Total Import Volume Research Articles

ANALYSIS OF THE EXPORT AND IMPORT OPERATIONS DYNAMICS IN UKRAINE AND THE EU

Objective. The objective of the article is to analyze the current trends in export-import transactions between Ukraine and the EU and to determine their features during the large-scale invasion. Methods. During the research, the following methods are applied: the dialectical method of learning processes and phenomena (for a qualitative study of the dynamics of export-import operations between Ukraine and the EU); graphical method (for graphical presentation of current dynamics and forecast values of export-import operations between Ukraine and the EU); index (to estimate the share of imports and exports between Ukraine and the EU in the total volume of imports and exports of Ukraine, respectively); one-factor and three-factor autoregressive forecasting method (for forecasting the volume and share of export-import transactions between Ukraine and the EU). Results. Before the large-scale invasion, the EU was one of Ukraine's key foreign trade partners. As of 2021, the EU accounted for 50% of Ukrainian exports. In the case of imports, the share of the EU was 63% of all imports to Ukraine. Since the beginning of the large-scale invasion, the share of exports from Ukraine to the EU has increased to 70%, underscoring the importance of the EU as a major trading partner that not only contributes to economic stability, but also provides important logistics routes for the export of Ukrainian goods to global markets. Forecasting the share of imports and exports between Ukraine and the EU shows that, despite the decrease in exports and imports due to the large-scale invasion, the share of exports to the EU in total exports of Ukraine will increase, while the share of imports from the EU will remain constant. This testifies to the stability and importance of trade relations between Ukraine and the EU in the difficult conditions of modern global challenges. The executed forecast is based on the assumption that the large-scale invasion will continue. If the situation changes and the period of post-war recovery comes, it will be necessary to build a new forecast that will reflect new prospects for economic growth and integration of Ukraine into the world economy.

Influence of Export and Import Activities on Economic Support in the Aceh Region

The progress of a country, based on increased economic growth, was calculated from added total production to the service and commodity for economic activity. It increased the income per capita in the population of the region. The financial system would report with specificity goods production also services. Then, it occurred wherein a more extensive market production accommodation exists market conducts the trade international system. The research aimed to determine the activity exports are also importing to support the Aceh area's economy. A study used the method of quantitative. Furthermore, results showed an increase in foreign trade to the trade balance, indicating the commodity for foreign economics. Based on the analysis using the Eviews-12 method, exports, and imports affected the economic growth in Aceh. The total volume of imports increased from 20,489,210 kg to 20,281,743 kg from January to December 2016, but there was an increase in the CIF value from 2,184,788 US$ to 9,034,788 US$, that the volume of imports of economic goods in 2019 from January was 14,244,916 kg, with an export value of 2,438,041 US$. Furthermore, it was positively controlled for export. The total imports of Aceh Province were found the fluctuations that occurred in 2016, 2019, and 2022. The highest amount of substances in 2016 was 7,612,298, and the lowest in 2022 was 8,192,390. The trade balance of Aceh Province showed a positive value, then the foreign trade of the economic commodity was dominated for export activities. Although in three long-term decades, exports have been reported to have a positive growing financial effect, whereas the activity of import and role to lowest roles growing economy. Then, in a short time, other export has less impact on economic growth than imports. Furthermore, the economic growth would be finished to increase the imports and commodities or materials exports to industrial needs.

China-Australia Trade Relations and China’s Barley Imports

The high concentration of China’s barley import sources determines that China’s barley import trade is vulnerable to the impact of tariff policy adjustment. In particular, in 2020, China implemented anti-dumping and anti-subsidy policies against Australia, the largest source of barley imports. Therefore, whether China’s barley import trade will face import risks due to the adjustment of tariff policy has become a question worth discussing. Based on the above background, this study uses the partial equilibrium model to explore the impact of China’s adjustment of tariff policy on imported barley from Australia on China’s barley industry under the changing trade relations between China and Australia. Through analyzing the feasibility of developing domestic barley industry and expanding barley import sources, further explore strategies to deal with barley import trade risks. The results show that: Under the three import tariff adjustment simulations, the total import volume of China’s barley shows a downward trend, and the import price increases to varying degrees. However, the relatively small increase in domestic production suggests that the domestic barley market is less able to cope with the risk of a sharp drop in imports. At the same time, affected by the adjustment of tariff policy, some Chinese consumer demand is difficult to satisfy. China can deal with trade risks by implementing an import diversification strategy.

Modeling and assessing the robustness of the lithium global trade system against cascading failures

Because of its essential role in clean energy transition and low carbon economy, lithium is identified as a critical or strategic mineral by many countries or regions, including the US, EU, and China. Due to the unbalanced distribution of resources and production capacity and the separation of the primary lithium consuming and supplying countries, international trade is the main supply channel for lithium consuming countries to acquire enough resources. Comprehending the ability of the lithium trade network against external shocks is essential to supply security. To explore this issue, this paper employs complex network theory to construct a global lithium trading network system (LTNS) and simulates the robustness of LTNS under random and malicious attacks against cascading failures with a nonlinear load-capacity model. Results show that (1) Overall, the robustness of LTNS is poor under random and malicious attacks. (2) Rationally decreasing nodes' total import volume can enhance the robustness of LTNS. (3) A network with a tight link represents poor robustness against cascading failures. Meanwhile, the “head effect” in the network (the minority of nodes with the majority of resources) will make the networks more vulnerable. (4) Australia, Chile, and China have systemic impacts on LTNS. These findings may contribute to managing the supply of strategic raw materials more effectively for the policymakers.

Research on Economic Policy Uncertainty and Import Trade

This paper uses the economic policy uncertainty and total import volume of 20 countries including the United States and China and the European Union from 2007 to 2021 and related data, and uses a fixed-effect model to study the impact of economic policy uncertainty on import trade. The results show that internal economic policy uncertainty significantly inhibits import trade, while global economic policy uncertainty has no significant impact on import trade. Maintaining good international relations with other countries and avoiding trade frictions is a Sensible way to promote import trade.

Statistical Analysis of International Merchandise Trade Between Latvia and Ukraine Using International Databases

Abstract The article considers the dynamics of international merchandise trade of Latvia and Ukraine (volumes of export and import of goods) in 2005–2020 with the use of UN Comtrade Database. The volumes of export and import of Latvia’s main international trading partners are given, the shares of partner countries in trade flows in 2021 are calculated. It is determined that Lithuania occupies a leading position among Latvia’s partner countries in export and import of goods. Data on international trade between Latvia and Ukraine, namely export and import of goods in 1994–2021, are presented. It is determined that international trade between Latvia and Ukraine has a steady development trend. The main goods exported from Latvia to Ukraine in 2021 are presented, their shares in the total volume of relevant international trade flows are calculated. The main goods imported to Latvia from Ukraine in 2021 are determined, their share in the total volume of import is calculated. Services are not included in any of the statistics presented here.

Внешнеторговая деятельность субъектов РФ: перспективы сохранения географической структуры поставок

In 2022, the term “unfriendly countries / territories” was introduced as a “new” criterion for differentiating countries participating in foreign economic activity. Given the fact that about 30 % of national budget is formed by the foreign economic activity, the assessment of the prospects for maintaining the existing supply geography becomes expedient. The article divides the subjects into four groups, taking into account the “new” criterion which determines the level of contribution of “unfriendly” countries to the total volume of exports and imports of Russian regions. The first group included the regions whose volume of interaction with “unfriendly” countries is more than 50 % of the total volume of their imports and exports. The second one brings together the entities whose volume of interaction with “unfriendly” countries is more than 50 % of their total imports and lower than 50 % of their total exports. The third group consists of the entities whose import volume with “unfriendly” countries is lower than 50 % of their total import volume, and the export volume is higher than 50 % of their total export volume. The fourth group includes the regions whose volume of interaction with “unfriendly” countries is lower than 50 % of the total volume of their imports and exports. The highest indicators of maintaining the geographical structure of deliveries are expected primarily from the participants included in the fourth group.

Альтернативна енергетика: отримання паливних брикетів із пірокарбону термодеструкції полімерних відходів

The analysis of the possibilities of using renewable energy sources and biomass in Ukraine for the production of alternative fuel — fuel briquettes has been carried out. It has been shown that Ukraine has large reserves of renewable energy sources and biomass: the energy potential from biomass is 23 million tons of oil equivalent, which is sufficient to replace the total volume of import of gas, coal and gasoline. The calorific value (heat of combustion) of some types of fuel briquettes, fuels and solid household waste has been given. It is noted that different combinations of industrial and household waste can be used to obtain fuel briquettes: woodworking waste, paper waste, corrugated cardboard, shale processing waste, coal dust, etc. This allows both to obtain fuel briquettes with a high calorific value and to improve the environmental condition of the environment. The general method of fuel briquettes manufacturing from alternative solid fuels (corrugated cardboard, wood sawdust) and pyrocarbon, which is obtained during low-temperature pyrolysis of polymer waste, has been given. The technology of cold pressing of the studied charge with subsequent drying of the obtained briquettes to a constant mass has been developed. The process of coagulation of the initial components was carried out at a temperature of 20…25 °С without additional heating of the charge and the introduction of organic or inorganic binders, which would lead to an increase in the price of the finished product or a decrease in the calorie content of the obtained fuel briquettes. The heat of combustion of the developed fuel briquettes of different composition was determined by the calorimetric method. It has been established that the use of a mixture of corrugated cardboard and wood sawdust in the amount of 40…60 % mass. allows obtaining high-calorie fuel briquettes from pyrocarbon. It has been established that the maximum heat of combustion (4715.5 kCal/kg) has fuel briquettes containing pyrocarbon, corrugated cardboard and wood sawdust in a ratio of 6 : 2 : 2. Areas of effective use of the obtained fuel briquettes have been proposed.

Ukraine’s Market of Certified Seed: Current State and Prospects for the Future

The production of high-quality seeds and planting material is the basis for increasing the efficiency and sustainability of crop production. The main aim of this article is to develop proposals to ensure that supply meets the demand in the seed and planting material market Ukraine. The future prospects are also discussed. The paper uses statistical and comparative analysis. The patterns of foreign trade in seeds and planting material to and from Ukraine are analyzed. The high level of import dependence of Ukraine leads to excessive exposure to instability in the world seed market. The development of seed production in Ukraine is discussed and analyzed along with the ways for improving commercial circulation of seeds and planting materials. The export volumes of grains and oilseeds in 2020 were the highest of those over the last three decades and amounted to USD 18.7 million, which is almost twice more than in 2019. Corn seeds dominate in exports (72%). The volume of imports of seeds of grains and oilseeds exceeded exports by 22 times in value and, in 2020, amounted to USD 409.4 million. In the total volume of imports, imports of sunflower seeds accounted for 53%. The upward trend of seed imports has been maintained since 2010. It was the result of increased demand for imported seeds by large- and medium-sized agricultural producers. In 2020, COVID-19 gave impetus to the development of domestic seed production and foreign breeding companies within the country. Prospective ways to accelerate the development of the organization of the Ukrainian seed and planting material market are outlined. Ukraine has prospects for increasing the export of seeds of grains and oilseeds by expanding its production by foreign companies operating in Ukraine. Solving problems of competitiveness seed production in Ukraine will make it possible to strengthen the role of domestic breeding in the seed market, as well as to use the best foreign varieties through their commercial circulation.

The Concrete Analysis of the Change of Import and Export Trade of Chinese Enterprises Is Based on the Perspective of RMB Exchange Rate

The change of import and export trade of Chinese enterprises actually reflects the appreciation and depreciation of RMB, which are closely related to the total volume of import and export trade of Chinese enterprises and the formulation of corresponding foreign exchange measures.Generally speaking, the rise of the RMB exchange rate means the appreciation of the RMB is conducive to imports, while the decline of the RMB exchange rate means the depreciation of the RMB and the decline of the price of export commodities, so it has a greater price advantage and is conducive to exports. Chinese enterprises should correctly grasp the rise and fall of RMB exchange rate and carry out import and export trade reasonably when developing abroad.

Analysis of Bangladesh’s macroeconomic development

In recent years, the economy of Bangladesh has a rapid growth, with the total GDP increasing by years, reaching $274 billion in 2018. GDP per capita is relatively low, but it grows steadily every year. GDP growth has been above 7% since 2016, and reached 7.86% in 2018.Bangladesh’s unemployment rate remains around 4.2%; the rate of inflation is generally on the decline, and the total volume of imports and exports increases steadily. But, its import and export trade has been in deficit, and the deficit has been expanding by years. Foreign direct investment is at a low level, accounting for less than 2% of GDP. The current account balance fluctuates in a large range, and it ran a current account deficit in 2017.

State analysis of horticulture and peach culture in the world

Aim and task: conduct an analysis of scientific and technical literature, identify trends in world production of fruit crops and peaches. Methods. The article uses official data from the FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (Statistics Division) (http://www.fao.org/faostat/ru), Federal Customs Service (http://customs.ru/statistic), Federal State Statistics Service (https://www.gks.ru). Statistical reports for the period from 1998 to 2017 were taken for analysis. The article uses official data from the FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (Statistics Division) (http://www.fao.org/faostat/ru), Federal Customs Service (http://customs.ru/statistic), Federal State Statistics Service (https://www.gks.ru). Statistical reports for the period from 1998 to 2017 were taken for analysis. Results. The volume of fruit produced, the area under orchards is increasing annually throughout the world. The highest yield (20.0 - 37.7 t / ha) for all crops was achieved in the USA, the Netherlands, Egypt, France, Italy and others, and the gross fruit yield (2565 - 877177 thousand tons) is the highest in China, the USA, Turkey, India, Iran and others. The total volume of imports of the main types of fruits to Russia in 2016 amounted to 4,159.6 thousand tons, which is 4.6% or 181.7 thousand tons more than in 2015. In the structure of fruit supplies, the largest share in 2016, bananas, tangerines, apples, oranges, lemons, pears, grapes occupied. Peach remains in the world one of the main stone fruit crops. The leaders in the production of peach fruits are China, Italy, Spain, USA, Greece. In Russia, there is a shortage of peach production. Its import is 37.4 thousand tons of fruits (2016) and exceeds its own production. Main conclusions. The most important task remains the development of horticulture in Russia and the reduction of fruit imports on the domestic market.

Affecting Factors to the Efficiency in the Container Shipping

Vietnam currently has 39 container shipping ships with a total tonnage of about 30,000 TUE; Vinalines has 11 ships. Thus, Vietnam's container fleet annually transports between 1.2 and 1.3 million TUE. Thus, compared with the total volume of imports and exports through the port each year about 18 million TUE, the container fleet of Vietnam is less than 10%. According to the report of the Vietnam Maritime Administration, up to now, Vietnam's fleet has 1,568 ships with a total tonnage of about 7.8 million tons, ranking 4th in ASEAN (after Singapore, Indonesia, Malaysia) and 30th In the world. The average age of Vietnam's fleet is currently 15.6, younger than 5.2 years of the world (20.8 years old). The structure of Vietnam's fleet has also grown towards specialization, especially, Vietnam's container fleet has grown quite well from 19 ships (2013) to 39 ships (2019).

Affecting Factors to the Efficiency in the Container Shipping

Vietnam currently has 39 container shipping ships with a total tonnage of about 30,000 TUE; Vinalines has 11 ships. Thus, Vietnam's container fleet annually transports between 1.2 and 1.3 million TUE. Thus, compared with the total volume of imports and exports through the port each year about 18 million TUE, the container fleet of Vietnam is less than 10%. According to the report of the Vietnam Maritime Administration, up to now, Vietnam's fleet has 1,568 ships with a total tonnage of about 7.8 million tons, ranking 4th in ASEAN (after Singapore, Indonesia, Malaysia) and 30th In the world. The average age of Vietnam's fleet is currently 15.6, younger than 5.2 years of the world (20.8 years old). The structure of Vietnam's fleet has also grown towards specialization, especially, Vietnam's container fleet has grown quite well from 19 ships (2013) to 39 ships (2019).

Political stability as a factor affecting growth in agricultural sub-Saharan African countries

The agricultural countries of sub-Saharan Africa remain the least economically advanced region of the world, with the relatively lowest quality of life. The agricultural sector plays a particularly important role in the economies of these countries. However, it is underdeveloped as a result of factors such as inadequate agricultural policy, institutional instability, chronic droughts, epidemics, deterioration of the environment, deteriorating infrastructure and insufficient investment in agricultural research in sub-Saharan Africa. The aim of the paper is to examine the impact of political stabilization on the economic growth in these countries. We were also inclined to determine what the interdependences were between political stability and factors important for agricultural activity for both agricultural and non-agricultural sub-Saharan counties in the 1995–2017 period. The methods used in this research included panel models with fixed effects, non-parametric tests and quantile regression. It was found that stabilizing the political situation and lowering the level of conflict risk contributed to the growth of GDP per capita in both agricultural and non-agricultural countries. However, in agricultural countries, it also influenced the modernization of agricultural production methods and a shift in the proportion of agricultural production in the total volume of imports and exports. Furthermore, it was found that political stability contributed to a greater extent to the improvement of GDP per capita in the lowest income countries.

Empirical analysis on intra-industry trade in textile between China and Vietnam

The total volume of import and export trades between China and Vietnam exceeded 723 billion yuan in 2018. A comprehensive analysis of the Sino-Vietnamese intra-industry trade in textile is presented. By calculating G-L index and Bruelhart index, this paper analyzed the current situation of intra-industry trade of textile between China and Vietnam. A regression econometric model was established to explore factors affecting the intra-industry trade of textile. The study shows that adjusting textile industry structure and optimizing trade environment between China and Vietnam, as well as strengthening trade liberalization, are of great significance for reference, and are beneficial to promoting coordinated and sustainable development of economic and trade between China and Vietnam.

Sustainable Developmental Evaluation of Foreign Trade Based on Emergy Analysis Method in Shenzhen City, China

The foreign trade sustainable development index system of Shenzhen City, including the three subsystems of environment, economy, and society, was constructed based on the theory of emergy analysis. The sustainable development of foreign trade in Shenzhen City from 2009 to 2016 was evaluated, and a detailed analysis of changes in the emergy of light and heavy industries was performed. The results showed that the scale of economy has been expanding, and the total volume of imports and exports has turned from a rise to a decline in 2013. The status of sustainable development is not optimistic. The transaction volume of energy is reduced, and the quality of people’s living environment is declining. The sustainable development of Shenzhen City is not perfect, but it is in a phase of gradual optimization. Moreover, the proportion of heavy industry in import and export trade is significantly higher than that of light industry, which has caused the outflow of energy to a certain extent. Therefore, to improve the level of foreign trade sustainable development, the efficiency of resource utilization must be improved. The import of energy products must be increased, the ability to cope with external interference must be strengthened, and the foreign trade industrial structure must be adjusted.

Collaborative Research on International Logistics and International Trade in China Under “One Belt and One Road” Strategy

The implementation of the “One Belt and One Road” strategy has brought new opportunities for international trade and international logistics. The implementation of the strategy and the operation of the free trade zone will be eventually implemented through the collaborative development of international trade and international logistics. Based on the perspectives of international trade and international logistics, this paper analyzes the theory of international trade and international logistics, and puts forward specific development strategies for the problems encountered in the current collaborative development of international trade and international logistics by considering the characteristics of mutual promotion and mutual restriction between the collaborative development of international trade and international logistics, and then uses the gray theory to conduct correlation analysis of the time series of several international logistics indicators and total volume of import and export trade by taking the specific provincial and municipal data as an example, and discusses the impact of various factors on the international trade through co-integration analysis and Granger test.

Did Anti-dumping Duties Really Restrict Import?: Empirical Evidence from the US, the EU, China, and India

(ProQuest: ... denotes formulae omitted.)I.INTRODUCTIONSince global economic crisis of 2008, international trade communities have expressed concern about rise of protectionism, as protectionist measures such as import restriction and tariff increase have been historically prevalent in period of an economic slowdown.1 Moreover, US President Donald Trump maintained a protectionist stance throughout his campaign. Specifically, he claimed that foreign countries were driving US products out of domestic market by dumping underpriced products into US market. He announced that he would use powers of his presidency to increase tariff rates and accused China and Mexico of unfair trade practices.Previous research has focused on effects that anti-dumping duties have on import. Vandenbussche and Zanardi (2010) studied effects of anti-dumping duties on bilateral trade from period of 1980 to 2000, using gravity model. They found that anti-dumping duties have a chilling effect on total import volume but that effect varies by industry. Besedes and Prusa (2016) estimated import reduction effects of anti-dumping duties using a random effects probit model. Their research indicated that effects of US anti-dumping duties on trade are greater during stage of investigation and preliminary decision than after actually reaching a final decision. They also found that it is difficult for target countries to recover previous level of trade after termination of an anti-dumping duty. Bellora and Jean (2016) investigated possible effects of anti-dumping cases on import volume and unit value in event that European Union granted market economy status (MES) to China. The study used European trade and tariff data from 1988 to 2015, indicating that European import from China would increase by 3.9% to 5.3%.Lee (2009) compared import reduction effects against target countries and import diversion effects on third countries, showing that anti-dumping duties have import restricting effects. The study applied a random-effect GLS regression and a dynamic panel data methodology based on Helpman, Melitz, and Rubinstein (2008) model to US data from 1990 to 1996. Park (2009) studies effect of anti-dumping duties on import using Chinese data from 2002 to 2004, employing Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) estimator. The results show that anti-dumping protection has significant trade depressing and trade diversion effects.Most previous studies focus on only import restriction effect of anti-dumping measures, dealing with a single country (Besedes and Prusa, 2016; Bellora and Jean, 2016; Lee, 2009; Park, 2009; Prusa, 1996; Blonigen, 2006). They fail to provide comparable results on economic effects of an anti-dumping duty. In addition, they do not deal with recent trends, such as how investigations of anti-dumping duties have become prevalent in both developed and developing countries. Considering ever-increasing political demands in economic sector for an anti-dumping duty in major economies, we need to investigate whether this would be a protectionist measure or trade remedy.In this respect, this paper will provide answers to following open questions. First, is argument that anti-dumping duties exert a dominant trade restriction effect valid for all of major countries? This paper investigates effects of anti-dumping measures on imports applying a two-stage methodology to data on US, EU, China and India.Second, are anti-dumping duties terminated in case that the injury would not be likely to continue or recur if duty were removed?2 This paper analyzes determinants of termination of an anti-dumping duty using Cox proportional hazards model, thereby reviewing whether it is operated as a trade remedy measure within a certain period of time. This is first study, to best of our knowledge, to investigate determinants of termination of an anti-dumping duty. …

Economic effect analysis of flame retardant aluminum screen development

The purpose of this study was to investigate the economic effects of a flame retardant aluminum screen developed by a company Economic effects were analyzed in terms of micro and macro-economic aspects. In the macro-economic aspect, economic effects were analyzed under the assumptions that the total import volume of flame retardant aluminum screen was approximately <TEX>$50m^2$</TEX> in 2015 and that possible import substitution rates were 100%, 80%, and 60%. Results showed economic values of 2.25 billion won (100% import substitution rates), 1.8 billion won (80% import substitution rates), and 1.35 billion won (60% import substitution rates). If existing farms which had been using imported flame retardant aluminum screen replaced it newly developed with the flame-retardant aluminum screen developed in this study at rates of 100%, 80%, and 60%, the farms could save 750 million won, 60 million won, and 45 million won, respectively. Furthermore, the social cost savings from fire prevention could be 1.184 billion won. In the micro-economic aspect, if a farm with a typical-size (<TEX>$1,000m^2$</TEX>) greenhouse growing red pepper wanted to install flame retardant aluminum screen instead of generic aluminum screen, the farm may only pay an additional cost of 720,000 won. In comparison, if the farm chose fire insurance instead of flame-retardant aluminum screen, then the farm would pay 21,000,000 won for fire insurance. The above results show that the economic effect of flame retardant aluminum screen developed by the company would be be very efficient compared to the imported one.