Total Volume Of Thyroid Gland Research Articles

The association between serum adenosine deaminase levels and Graves’ disease

BackgroundAdenosine deaminase (ADA) is essential for the differentiation and maturation of lymphocytes, while lymphocytes infiltration in thyroid tissue is a vital pathological feature of Graves’ disease (GD). The aim of the present study was to compare the concentration of ADA between healthy controls (HC) and patients with GD, and evaluate the association between ADA and GD.MethodsA total of 112 GD patients and 77 matched HC were enrolled in this study. Each participant was examined for thyroid hormones and autoantibodies, ADA concentration, and thyroid ultrasonography.ResultsSerum ADA levels in GD patients were significantly higher than that in HC subgroup (P < 0.001). In GD patients, serum ADA levels were positively associated with serum-free triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyroxine (FT4), thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb), thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor antibody (TRAb) levels, and total thyroid gland volume (thyroid VolT) and negatively associated with serum thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSH) levels (all P < 0.05). There were no similar correlations in the HC subgroup. Multiple linear regression analysis suggested that serum TSH, FT3, and ADA levels played an important role in serum TRAb levels.ConclusionsOur results demonstrated that serum ADA levels were closely associated with GD.

To evaluate the dimensions of each lobe and total volume of thyroid gland by ultrasonography among pregnant and non pregnant women in local population, Karachi.

To evaluate the dimensions of each lobe and total volume of thyroid gland&#x0D; by ultrasonography among pregnant and non pregnant women in&#x0D; local population, Karachi.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Abstract:&#x0D; Background: Pregnancy has an anatomical and physiological influence on the thyroid gland and it’s function. It is good to know the normal changes that occur during pregnancy. The size and volume of this gland is increased through the pregnancy and becomes visible due to iodine deficiency (ID) that can lead to goiter or may develop hypothyroidism. Objective of the study were to evaluate dimensions of both lobes and calculation of thyroid volume by using ultrasonography (USG) and to compare these parameters between pregnant and non pregnant in Karachi, Pakistan.&#x0D; Methodology: It was a clinical cross sectional study that was conducted at Gynae OPD and Radiology Department, Ojha campus, Dow university of health sciences (DUHS), Karachi from October 2016 to December 2018 through consecutive sampling. The study volunteers of reproductive age (14-45 years) were included and divided into two groups (pregnant and non-pregnant women). The dimensions of each lobe and calculation of thyroid volume were taken into the account through their standard protocol after following inclusion and exclusion criteria.&#x0D; Results: The comparisons were made on thyroid gland dimensions, ultrasound outcomes of right and left lobe length, width, depth and volume of thyroid gland. In pregnant women, right lobe length was 2.91±1.05, width was 1.54±0.41 and depth was 2.31±1.41 whereas in non pregnant women mean right lobe length was 2.50±0.97, width was 1.34±0.51 and depth was 1.68±0.98. The mean difference was considered statistically significant in pregnant women with p-value (&lt; 0.01). In pregnant women thyroid volume was 7.02±3.21 whereas in non pregnant, it was 5.58±2.41 which was significantly increased in pregnant women with p-value (&lt; 0.01).&#x0D; Conclusion: Therefore our study concludes that, in our population at least half of the apparently healthy pregnant females do have some degree of iodine deficiency. The volume of the gland is increased during pregnancy, suggesting iodine deficiency.&#x0D; &#x0D; Key Words: Pregnant women, non pregnant women, dimensions of thyroid gland and&#x0D; volume of thyroid gland.

Normative data of thyroid volume-ultrasonographic evaluation in clinically asymptomatic Nigerian adults at Benue state university teaching hospital, Makurdi

Background: Thyroid gland volume is highly variable among communities. Current study was aimed to determine the local normative data on thyroid volume, assessed by ultrasonography in asymptomatic Nigerian adults.Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study conducted at a tertiary hospital between February 2020 to February 2021, which included 500 clinically asymptomatic adults in Makurdi, North-Central Nigeria. Age specific reference values for thyroid volume were obtained. Structured questionnaire was used to obtain information on other variables that could influence thyroid gland volume. The data obtained, including that from blood tests of thyroid function was collated and analysed using SPSS 23, with p=0.05.Results: The mean total thyroid gland volume for both lobes in the entire population of the study was 6.91±2.41 cm3. The mean thyroid volume for both lobes in males 7.09±2.60 cm3 was higher than that of females 6.73±2.38 cm3. The mean right and left lobe volumes were 3.56±1.14 cm3 and 3.35±1.10 cm3 respectively. The right lobe volume was significantly greater than the left lobe (p=0.000). There was a consistent steady increase in thyroid gland volume with increasing age for the general, male and female population until at least the 5th or 6th decade. The total thyroid gland volume significantly correlated with the individual’s body parameters. Highest correlation was found with height (r=0.256, p&lt;0.05)).Conclusions: Ultrasonography was valuable in the determination of thyroid gland volume and normal values were different in various communities.

Morphometry of the Thyroid Gland and its Correlation with Various Anthropometric Parameters in Asymptomatic Indian Young Adults- A Cross-sectional Study

Introduction: The volume, shape and size of the thyroid gland varies with age and sex. Morphometry of the thyroid with particular emphasis on its volume is an essential and most important parameter which must be evaluated. It is helpful in the diagnosis and monitoring of various thyroid diseases. Aim: To evaluate the volume of the normal thyroid gland and thickness of thyroid isthmus by ultrasonography and to observe its correlation with sex, height, weight, Body Mass Index (BMI), Neck Circumference (NC), Body Surface Area (BSA) and Lean Body Mass (LBM) in asymptomatic subjects. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study which included 100 volunteers (50 males and 50 females) from among 1st year MBBS/BDS students, who were attending classes in the Department of Anatomy, King George’s Medical University, UP, Lucknow during April 2019-March 2020. Detailed information (sex, height, weight, NC) was recorded for every subject. Also, BMI, BSA and LBM were calculated for each. Thereafter, ultrasound was performed to measure the dimensions of the thyroid gland. The statistical analysis was done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 24. Student t-test (to test the significance of two means), Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and bivariate correlation using Karl Pearson correlation coefficient (r) were used as statistical tests; and p-value &lt;0.05 was regarded as statistically significant. Results: The mean volume of the right lobe of the thyroid gland was found to be 3.89±1.28 mL and of left side was 3.59±1.09 mL. The mean total volume of thyroid gland was 7.48±2.22 mL. In males, it was found to be 8.32±2.30 mL and in females, it was 6.63±1.78 mL. The mean thickness of thyroid isthmus was 2.09±0.66 mm. The correlation of total thyroid volume with all the anthropometric parameters was significant, while correlation of isthmus thickness was statistically significant with LBM and NC only. Conclusion: Presentstudy provides a normative reference data for the physicians and surgeons to consider while dealing with everyday cases of thyroid hypoplasia or goiter in their Outpatient Department (OPD)/Inpatient Departments (IPDs).

Ultrasonographic estimation of Thyroid gland volume in healthy subjects of interior Sindh (Province of Pakistan).

Ultrasonography is the most common &amp; easy method to estimate the thyroid gland volume. There is wide variation in the volume of the thyroid gland in normal individuals of different ages, sex, races &amp; geography location. Objectives: To estimate the ultrasonographic thyroid gland volume &amp; its reference range in healthy volunteers of interior Sindh, province of Pakistan. Study Design: Cross Sectional Prospective study. Setting: Conducted in Department of Radiology of PUMHS Nawabshah. Period: From 15 August 2017 to 15 February 2018. Material &amp; Methods: Total 102 healthy subjects were included. The subjects having history of any thyroid disease or surgery, systematic disease, iodine deficiency or taking any drug were excluded. Every subject’s thyroid ultrasound was performed by experienced radiologist &amp; thyroid gland volume of each lobe was calculated. Results: The mean total thyroid gland volume of all study subjects was 9.14+2.97 cm3. The mean volume of right lobe is significantly larger than that of left lobe (5.27+3.82 vs 3.82+1.41, p&lt; 0.005). The mean thyroid volume of the male subjects was larger than in the females (11.67+3.06 vs 8.50+2.87 cm3), the difference between both sexes was statistically significant (p&lt; 0.005) (Table-I). There was no statistically correlation was found between thyroid gland volume with body mass index ((p&lt; 0.005). Conclusion: We tried to contribute to establish the reference values for our local population and further large studies are required to establish national wide reference values of thyroid gland volume.

Age-dependent reference values of the thyroid gland in pediatric population; from routine computed tomography data

PurposeTo evaluate age-dependent reference values for measurements of the thyroid gland in pediatric patients. MethodIn total 425 chest and neck computed tomography images of pediatric patients without pathology of the thyroid gland were retrospectively reviewed. Measurements of the thyroid gland were obtained in three dimensions (width, depth, length). The total volume was the sum of volumes of each lobe. Measurements were compared among the six groups according to age from 0 to 18 years. ResultsThere were moderate to strong positive linear correlations between age and all values (r = 0.58–0.82, all p < 0.001). The total volume of the thyroid gland showed a strong positive linear correlation with the three linear measurements of each lobe (all r > 0.7, all p < 0.001). Among these measurements, the depth of the right lobe showed the highest Pearson correlation coefficient with the total volume of the thyroid gland (r = 0.859). ConclusionThe depth of right lobe could be a representative measurement of total thyroid gland volume, similar to prior findings in adults.

Can Thyroid Ultrasonography Predict Substernal Extension or Tracheal Compression in Goiters?

PurposeTo determine whether an ultrasonography (US)-defined thyroid volume can accurately predict substernal extension or tracheal narrowing. MethodsAfter research ethics approval, we identified patients with thyroid nodules investigated with both US and computed tomography (CT). Reviewers assigned scores for both substernal extension and tracheal compression on CT using pre-established classification systems. Statistical analysis with receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was performed to find the US-determined thyroid volume thresholds that correlated with each substernal extension and tracheal compression. ResultsThis study included 120 patients (mean age 63.4 years; SD ± 15.9; 67% female). Thirty-five patients (29%) had substernal extension. The mean US total thyroid gland volume in patients with and without substernal extension were 92.4 and 37.6 cm3, respectively (P < .001). 86% of patients with substernal extension had tracheal narrowing vs. 27% of patients without substernal extension (P < .0001). A cutoff dominant gland volume of ≥37.5 cm3 showed 83% sensitivity and 79% specificity for substernal extension (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.84). A total thyroid gland volume threshold of ≥37.8 cm3 showed 89% sensitivity and 87% specificity for any degree of tracheal narrowing (AUC = 0.90). ConclusionsThis study suggests that US volumes may be used as a predictor to identify those patients with thyroid enlargement who are most at risk of substernal extension and tracheal compression and who may benefit from preoperative CT imaging for optimal surgical and anesthetic planning.

Shear wave velocity of the healthy thyroid gland in children with acoustic radiation force impulse elastography.

Acoustic radiation force impulse imaging is a kind of shear wave elastography that can be used in children for differentiating thyroid pathologies. Possible changes in the healthy thyroid gland in children may create difficulties in the use of shear wave velocities (SWV) in thyroid pathologies. The aim of this study was to define the normal values of SWV for the healthy thyroid gland in children, elucidate the correlation of the SWV values with potential influencing factors, and evaluate intra-operator reproducibility of the SWV. Between January 2015 and December 2015, a total of 145 healthy children (81 girls, 64 boys; mean age, 10.5±3.14years; range 6-17years) were enrolled in the study. The SWV and volume of the thyroid gland were determined. The mean shear wave velocity of the thyroid gland was 1.22±0.20m/s. There was no correlation between age and the mean SWV of the thyroid gland (Spearman Rho=0.049, p=0.556). There was also no correlation between the thyroid gland volume or BSA and the mean SWV. The only correlation detected was between BSA and total thyroid gland volume (p<0.001). In the present study, the SWV of the healthy thyroid gland in children was determined. There was no correlation between the SWV of the thyroid gland and age, BSA, or thyroid gland volume.

Comparison of ultrasonographic characteristics of the thyroid gland in healthy small-, medium-, and large-breed dogs

To determine ultrasonographic characteristics of the thyroid gland in healthy small-, medium-, and large-breed dogs and evaluate the relationships of thyroid gland size and volume with body weight and body surface area (BSA). 72 dogs of small (6 Toy and 6 Miniature Poodles), medium (12 Beagles), and large breeds (12 Akitas and 36 Golden Retrievers). Each dog's thyroid gland was examined ultrasonographically with a 10- to 5-MHz multifrequency linear-array transducer. Size, shape, echogenicity, and homogeneity of thyroid lobes were evaluated on longitudinal and transverse images. Thyroid lobe volume was estimated by use of the equation for an ellipsoid (pi/6 [length x height x width]). Thyroid lobes appeared fusiform or elliptical on longitudinal images and triangular or round to oval on transverse images. In most dogs, thyroid lobes were hyperechoic or isoechoic, compared with surrounding musculature, and had a homogeneous echogenic pattern. Mean length, width, height, and volume of thyroid lobes were significantly greater in Akitas and Golden Retrievers, compared with findings in Beagles or Poodles; mean length, width, and height were significantly greater in Beagles, compared with findings in Poodles. Total thyroid gland volume correlated with body weight (r = 0.73) and BSA (r = 0.74). Among the dog breeds examined ultrasonographically, thyroid lobe size and volume were more variable than shape, echogenicity, and homogeneity. The correlation of thyroid gland volume with BSA suggests that size of the dog, rather than breed, should be considered when assessing thyroid glands ultrasonographically.