Total Production Volume Research Articles

Modeling of frac flowback and produced water volume from Wattenberg oil and gas field

The objective of this study was to develop models that could be used to predict frac flowback and produced water volumes considering the unique decline rates that exist for different types of oil and gas wells. Specifically, water production data from the Colorado Oil and Gas Conservation Commission (COGCC) and Noble Energy Inc. were used to develop models for water production for vertical and horizontal wells, a distinction made largely due to the different amounts of water used for each. If centralized water treatment and handling facilities are going to be designed and constructed, it is important to have a reliable estimate of the water that will be produced in the future as wells are completed and brought on line. An Excel-based tool was developed utilizing the horizontal and vertical well models for predicting total volume of water production by current and future wells in Wattenberg Field. Two case studies have been conducted including one with all of the Noble wells in Wattenberg Field and one with a subset assuming a regional treatment center might be established. Uncertainty of the predictions was determined using standard error calculations on the two modeling parameters for water flow decline rates. An interactive Excel-based spreadsheet has been developed to allow predictions of water production based on the number of horizontal and vertical wells drilled in the future. • Models developed for vertical and horizontal wells water production. • Water production prediction tool was created to predict total water production. • Uncertainty of predictions was estimated. • Two cases studies with the tool to predict flowback and produced water.

High-throughput sequential injection assay method for chlorpromazine

This manuscript reports the optimization and validation of a new, rapid, reagent-saving and environmentally-safe method for chlorpromazine assay in pharmaceutical formulations utilizing sequential injection analysis (SIA) technique. Despite its benefits over univariate approach, chemometrics has been rarely exploited for optimizing SIA methods. Moreover, in those methods, some conditions have not been considered in optimization process. In the current study, more conditions, namely volumes and concentrations of reagents, have been optimized by chemometrics for the first time. A developing oxidation reaction of chlorpromazine by permanganate in acidic media was adopted. A spectrophotometric detection of the reduction of permanganate was applied at 526 nm using miniaturized fiber optic devices. The 24 full-factorial design and response surface approaches were exploited for method optimization. The method was validated and realized by a British Pharmacopoeia method. Experimental conditions and analytical aspects of the current SIA method were compared with those of a previous SIA method. Some analytical aspects were comparable while other aspects demonstrated better results from the current method than those from the previous one. The current method is rapid with a sample frequency of 51.4 samples/h. It is also reagent-saving with a total volume of consumed reagents and sample of 260 μL as well as environmental-safety with a total volume of waste production of 1260 μL. The method is therefore efficient for industrial-scale pharmaceutical analysis.

Thermodynamic Evaluation of Potential Organic Hydrogen Carriers

Hydrogen storage is a technology of major interest for the energy systems of the future. Fluctuations in power production by renewable energy technologies necessitate the storage of energy. Because most storage technologies suffer from low storage densities and capacities as well as high costs, chemical storage by using hydrogen is meaningful. [1, 2] Hydrogen is currently produced mainly by conversion of fossil fuels (steam reforming). In the future the production of hydrogen through the electrolysis of water, using electricity from wind or solar power, is likely to contribute substantially to the total hydrogen production volume. Furthermore, hydrogen could be produced via other renewable sources of energy, such as biomass [3] or photocatalytic water splitting. [4, 5] A number of issues have to be addressed in order to store hydrogen. For elemental hydrogen high pressures or very low temperatures must be applied. This causes additional energy demands and consequently a drop in overall efficiency. The energy demand of liquefaction consumes about 30 % of the lower heating value of hydrogen. The energy demand of compressing hydrogen is lower (about 12 % for 350 bar; about 15 % for 700 bar) and the overall efficiency for compressed hydrogen is thus higher. [6] Furthermore, for liquid hydrogen significant amounts are lost by evaporation during storage. There again, the storage densities of compressed hydrogen are lower than for liquid hydrogen. To overcome the limitations associated with elemental hydrogen, its conversion into another form is advisable. Three basic types of conversion exist:

Thermodynamic Evaluation of Potential Organic Hydrogen Carriers

Thermodynamic Evaluation of Potential Organic Hydrogen Carriers

Evaluating environmental modeling and sampling data with biomarker data to identify sources and routes of exposure

Exposure to environmental chemicals results from multiple sources, environmental media, and exposure routes. Ideally, modeled exposures should be compared to biomonitoring data. This study compares the magnitude and variation of modeled polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) exposures resulting from emissions to outdoor and indoor air and estimated exposure inferred from biomarker levels. Outdoor emissions result in both inhalation and food-based exposures. We modeled PAH intake doses using U.S. EPA's 2002 National Air Toxics Assessment (NATA) county-level emissions data for outdoor inhalation, the CalTOX model for food ingestion (based on NATA emissions), and indoor air concentrations from field studies for indoor inhalation. We then compared the modeled intake with the measured urine levels of hydroxy-PAH metabolites from the 2001–2002 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) survey as quantifiable human intake of PAH parent-compounds. Lognormal probability plots of modeled intakes and estimated intakes inferred from biomarkers suggest that a primary route of exposure to naphthalene, fluorene, and phenanthrene for the U.S. population is likely inhalation from indoor sources. For benzo(a)pyrene, the predominant exposure route is likely from food ingestion resulting from multi-pathway transport and bioaccumulation due to outdoor emissions. Multiple routes of exposure are important for pyrene. We also considered the sensitivity of the predicted exposure to the proportion of the total naphthalene production volume emitted to the indoor environment. The comparison of PAH biomarkers with exposure variability estimated from models and sample data for various exposure pathways supports that both indoor and outdoor models are needed to capture the sources and routes of exposure to environmental contaminants.

INTERNATIONAL MARKET OF FRESH AND PROCESSED GUAVA: CHALLENGES AND PERSPECTIVES FOR THE MEXICAN CASE

Guava is one of the most important fruit crops in Mexico. During the last decade average cultivated area has been about 22.8 thousands hectares with an annual production of 291 thousands tons. National mean of guava fruit yield is 13.7 t ha,sup-1, however, it may fluctuate from 2 to 20 t ha-1, depending on the region and between levels of technology used. Approximately 85% of the total production volume is for fresh consumption, while the rest is used for processing at different scales. Most of the commercialization of fresh guava is for the national market and is mainly concentrated in five or six Mexican cities. Nevertheless, those cities represent a potential market of more than 40 millions people. Although guava is produced in more than 20 states of the country, planted area in the states of Michoacan, Aguascalientes and Zacatecas represent an 89% of the total cultivated area. The guava fruit type mainly produced in these regions is called 'Media China', which has a high preference by the consumer because of its nice flavor and pleasant aroma. Recently, guava crop has received more attention by the different stakeholders in the value chain, which allowed reaching important objectives such as the exportation of 15 thousands tons of fresh guava to the United States during the last four years. This was possible because of the campaigns against fruit fly, as well as the approved irradiation treatment. Another important achievement includes the registration and release of the first five Mexican guava cultivars. Even then, some challenges that guava producers in Mexico have to face in the near future are: development and use of more improved cultivars having comparative advantages (fruit size and form, lower seed number, pulp color, ascorbic acid content, total soluble solids, greater firmness, etc.); adoption of better agronomic practices (pruning, nutrition, irrigation, etc.); more environmentally and healthy control of pests; regulation of cropping to ensure more stable production through the whole year and increase fruit quality and uniformity, among others. Besides these technical factors, it is also needed: to enhance organization of guava producers; increase infrastructure (packing and cold storage facilities, etc.); to have more access to technical assistance and better profits for guavas. As long as some of these elements start to be incorporated to the guava production systems, it could be possible to have better perspectives for the future of the Mexican guava.

Anestesia y reanimación en un caso de placenta pércreta

Placenta percreta is a sub-type of placenta accreta in which this organ invades the whole uterine wall and affects the adjacent organs. It is a condition with a high surgical risk which generally requires an obstetric hysterectomy.We present the case of a 36 year-old pregnant woman diagnosed with placenta percreta with bladder and intestinal invasion. She suffered a hypovolaemic shock during surgery which required a massive transfusion of blood products and inotropic support. Three further successive surgeries were required due to the bleeding, with selective embolisation of the hypogastric arteries being performed in one of them. She required 13 days in intensive care. The total volume of blood products transfused was, 43 units of red cells, 28 units of plasma, and 8 platelet pools.The importance of early prenatal diagnosis is emphasised in order to adequately plan the operation, and should include a multidisciplinary team (general surgeons, urologists, vascular surgeons), as well as experienced anaesthesiologists and obstetricians.

Competitiveness and food security at the regional level

This paper deals with food safety as one of the areas of food security and food sovereignty. A review of concepts, models, acts on the power of international and national levels is made. The authors formulate a conclusion about the need for a measure of «food quality» with the release of the functional components of fitness (the ability to perform specified functions with the purpose) and safety (restrictions on the content of harmful substances in the products). The analysis of the competitiveness of local products is made on the quality characteristics based on the proportion of output indicator of inadequate quality or dangerous to health in the total volume of products placed on the market. The paper identifies key areas of federal and regional levels to comply with the quality of food.

Long-term effect of wetland drainage on the productivity of Scots pine stands in Poland

The aim of this study was to estimate the long-term effect of wetland drainage on the productivity of Scots pine stands in Poland. Data were obtained from the forested area of the Niepolomice Forest District, which was drained in 1964–1968. To describe the long-term changes in site productivity, a local site index model was developed. The effect of drainage depended primarily on the age of the stand at the time of drainage. A positive growth response (i.e., an increase in height) was observed in stands that were younger than 45–50years at the time of drainage, with younger stands showing stronger responses. Drainage caused an increase in the site productivity of young stands that can be expressed as a change of 5.4m in site index. For fully stocked stands, the average effect of drainage expressed as the predicted increase in total wood production at age 100years was estimated to be approximately 200m3ha−1 (25%) in those stands planted after drainage. The predicted increase in the total volume of production at total stand age 100years for stands that were 30years old at the time of drainage was estimated to be approximately 125m3ha−1 (15%). For stands that were 40years old at the time of drainage, the predicted increase in volume production was approximately 50m3ha−1 (6%). Stands older than 50years at the time of drainage were assumed to be unaffected.

Effects of the Borealis impact on the mantle dynamics of Mars

We investigate the effects of a huge impact called Borealis impact, possibly occurred at 4.5 Ga and created the northern lowland of Mars, on the thermal evolution of Mars using 2D axi-symmetric convection in a spherical shell of temperature- and pressure-dependent viscosity. A suite of models are calculated to study effects of different physical parameters on the impact-induced mantle dynamics. We use the conventional scaling laws of basin diameter and impactor size, the impact shock pressure in the interior of Mars and the foundering mechanism of impact heating to calculate the temperature increase in the mantle. The mantle is allowed to melt as its temperature surpasses the solidus. To assess the effects of the impact on the thermal evolution of Mars, we compare the thermal evolution of the models with impact to the equivalent models having no impact. It is shown that the impact increases the rate of crustal production for a period of about 50 m.y. after the impact. The initial impact-induced melt volume is about 3.44 × 10 8 km 3, whereas the impact induced mantle upwelling beneath the impact site results in the production of an extra 8.8 × 10 8 km 3 of melt. The models with no impact also produce melt in due time and the total volume of melt at 4.6 Gyr is not significantly sensitive to the impact. This observation suggests that large impacts can significantly alter the rate of crustal production of Mars but have minor effects on the total volume of crust or melt production.

Rapid inexpensive assay method for verapamil by spectrophotometric sequential injection analysis

Sequential injection analysis (SIA) technique with a miniaturized fibre optic spectrophotometry was exploited to optimize and validate a new method for the assay of verapamil in pharmaceutical formulations. The reduction of acidified permanganate by verapamil was spectrophotometrically detected at 546 nm. The 2(3) full-factorial design was adopted for screening the effect of conditions controlling the proposed method, and accordingly for the purpose of optimization. The remarkable advantages of the method are high rapidity (sample frequency was 10.6 samples/h), saving in reagents and sample (total consumed volume was 190 µl) and better safety for the environment (total waste production volume was 2140 µl). Additionally, the method was selective in the presence of excipients usually found in tablet and injection formulations. The average of recovery in synthetic samples as well as dosage forms was 98.8-103.0%. The obtained results were realized by the British Pharmacopoeia method and comparable results were obtained.

World production and consumption of carbon fibres

The total world production volume of carbon fibres (CF) is 70–80,000 tons/year. In the last two to three years, there has been a trend toward significant growth in their production and use. Polyacrylonitrile fibre is the basic type of raw material for production of CF. New areas of application of CF have appeared. The quality level attained for carbon fibres is examined on the example of several leading manufacturers.

Aquaculture system diversity and sustainable development: fish farms and their representation

Initiatives for the sustainable development of aquaculture have so far focused on the production of codes of conduct, of best management practices, of standards etc., most of which have been developed by international organ- isations, the industrial sector and non governmental organisations. They were, to a large extent, produced using a top down process and inspired by models from intensive industrial shrimp and sea fish farming (mainly salmon). How- ever, most of global aquaculture production comes from small- and medium-sized farms, essentially in Asia which con- tributes 92% of the total world aquaculture production volume. The objective of this article is to define the contours of systemic typologies that are able to express the sustainability conditions of aquaculture systems. The proposed approach builds on surveys of aquaculture systems which differ in terms of their biogeographical nature (temperate/tropical and north/south countries) or their farming techniques and their governance systems. This work is a prerequisite to any attempt at an individualised and comparative evaluation of specific aquaculture systems from either global or territorial viewpoints. In order to go beyond the cleavage of a typology based on the differentiation between developed and devel- oping countries, three typologies were produced. These typologies allow for discriminatory variables to be identified such as for example the marketing methods or the pace of innovation: a structural typology, a functional typology and a systemic typology. Finally, the representations of aquaculture activity and of its sustainability that producers have of the 4 different types that emerge from the systemic typology were recorded and analyzed.

Scale-Up Factor for Mean Drop Diameter in Batch Rotor-Stator Mixers with Internal Circulation

The aim of the present study is to propose a scale-up factor for the mean drop diameter in internally circulated batch rotor–stator mixers. The total energy dissipation rate (εt) is used as the scale-up factor for the mean drop diameter. εt is calculated from the power number, flow number, rotational speed, number of rotor blades, and number of stator holes. Because it is difficult to measure the circulation flow rate of an internally circulated mixer directly, the flow rate of a production-scale mixer is estimated by measuring the time required for complete mixing—termed “mixing time”—and taking into account the power number of the production- and pilot-scale mixers and the flow number of the pilot-scale mixer. Our experimental results indicate that εt could influence the mean drop diameter. Theoretical verification suggests that εt includes information on the mixer configuration (rotor diameter, stator hole diameter, stator wall thickness, stator opening ratio, and gap width) and manufacturing conditions (operating time: t; rotational speed: N; and total product volume: V). Our results show that a decrease in the mean drop diameter is proportional to t, N4, and V−1. Further, we estimate the mean drop diameter of the production-scale mixer by performing a model product experiment with a pilot-scale mixer. The above results also indicate that the scale-up criteria for the mean drop diameter can be determined on the basis of εt and in terms of the operating time and not necessarily in terms of the geometric similarities between mixer configurations, a constant rotor tip speed, or a constant clearance between the rotor and stator.

Analysis of chemical fibre product production

In 2000-2007, the Russian textile market changed as demand for finished products fluctuated as a function of the degree of saturation of the raw-material base, raw-material quality, and resource possibilities of the conserving enterprises. Technical and economic development was only observed for isolated enterprises specializing in production and processing of chemical fibres. The purpose of this article is to inform our readers about the status, dynamics, and structure of use of chemical fibres and thread in manufacture of a commercial line of textile products and garments in the RF in the indicated period. Table 1 shows that the total production of fibres and thread and fabrics fluctuated with their use in Russian companies. Although 2329 million m of fabrics was processed in 2000, 2869 million m was made in 2003, and 2735 million m in 2007, which was respectively 86.6, 106.7, and 101.7% of the 2004 level. Based on Rosstat preliminary data, 2463 million m of fabric was manufactured in 2008, which was respectively 105.8 and 91.56% of the 2000 and 2004 level. The production volumes in the analyzed period are compared by product type with the 2004 production level in Fig. 1: chemical fibres and thread, fabrics using chemical fibres and thread. As we can see, the dependences of the line reflecting chemical fibre production as a function of the path characterizing production of fabrics using chemical fibres and thread intensified markedly in 2007. The production dynamics and structure of chemical fibres and thread in the Russian Federation for 2000-2007 presented in Tables 1 and 2 were prepared from statistical data [1, p. 424; 2, p. 220; 3; 5, p. 403, 414]. Chemical fibre production in Russia is in a stage of technical and economic decline. The total volume of production of this product in 2007 was 9.8% lower than in 2000 and 4.6 times lower than in 1990 (673,000 tons). However, consumption of chemical fibres for production of nonwovens and knits increased. As the data in Table 3 indicate [4, 5], production of nonwovens of the fabric type using chemical fibres increased from 2,459,100 running m in 2000 to 126,756,000 running m in 2007, or by 5.1 times. The proportion of nonwovens of the fabric type approximately doubled, i.e., from 24.84% in 2000 to 48.98% in 2007. The production volume of knits using chemical fibres increased by 84.3% in 2007 in comparison to 2000, as Table 3 shows. The share of knits using chemical fibres approximately doubled. The decrease in chemical fibre production from 164,000 tons in 2000 to 145,000 tons in 2007, the change in the structure of production (Table 2), and the increase in the volumes of their use in fabrication of knits and nonwovens (Table 3) were reflected in the production and structure of the assortment of fabrics using chemical fibres and thread. These and other changes in the textile raw material market affected the dynamics and structure of production of cotton, wool, and linen fabrics using chemical fibres (Table 4). The positive dynamics persisted at the beginning of 2008 for finished cotton fabrics. As Table 4 shows, manufacture of these fabrics increased in comparison to 2000, from 24.91% in 2003 to 5.82% in 2007. However, production of finished linen fabrics decreased in this period. The decrease in production is due to a change in the market conditions and the deliveries of fabrics for export in the form of unbleached cloth, since the possibilities for finishing and dyeing of linen fabrics are limited in Russian enterprises because of the shortage of modern equipment. As for production of fabrics using chemical fibres and thread, the picture periodically changed. The information in Table 4 indicates that the production volume of cotton fabrics using chemical fibres and thread increased by 19.85% in 2004

Predicting Customer Wallet Without Survey Data

A single company provides only a part of the total volume of products or services required by a customer. From the company perspective, this total business volume conducted by a customer, the customer's size-of-wallet, is generally unobservable. The percentage of this business done with the company, the customer's share-of-wallet , is unobservable as well. This article focuses on the prediction of these values and on the derived concept of potential-of-wallet, which is the difference between the size-of-wallet and the actual business volume the customer does with the focal company. In the existing literature, the models predicting the customer wallet need survey data to estimate the model parameters. The authors propose an approach to predicting customer wallet without using survey data. In the empirical application, the authors show that a company can generate substantial gains by targeting customers with a large potential-of-wallet.

Two types of dacitic pumices from the caldera-forming eruption of Numazawa Volcano, NE Japan

The 3400 BC caldera-forming eruption of Numazawa Volcano in NE Japan started with a cataclysmic pyroclastic flow eruption (∼ 2 km3 dense rock equivalent), which accounted for more than 90% of the total volume of the eruption products. This was followed by a Plinian eruption, phreatomagmatic eruptions, and a second Plinian eruption. The juvenile pyroclasts produced during the first two eruption phases are mostly dacitic, whereas those in the two subsequent phases are essentially andesitic. We recognized two distinct types of dacitic pumices: white and gray pumices. The two pumices are virtually identical in terms of both whole-rock composition (∼ 64.8-66.1 wt% SiO2) and crystal content (∼ 40-46 vol%), but are very different in terms of texture. The white pumice, which typically contains abundant euhedral phenocrysts, is the dominant variety and occurs throughout the pyroclastic flow deposits and in the overlying Plinian fall deposit. The gray pumice, which typically has bread-crusted surfaces and contains ubiquitous crystal fragments and xenoliths, occurs in the upper flow units of the pyroclastic flow deposits. We suggest that the textural differences between the two types of pumices reflect the difference in local stress conditions within the volcanic conduit below the magma fragmentation level. The abundance of euhedral phenocrysts in the white pumice suggests that it is the vesicular equivalent of the dacite that chamber ascended through the central part of the conduit that suffered low shear stress. In contrast, the magma that generated the gray pumice is thought to have originated from similar dacitic magma; the gray pumice magma was probably produced by the mechanical breakage of phenocrysts during magma ascent along the region of high shear stress near the conduit walls. The limited accumulation of the gray pumice in the upper units of the pyroclastic flow deposits suggests that crystal size reduction mainly occurred during the late stage of the pyroclastic flow eruption prior to the first Plinian eruption. It is likely that an abrupt conduit blockage caused by the waning of the eruption activity and the resulting temporal high shear stress at the conduit walls promoted crystal fragmentation, thus forming the gray-pumice magma and resulting in the subsequent eruption being a Plinian eruption.

Ewolucja przemysłu zaawansowanej technologii i sektora teleinformatycznego (ICT) w Finlandii

The paper presents in a broad outline the main characteristics of the evolution of the Finnish high-tech industry and ICT sector within the context of general changes in industry and the national economy. In the last decades of the 20th century Finland dynamically developed a knowledge-based economy and became one of the leaders of the information society. A spectacular manifestation of this is the position of the country in global competitiveness rankings, where Finland has occupied a top position for several years, sometimes even being ahead of the United States. The so-called ‘Finnish model of information society’ is characterised, among others, by a significant growth in knowledge-intensive industries and a complex system of research and development support. However, all those changes were dependent on the previous development path of the country. The structure of Finnish industry was rather one-sided until the 1980s, when knowledge- and expertise-intensive production started to catch up with the level of manufacturing dominated by raw materials, capital and energy. For a long time, Finland specialised in the forest industry and in the processing of metals. A new sector that has developed during the past decades is electronics and, especially, the manufacturing of communication devices. Furthermore, the economy has changed more dramatically in Finland than in any other developed country over the same period of time. Industries have become technology-intensive and production is strongly characterised by specialisation. Finland has become the most specialised country in information and communication technology in the world, and this specialisation trend is continuing. The forest industry and other traditional industries rely more and more on the new technologies and state-of-the-art knowledge. In Finland, industrialisation started later than in other countries, but it was very rapid. Industrial production and exports grew faster than the rest of the economy in the 1990s, and the structure of exports diversified. Unlike other developed countries, Finland “re-industrialised” in the 1990s. The contribution of industry to the total volume of production and employment has been higher in Finland than in other advanced economies in the past couple of years.

Panel data analyses to examine effects of subsidies to fishery productions in OECD countries

An econometric analysis, known as a panel data analysis, was conducted to understand the nature and the magnitude of the effect caused by subsidies to fishery productions. Published data on government financial transfers for OECD member countries from 1996 to 2002 were used for this purpose. The result of the panel data analysis indicated that certain financial transfers have brought small but positive influences to economic indicators on fisheries of aggregated OECD countries, while either no or negative effects were recognized in other financial transfers. Different magnitudes of influences were observed according to the types of the transfers. Also, there are cases where two types of financial transfers provide offsetting effects to a single economic indicator. Specifically, the total volume of fishery production for OECD countries is positively influenced by government direct payment programs, but negatively affected by the amount of general services provided by the governments. This study can be regarded as a useful first attempt to examine the empirical link between productions and subsidies of the fishery sectors.

The effects of commercial preparations containing two different GnRH analogues and dopamine antagonists on spermiation and sperm characteristics in the European smelt Osmerus eperlanus (L.)

Efficiency of Ovopel (mGnRHa + metaclopramide) and Ovaprim (sGnRHa + domperidone) treatment on the quantity and quality of European smelt milt were tested. Either preparation resulted in stimulation of smelt sperm production (100% spermiating males vs. 68% in control). At the dosage tested, Ovaprim treatment increased the volume of milt and total sperm production, whereas Ovopel treatment produced sperm with a higher percentage of motility. Among computer-assisted sperm motility analysis (CASA) parameters only amplitude of lateral head displacement (ALH) significantly differed from control in both hormonal treated groups. For most parameters no significant differences between control and stimulated males were found. Our data suggested that administration of two different GnRHa combined with two different dopamine antagonists would help in the future work for improving procedures of artificial reproduction and conservation of European smelt.