALM when age-sex-BMI-specific ALMI cutoffs were applied. Obesity is common among patients with asthma referred for PR. Among the obese patients, a significant proportion presented SO. Low ALM and SO were associated with worse functional outcomes.

IMPACTOS DO TREINO DO CORE SOBRE O TREINAMENTO FÍSICO DE FORMAÇÃO NO NADO SINCRONIZADO

ABSTRACT Introduction: Synchronized swimming is a sport of artistic expression, skill, and physical fitness. Explosive, high-intensity movements rely mainly on the athlete’s good basal strength. Although China attaches great importance to the physical training of synchronized swimming athletes, there is no theoretical achievement in consolidating specific training. Objective: To analyze the impact of CORE strengthening on the physical training of synchronized swimming athletes. Methods: This article selects 30 synchronized swimmers as volunteers for the research. A basal metabolism test was used to verify the maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), ventilatory anaerobic threshold (VT), and other indicators. The isokinetic force measurement system measured the athletes’ maximum lumbar-abdominal muscle flexion/extension torque, explosive strength, fast muscle strength capacity, total work, and anti-fatigue capacity. Results: The synchronized limb training results of the swimming team were positively correlated with the stability of the CORE muscles. There is a positive relationship between 30 years old and maximal strength training and performance in athletes. Abdominal muscular endurance showed the highest correlation coefficient with synchronized swimming performance. Conclusion: Coaches should organize adequate strength training according to the growth and development characteristics of athletes and the characteristics of synchronized swimming movements. In this way, an excellent physical training effect can be achieved by CORE training. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

Predictions of total work based on measures of muscle strength and hop performance in individuals after ACL reconstruction

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to determine the ability to utilize clinical measures of hop performance and thigh muscle strength to predict total limb work, a measure of cumulative single leg power, in young athletes at the time of return to sport after ACLR. We hypothesized that hop test performance and thigh muscle strength would predict total limb work during a maximal effort repeated vertical single-leg jump and that hop test performance would better predict total limb work during a maximal effort repeated vertical single-leg jump than measures of thigh strength. DesignCross-sectional study. ParticipantsAnalysis on data from 50 individuals after unilateral ACLR (74% women, age 14-23 years) Main outcome measuresPerformed 10-s repeated vertical single-leg jump test on a force platform where single limb power and resultant total work were calculated. At the same session, participants completed a clinical single leg hop test battery and thigh strength testing. ResultsAll clinical measures were associated with total work during the repeated vertical single-leg jump test on the involved and uninvolved limbs, respectfully. After controlling for height and weight, quadriceps femoris peak torque at 180°/s was the strongest predictor of total work for both limbs. On the involved limb, performance on the triple hop test for distance also uniquely contributed to the prediction of total work. ConclusionsQuadriceps femoris muscle strength and distance hop test performance predict total limb work capacity of the involved limb during a single-leg dynamic task. Optimizing both measures after ACLR may positively impact vital components of sports performance.

Effects Of Electrical Muscle Stimulation With Voluntary Pedaling Exercise On Skeletal Muscle Morphology And Function

PURPOSE: This study was to examine the effects of EMS while voluntary pedaling exercise for 8 weeks on the morphology and function of skeletal muscles. METHODS: Fifteen college age students (19-24) were randomly divided into EMS group; EMS only (n = 7) and EMS-EX group; EMS with voluntary pedaling (n = 8). They completed EMS training for 8 weeks (two times per weeks). The EMS group was performed EMS in a seated position, and the EMS-EX group was performed EMS with voluntary pedaling at 40-50 rpm with a very low load (0.5% of body weight) for 20 minutes, respectively. EMS was applied to the quadriceps muscle with the stimulator. The stimulator current waveform was set at a frequency of 50 Hz with a pulse width of 250 μs for both groups. Also, the stimulation intensity (mA) was set to the maximum intensity (23 to 60 mA) that they could tolerate for each session. We measured knee extension isometric and isokinetic strength (angular velocity60,120,180 deg/s), muscular endurance as skeletal muscle function, rectus femoris muscle thickness and thigh circumference as skeletal muscle morphology before and after 8 weeks of training. Each parameter was statistical analyzed by paired t-test were completed to identify any significant between-groups (p < 0.05). RESULTS: Knee extension isometric and isokinetic strength tended to increase after EMS training in both groups. But there was no difference in the changes between the two groups, the rate of increase in muscle strength in the EMS-EX group tended to be higher than that in the EMS group. Total work capacity and first 1/3 work capacity as muscular endurance were significantly increased in both groups(p < 0.05), but final 1/3 work capacity increased only in the EMS-EX group(EMS group; 99.3 ± 12.0%, EMS-EX group; 103.4 ± 9.5%) after EMS training. Rectus femoris muscle thickness of both group were significantly increased after EMS training (EMS group; 112.3 ± 5.6% and EMS-EX group; 111.7 ± 11.7%, p < 0.05). And thigh circumference in EMS-EX group was significantly increased after EMS training (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that EMS would be induce increased isometric and isokinetic muscle strength and muscle hypertrophy. Furthermore, EMS training while voluntarily pedaling may be more effective than EMS alone in improving morphology and function of skeletal muscle.

Effects Of Body Weight Resistance Training In Hypoxia On Skeletal Muscle Morphology And Function

PURPOSE: This study was to determine the effects of body weight resistance training in hypoxia for 8 weeks on the skeletal muscle morphology and function. METHODS: Fourteen college age male students with no resistance training habits were divided into a normobaric hypoxic (FiO2 = 14.5%) training group (H, n = 7) or a normoxic (FiO2 = 20.9%) training group (N, n = 7). They completed resistance training two times per week for 8 weeks (a total of 16 sessions). The resistance training consisted of seven types of whole-body weight resistance training focusing on eccentric muscle contraction. Knee and elbow extension / flection strength (isometric strength, isokinetic strength, and muscular endurance), muscle thickness (rectus femoris and biceps brachii) and circumference (thigh and upper arm) were measured before and after training. During training session, SpO2 (all of sessions) and hart rate were monitored. Also, we measured growth hormone and cortisol at 10 training session. Each parameter was statistical analyzed by Wilcoxon signed rank tests were completed to identify any significant between-groups (p < 0.05). RESULTS: Elbow and Knee isometric and isokinetic strength tended to increase after training in both groups. But there was no significant difference in isometric and isokinetic strength between H and N groups. The % change of total work capacity in knee muscular endurance of H group tended to higher than that of N group. And, the % change of total work capacity in elbow of H group (108.8 ± 10.2%) was significantly higher than that of N group (96.0 ± 8.5%) (P < 0.05). The biceps brachii muscle thickness was significantly increased after training in the H group (110.2 ± 4.7%) compare with the N group (102.6 ± 3.3%) (P < 0.01). Also, rectus femoris muscle thickness, of H group tended to increase in compare with N group. CONCLUSIONS: It was suggested that body weight resistance training in hypoxia for 8 weeks increased muscle strength as well as traditional resistance training and would be improved muscular endurance and promoted muscle hypertrophy.

Seasonal Changes in 25(OH)D Concentration in Young Soccer Players-Implication for Bone Resorption Markers and Physical Performance.

Searching for potential relations between changes in 25(OH)D concentration and in physical fitness is an interesting scientific topic. Thus, the main purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in serum concentrations of 25(OH)D in young football players in conjunction with indicators determining bone resorption and physical fitness. A total of 35 young soccer players were tested during the autumn competition period. Biochemical analysis of blood, aerobic capacity, running speed and power tests (Wingate test, squat jump, counter movement jump) were carried out at the beginning and at the end of the competition period. Significant decrements in concentration of 25(OH)D from 33.9 ± 5.87 to 23.7 ± 5.58 ng/mL were noted after the analyzed competition period. There were no significant changes in aerobic capacity along the competition period. Significant improvements were observed in 10 m sprint, 30 m sprint (p < 0.001), maximal power (p = 0.011) and total work capacity (p = 0.024). We found that the effect of changes in the players’ physical fitness does not occur in relation to 25 OH(D) concentration but occurs when these changes are analyzed as a function of the duration of the observation period. Changes in physical fitness of soccer players are determined by other factors then 25(OH)D concentration.

Post-synthetic metalation of porous framework materials for achieving high natural gas storage and working capacity: A GCMC simulation study

For the use of natural gas in automobiles, an adsorbent with high CH4 storage capacity and working capacity is desired. In this work, the effects of post-synthetic metalation on CH4 storage capacity and working capacity were investigated. Specially, the adsorption properties of CH4 in PAFs containing metal cations were calculated by GCMC simulations. The results indicated that the total volumetric uptake amounts and working capacity of CH4 were significantly enhanced by post-synthetic metalation. The incorporation of all studied metal cations into PAF-302 and Li, Mg, Ca, Co metal cations into PAF-303 can enhance the CH4 volumetric uptake amounts to exceed the 2012 DOE volumetric target (263 cm3(STP)/cm3). Furthermore, the working capacity in metal (except Mg, Ca, Ti and Co) functionalized PAF-302 was similar to that of MOFs with the highest measured volumetric methane working capacity reported so far. Specially, the working capacity in K and Cu functionalized PAF-302 was 211 cm3(STP)/cm3, which represents the reported highest CH4 working capacity to date.

Is testosterone a potential agent for patients with delayed recovery from Guillain-Barre Syndrome?

Background: Management of some of the patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome is challenging, requiring weeks to months of intensive care and prolonged institutional care. Case report: We report a 32-year-old male with acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (AIDP) with markedly delayed recovery. He was ventilator dependent and multiple therapeutic interventions were attempted. Other possible contributing factors for delayed recovery were looked into. Co-existing critical illness myopathy and polyneuropathy with low level of serum testosterone were detected. Following replacement of testosterone, he was weaned off from the ventilator within a short period of time after eleven weeks of ventilator dependency and slow recovery of neurological weakness had been achieved resulting in total independency and normal working capacity. Conclusion: Delayed recovery in GBS could be multifactorial. The effects of neuroendocrine changes in a critical illness could alter the expected recovery process. Thus, the role of testosterone in recovery from peripheral nerve injury, as well as in critical illness myopathy needs to be looked into.

Performance evaluation of digestate spreading machines in vineyards and citrus orchards: preliminary trials

This research was carried out to evaluate a local biogas plant's solid fraction digestate spreading in a citrus orchard and vineyard. Three spreaders were tested: a broadcast manure spreader in the citrus orchard, and two cylindrical-shaped spreaders in the vineyard; the first one working in broadcast configuration, the second one in localised configuration. Experimental tests assessed effective work time, mean work speed, digestate flow rate and longitudinal and transverse spreading uniformity. In the citrus orchard, the digestate was mainly spread in the centre of the inter-row (around 66%), with low variability between inter-rows (coefficient of variation (CV) equal to 2.7%) and much higher variability within inter-rows (CV = 31.4%). The effective work time was about 28% of total field time and real work capacity was about 0.96 ha h−1. In the vineyard, broadcast spreading released more on the right compared to the left (ratio 1.74) due to distributor disc rotation, whereas localised spreading was more uniform. Overall, variability between inter-rows had CV = 15.1% and within inter-rows CV = 33.3%. Real work capacity was about 0.16 ha h−1 for broadcast spreading and 0.26 ha h−1 for localised spreading. A preliminary economic evaluation, based on sub-contractor tariffs, produced the mean tariff for transaction and spreading costs of digestate in farms near the biogas plant.

A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study to Evaluate the Effectiveness of a Food Supplement Containing Creatine and D-Ribose Combined with a Physical Exercise Program in Increasing Stress Tolerance in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease.

The aim of this study is to establish whether a supplement of creatine and ribose combined with a physical exercise program can improve the total work capacity during exercise in a population of patients with known ischemic heart disease. A double-blind, six-month study was designed in which 53 patients were enrolled and randomized to take either a nutraceutical composition containing creatine, D-ribose, vitamin B1, and vitamin B6 (active treatment) or the placebo. Both the nutraceutical supplement and the placebo were supplied by Giellepi S.p.A. Health Science in Lissone, Italy. After six months of study, the cardiac double product at the peak of the load, the delta double product, and the chronotropic index were higher in the active treatment group than in the placebo group. We can conclude that a supplementation with creatine, D-ribose, vitamin B1, and vitamin B6, in addition to standard therapy and a physical exercise program, seems to be helpful in improving exercise tolerance compared to the placebo in a population with cardiovascular disease. However, this needs to be further studied, given that there is no clear evidence that the double product can be used as a surrogate measure of exercise tolerance.

Methane sorption in a family of qzd-MOFs: A multiscale computational study

A new family of metal-organic frameworks with qzd topology is proposed and exhaustively studied using multiscale computational analysis (grand canonical Monte Carlo; molecular mechanics; density functional theory) to reveal the structure-property relationships for predicting frameworks with high total methane uptake and working capacity. In our approach we take into account different linkers with triple bonds and/or benzene rings. Grand canonical Monte Carlo simulations demonstrate for several of the designed frameworks excellent methane storage properties, such as a balanced working capacity of 56 wt%, 264 cm3 (STP) cm−3 at 5–80 bar and 240 K.

Outstanding methane gravimetric working capacity of computationally designed rhr-MOFs

Abstract A multi-scale approach is employed to design metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). The methane sorption properties are studied by grand canonical Monte Carlo simulations to reveal the structure-property relationship with respect to the methane total uptake and working capacity at different temperatures and pressures. We identify rhr-MOFs with outstanding gravimetric working capacity. For example, the BBB MOF (largest studied pore size) achieves a value of 60.7 wt% at 298 K and 5–65 bar.

Repeated muscle glycogen supercompensation with four days’ recovery between exhaustive exercise

ObjectivesTo determine if a 4 d period of high carbohydrate intake can supercompensate muscle glycogen and exercise work capacity on back-to-back occasions. DesignSeven trained cyclists (6 male, VO2peak: 57 ± 4 mL kg−1 min−1) completed a 9-d experimental period, consisting of three intermittent exhaustive cycling trials on days 1 (trial 1), 5 (trial 2) and 9 (trial 3). Following trial 1 cyclists were fed a high carbohydrate diet (˜10 g kg−1 day−1) for eight days to assess their capacity to repeatedly supercompensate muscle glycogen with 4 d recovery. MethodsA resting muscle biopsy was obtained prior to each trial consisting of 2 min work intervals (90–60% peak power output) interspersed with 2 min recovery (40% peak power output) repeated until exhaustion. Each 72-h period between trial days included two days of low volume cycling and a rest day. Resting muscle glycogen and total work completed was determined for each trial day. ResultsBaseline muscle glycogen on day 1 (583.6 ± 111.0 mmol kg−1 dry mass) was supercompensated on day 5 (835.1 ± 112.8 mmol kg−1 dry mass; p = 0.04, d = 2.25) and again on day 9 (848.3 ± 111.4 mmol kg−1 dry mass; p = 0.01, d = 2.38). Total cycling work capacity increased from trial 1 to trial 2 (+8.7 ± 5.4 kJ kg−1; p = 0.01; d = 1.41); a large effect was observed in trial 3 compared to trial 1 (+6.4 ± 6.8 kJ kg−1; p = 0.10; d = 1.10). ConclusionsA 4 d high carbohydrate feeding strategy is sufficient to repeatedly supercompensate muscle glycogen content following exhaustive exercise and results in enhanced work capacity.

Computational Tuning of the Paddlewheel tcb-MOF Family for Advanced Methane Sorption

A series of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) with tcb net topology and linkers of increasing size (combining triple bonds and benzene rings) is computationally designed using molecular mechanics and density functional theory. By grand canonical Monte Carlo simulations, we identify MOFs with outstanding methane total uptakes and working capacities, satisfying the targets of the U.S. Department of Energy for automobile applications in cold weather regions (50 wt %, 263 cm3(STP)cm–3). For example, the 5B MOF achieves at 298 K working capacities of 52.2 wt % at 5–65 bar and 61.9 wt % at 5–80 bar. The 3B MOF exhibits at 298 K the most balanced (gravimetric versus volumetric) total uptake and working capacity in the family of tcb-MOFs: 28.4 wt %, 160.9 cm3(STP)cm–3 at 35 bar and 23.0 wt %, 130.3 cm3(STP)cm–3 at 5–35 bar (exceeding the benchmarks of IRMOF-6, PCN-14, Ni-MOF-74, Al-soc-MOF-1, MOF-5, MOF-205), 38.4 wt %, 218.0 cm3(STP)cm–3 at 65 bar and 33.0 wt %, 187.5 cm3(STP)cm–3 at 5–65 bar (exceeding the benchm...

Cardiopulmonary Aerobic Fitness Assessment During Maximal and Submaximal Exercise Testing in Pediatric Oncology Patients After Chemotherapy.

The cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) is a valuable tool to assess cardiopulmonary exercise capacity in pediatric oncology patients after chemotherapy. In addition, few studies on the utility of submaximal testing have been performed, which could be important as some patients are unable to complete a maximal effort test secondary to deconditioning by both disease and treatment. We performed a retrospective chart review of pediatric cancer patients exposed to chemotherapy from 1992 to 2013 who underwent CPET with cycle ergometry (n=27). The study patients were compared with age-matched, sex-matched, and size-matched normal controls. The submaximal measure recorded was the oxygen consumption (VO2)@respiratory exchange ratio (RER) 1.0 during a maximal effort test. The chemotherapy group demonstrated significantly lower exercise time (9.2±3.6 vs. 11.4±3.8; P=0.008), total work capacity (4914.4±3290.3 vs. 7664.4±4289.5; P=0.004), systolic blood pressure at peak exercise (162.9±23.2 vs. 177.3±23.8; P=0.01), indexed peak VO2 (33.9±6.9 vs. 40.0±6.3; P=0.001), and indexed peak oxygen pulse (6.1±1.3 vs. 7.0±1.5; P=0.004)). For the submaximal outcome measured, 11/27 of the chemotherapy patients had VO2@RER 1.0 values <-2 SD from the mean compared with 0/27 control patients. Pediatric patients exposed to chemotherapy have impaired cardiopulmonary exercise capacity. The VO2@RER 1.0 in chemotherapy patients suggests that this may be a reliable submaximal measure in this population. This study demonstrates that the CPET can be used in pediatric cancer survivors with prior exposure to chemotherapy to demonstrate impaired cardiopulmonary exercise tolerance, which is demonstrated on submaximal and maximal effort testing.

Dynamic Modeling of California Grid-Scale Hydrogen Energy Storage

The variability of renewable energy sources, specifically for large scale integration into the electricity sector, has brought increased attention to the requirements for energy storage systems. To mitigate the intermittency of renewable energy, many different energy storage technologies, such as pumped hydro, compressed air energy storage, batteries, flow batteries, hydrogen energy storage, capacitors, and flywheels are available. Some of these energy storage systems (e.g., batteries, flywheels) are best suited for short-term storage and highly dynamic operation, while others (e.g., pumped hydro, flow batteries, hydrogen) can accomplish massive and seasonal storage of renewable electricity sources. The integration of high levels of renewable power will require the features of both of these types of energy storage systems. The current work focuses upon hydrogen energy storage as it may contribute to large capacity and seasonal energy storage. Studies show that hydrogen energy storage in areas like California, where the viability of very high levels of grid connected renewable energy generation is promising can highly increase the solar and wind market penetration. Hydrogen energy storage systems generate hydrogen from water using an electrolyzer dynamically powered by using inexpensive or otherwise curtailed renewable energy, storing the hydrogen, and subsequently using the hydrogen for various purposes (e.g., to produce electricity via a fuel cell for power generation or transportation applications). In this work, the dynamics of hydrogen energy storage (HES) integrated with large-scale renewable power using the capabilities of the existing California natural gas infrastructure were investigated. The dynamics associated with the grid demand, renewable power, temperature, pressure, and HES capacity for one week of November and August were analyzed in detail while an aggregated analysis of the entire state for the whole year were simulated in MATLAB/Simulink. First, the solar and wind resources, considering spatially resolved resource availability at each hour during the year, were analyzed to simulate large-scale implementation of combined solar and wind power resources sufficient to meet the entire annual California electric energy demand. At each hour the excess power from the renewable sources is directed to a model solid oxide electrolyzer (SOE) system to produce hydrogen. The hydrogen is pressurized through two stages of compressors and then stored in a model of the existing natural gas underground storage resources. When the grid demand is greater than the available renewable power, hydrogen can be dispatched from the storage resources to return power to the grid through a model solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC). In one scenario, the eleven California underground storage resources with a total working capacity of 9,579,527,832 m3 are dynamically filled and discharged to enable 100% renewable power delivery to the state for the entire year. This case required the introduction of solar and wind resources that are 11.16 times the existing capacity to meet California throughout the year. In a second simulation, constraints of hydrogen delivery to the storage resources through the natural gas system when it is produced next to the renewable energy resource (typically in the desert) are accomplished. It is found that the dynamics for transferring hydrogen to the underground storage resource through a long natural gas transmission pipeline and the dynamics associated with volume flow rate, pressure and temperature are reasonable for accomplishing HES at this local resource.

Influence of Organic Loading Rates (OLR) in Treatment of Pulp and Paper Mill Wastewater with Hybrid Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor (HUASBR) with Hexagonal Polypropylene Inert Material

Abstract The present work illustrates the effective treatment of raw pulp and paper mill effluent using a model hybrid upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor (HUASBR). The physico-chemical and biological characteristics of wastewater were observed to be critical from the pollution potential aspect. The design features of model HUASBR had a respective total and effective working capacity of 7.5 and 6.5l, together with 25 cm depth of packing by polypropylene hexagonal inert material at the top of the reactor. Start-up of the reactor was carried out using an inoculum mixture containing rumen liquid of goat and cow dung slurry at an appropriate ratio of 3 : 1(v/v). Also, the reactor was effectively started up at the end of 36 days. Based on the performance of model HUASBR, under the respective variations of organic loading rates (OLRs) of 1, 2 and 4 kg COD m−3 d−1, the stepwise COD removals were found to be about 41, 69 and 87%. However, a hydraulic loading rate (HRT) of 20 h was appropriately maintained throughout the studies.

PP.25.02] EFFECT OF TRAINING OPTIMIZATION ON MAXIMAL FUNCTIONAL PARAMETERS IN SPORT-DANCERS

Objective: Improvement of the aerobic capacity is the main goal of sports preparation and cardio-vascular rehabilitation.Cardio-plulmonary stress test is a useful tool for creation of individualized training programs. Design and method: In the present study we investigated the effect of training optimization aimed at improvement of aerobic functional abilities in male amateur sport-dancers. Two maximal cardio-respiratory tests were carried out on a treadmill (at the beginning and the end of an experimental 2-month period) and the dynamic in the maximal aerobic and total ergometric work capacity of the athletes was evaluated. During the 2-month period additional aerobic training sessions were included in the athletes’ program with intensity based on the individual anaerobic threshold (AnT) determined during the first test. These workloads consisted of 60-minute jogging sessions at intensity corresponding to 65 ÷ 80% of AnT (116 ÷ 145 beats min−1) twice weekly and trekking in spare time (3–4 times during the 2-month period). Results: The follow-up functional test revealed significant increase of the measured absolute and relative values of maximal oxygen uptake (8.5%, 9.2%, respectively; p* < 0.05), of achieved maximal treadmill speed (12.2%; p* < 0.05) and decrease in maximal pulmonary ventilation (−15.9%; p* < 0.05). These changes in the analyzed main functional parameters were accompanied by statistically significant decrease in maximal lactate concentration (−17.3%; p* < 0.05) and slight decrease of the registered maximal heart rate (−3 beats min−1; p > 0.05). Conclusions: The results allowed us to conclude that the training sessions added to the athletes’ program had contributed to the established substantial positive effect on the aerobic abilities. The results confirm the view that the application of individually tailored workloads in aerobic training programs is an important factor for optimization of metabolic energy pathways and a prerequisite for marked improvement of the organism functional work capacity.

Comparison of Blood Cholesterol Profiles Before and After The Measurements of Maximum Aerobic Capacity (VO2max)

This study is aimed to compare the blood cholesterol profile, before and after the measurement of maximum aerobic capacity (VO2max) in the students of Jurusan Pendidikan Olahraga dan Kesehatan (JPOK) pada Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan (FKIP) Universitas Lambung Mangkurat Banjarmasin.Variables in this study consist of lipid profiles, including total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL), triglyceride (TG) and Maximum Aerobic Capacity (VO2max). The concept of VO2max according to Kent(1994:268): “maximum oxygen volume consumed per minute to show total work capacity, or volume per minute relative to body weight (ml/kg.min)”. Operationally, VO2max referred in this study is the maximum volume of oxygen that can be consumed per minute, as measured at progressive run (Bleep Test).&lt;br /&gt;The method used in this study is pre-experimental with one group pretest-posttest design. This design implies that a group of subjects are treated for a specific period and the measurements are taken both pre and post. The results: There are changes in blood cholesterol profile after the measurement of maximum oxygen capacity (VO2max), shown by significant decrease of total cholesterol variable, increased HDL, and decreased LDL. Changes in triglyceridevariable showed no significant decrease despite the statistic differences. Specific HDL sub-class increasing after exercise is a constructive lipoprotein sub-class whereas LDL is destructive lipoproteins sub-class that might damage the body. Therefore, an increase in HDL and decrease in LDL found in this study appears to be advantageous and consequently might alter the risk of coronary heart disease.