Removal Efficiency Of Total Suspended Solids Research Articles

The use of Carica papaya seeds as bio coagulant for laundry wastewater treatment

The study aims to analyze the effectiveness of wastewater treatment by using Carica papaya seeds as bio coagulants to diminish total suspended solids (TSS) and excess phosphate. This method has some advantages because it does not use chemical materials, is simple to apply, and is safe for the environment and human health. The wastewater samples were taken from an active laundry site in Palembang City, South Sumatra Province of Indonesia. The study found that the best dosage of coagulant was 3 g for the wastewater samples. The pH and BOD parameters showed slight changes after treatment, with pH 7.63–7.19 and 33–27 mg/L values, respectively. The TSS removal efficiency ranged from 9.3 to 15.6%, while the COD and phosphate removals were obtained from 11.7 to 39.3% and 56.3 to 68.4%, respectively. The treated TSS, COD, and phosphate concentrations have met the Indonesian domestic wastewater quality standard and environmental protection organization (EPO) guidelines. In addition, the statistical analysis and t-test showed significant differences (p < 0.05) for before and after treatment data of all parameters. The ANOVA test showed significant differences (p < 0.05) for all parameters among the three treatments. Overall, the study indicated that C. papaya seeds are promising materials that are eco-friendly and useful to treat laundry wastewater.

Pemanfaatan Magnetic Biochar dari Cangkang Sawit Sebagai Adsorben untuk Menyisihkan COD, Total Suspended Solid, Minyak dan Lemak dalam Air Buangan Domestik

Greywater is wastewater from domestic activities sourced from kitchens, bathrooms, and laundry water. Greywater discharged directly into the environment can cause a decrease in surface water quality due to its high organic content, nutrients, pathogenic bacteria, and detergents and surfactants. One method that can be used to remove organic and nutrient content is adsorption. The success of the adsorption process is determined by several factors, such as adsorbent type, dosage, contact time, and others. One adsorbent that has attracted the attention of many researchers in recent years is magnetic biochar. This study aims to remove chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), oil, and grease from greywater with a magnetic biochar adsorbent made from palm shells. The study was conducted by varying the dose of 1.2–8.55 g/l and the contact time of 30–150 minutes. The results showed that increasing the dose and contact time can increase the removal efficiency of COD, TSS, oil, and grease. The best results were obtained at a dose of 8.55 g/l and a contact time of 150 minutes. The removal of COD, TSS, oil, and grease was 87.91%, 88.46%, and 99.96%, respectively.

Application of a simplified model for assessing particle removal in dissolved air flotation (DAF) systems: Experimental verification at laboratory and full-scale level

Particle-bubble collisions in dissolved air flotation (DAF) systems play a crucial role in the removal of total suspended solids (TSS). DAF particle-bubble collision models incorporate factors such as particle diameters, charge and density, bubble diameters, and collision factors. The challenge lies in accounting for the wide range of particle and bubble sizes and obtaining complex model inputs. To address this, a simplified model for TSS removal in DAF units was established using low-cost laboratory measurements, including particle size distribution and density. Additionally, microbubble diameter profiles were derived from bubble velocities using particle image velocimetry software (PIV). Six independent variables, encompassing influent particle characteristics (such as particle size distribution and density) and DAF running characteristics (temperature, contact zone detention time, inflow and recycle flows), were employed in the simplified model. The model's accuracy was evaluated using a laboratory-scale DAF system with two different influents: Delft canal water and anaerobic sludge. The predicted TSS removal from the simplified model aligned well with the laboratory-scale DAF results, yielding removal efficiencies of 68 ± 1 % and 77 ± 3 % for Delft canal water and anaerobic sludge, respectively. Furthermore, when the simplified model was applied to two full-scale DAF systems, it successfully identified an underperforming system (DAF2) with a TSS removal efficiency of 91 %, contrasting with the theoretical removal model-predicted efficiency of 98 %. This study highlights the utility of combining bubble size distribution measured by PIVlab and particle size distribution obtained using FIJI-ImageJ as an economical and efficient approach to acquiring the necessary inputs for predicting TSS removal in DAF systems.

Chemical recovery of magnesium from the Dead Sea and its use in wastewater treatment

Abstract The objective of this study was to establish a suitable chemical process to recover magnesium compounds from Dead Sea water using a selective precipitation process. The recovered magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2) and magnesium chloride (MgCl2) are applicable for wastewater treatment processes since they can effectively remove total suspended solids (TSS) and chemical oxygen demand (COD). Magnesium salts recovered from Dead Sea water were compared with cationic polyacrylamide (PAM) and inorganic salts, including aluminum sulfate Al2(SO4)3, ferric chloride (FeCl3), and ferrous sulfate (Fe2SO4) to investigate the removal efficiency of TSS and COD from wastewater using a chemical precipitation method by using coagulation and flocculation process. Results show that Mg(OH)2 yielded the highest TSS and COD removal efficiencies of 59 and 57%, respectively, with a wastewater pH of 11.5. MgCl2 yielded lower removal efficiencies of 46 and 44%, respectively; at pH 10.5, lower magnesium concentration doses were needed. The most effective chemical precipitation method for removal involved cationic PAM coagulants, resulting in an 86% reduction in TSS and a 65% reduction in COD. Combining commercial Fe2SO4 and MgCL2 recovered from Dead Sea water reduced up to 90 and 73% of TSS and COD, respectively.

Efficient treatment of tannery wastewater through aeration, coagulation, and algal pond.

Tannery wastewater effluents contain many toxic and carcinogenic heavy metals and physiochemical parameters that need to be removed before these effluents enter in the main water bodies or rivers. In this study, the effluents from the tannery industry are treated through aeration, coagulation, and Chlorella vulgaris pond treatment processes for the removal of physiochemical: parameters only. The effect of removal efficiencies (%) was studied on the physicochemical parameters, including salinity, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and chemical oxygen demand (COD). The key results showed that the removal of EC, TDS, turbidity, TSS, BOD, and COD was 80.2%, 67%, 81%, 80.8%, 68.6%, and 100%, respectively, in raw wastewater treatment having 25, 50, and 70 g of algae C. vulgaris doses. The removal efficiencies (%) of salinity, EC, TDS, turbidity, TSS, BOD, and COD were 83%, 87.1%, 77.1%, 80%, 40%, 97%, and 98%, respectively, during coagulated wastewater treatment with three doses of algae. The observed improvement in treated wastewater indicated that the removal efficiencies (%) of salinity, EC, TDS, turbidity, TSS, BOD, and COD were 85.7%, 39.3%, 81.3%, 67.8%, 50.3%, 97%, and 98%, with C. vulgaris. This study confirmed that the treatment of tannery wastewater by these processes increased the pollutant removal efficiencies as all the physiochemical parameters were exceeding the permissible limits. This research will be helpful to treat the industrial wastewaters or effluents before it further mixes up in the main water streams. In this way, water quality will be better, aquatic life will be saved, and further researchers can analyze more ways for efficient treatments as they have a baseline data through this study findings. One of the most pollutant sources in terms of both physical and chemical parameters is the produced wastewater from tannery industries. The effluents from tannery industry are treated through aeration, coagulation, and algae ponds treatment processes. These treatment made the tannery wastewater as environmental friendly.

Alternative treatment of olive mill wastewater by combined sulfate radical-based advanced electrocoagulation processes.

The aim of this study is to investigate the performance of advanced electrocoagulation (EC) process for the treatment of olive mill wastewater. In EC process, iron plates were used as electrodes, and peroxydisulfate (PS) and peroxymonosulfate (PMS) were added as oxidants. The effects of the initial pH value, current density, oxidant dose, and electrolysis time were optimized for pollutant removal from olive mill wastewater by EC-PS and EC-PMS processes. Control experiments showed that addition of oxidants to the conventional EC process increased the pollutant removal efficiency. Classical optimization method was used to determine optimum conditions, which were initial pH4, current density 40 mA/cm2 , oxidant dose 5g/L, and electrolysis time 30 min for both processes. Under these conditions, EC-PS and EC-PMS processes achieved 50.5% and 48.9% chemical oxygen demand (COD), 93.8% and 89.3% total phenol, 87.7% and 83% UV254 , and 74.5% and 64.1% total suspended solid removal efficiencies. Quenching experiments were performed to determine the dominant radical species participating in the processes. It was observed that hydroxyl and sulfate radicals were involved in both processes but hydroxyl radicals were more active. Specific energy consumption was calculated as 5.90 kWh/kg COD for EC process, 4.95 kWh/kg COD for EC-PS process, and 5.20 kWh/kg COD for EC-PMS process. The organic removal/sludge ratio of EC-PS process was found to be higher with 17.5g/L value. Although the application of EC-PS and EC-PMS processes alone is insufficient to meet the discharge limits, they have been found to be effective in olive mill wastewater treatment. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Peroxydisulfate (PS) and peroxymonosulfate (PMS)-based advanced electrocoagulation (EC) was used in olive mill wastewater treatment. 50.5% chemical oxygen demand (COD), 93.8% TP, 87.7% UV254 , and 74.5% TSS removals were achieved by EC-PS. 48.9% COD, 89.3% TP, 83% UV254 , and 64.1% TSS removals were obtained by EC-PMS. Hydroxyl and sulfate radicals were involved in both processes.

Hybrid constructed wetland for treatment of power plant effluent polluted with hydrocarbons

Constructed wetlands (CWs) have good potential for application in the treatment of various types of polluted water in Iraq, including industrial wastewater, due to their low cost relative to the current conventional treatment technologies. Hybrid CW with a continuous-flow system was tested for the treatment of highly polluted industrial wastewater from the Al-Najibiyia Power Plant in Basrah City for 72 days with 5 days of retention time. The system consisted of a horizontal subsurface flow system (HSSF) planted with Phragmites australis (Cav.) followed by a surface flow (SF) system planted with Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle. A second system without plants served as a contaminant control system. Total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs), petroleum aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and water quality were measured for both raw and treated wastewaters and plant status parameters were monitored. The presence of both plants and substrate had a significant effect on the removal efficiency and mass removal rate of all pollutants at (p < 0.05). The planted system performance showed a percentage removal of pollutants reaching to: 65.9 % for BOD5, 91.0 % for COD and 88.8 % for total suspended solids (TSS) while removal efficiency of BOD5, COD and TSS for unplanted systems was only 44.7, 64.5 and 68.7 %, respectively. The removal efficiencies of TPHs, and PAHs by the hybrid system were 96.5, and 96.0 %, compared to only 71.0 % and 51.0 % for unplanted system, respectively, showing that hybrid CW could enhance pollutant removal efficiency better than single CW. It is revealed also that the high efficiency in removing pollutants is the result of the plant and substrate presence and the interaction between plants and the surrounding microbial community. Thus, constructed wetlands (CWs) are a good option for industrial wastewater treatment due to its simple construction and effectiveness to remove hydrocarbons.

Treatability Studies of Dairy Wastewater by Electrocoagulation Process

The dairy industry generates wastewater with high levels of pollution, including Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), and Total Suspended Solids (TSS). This study aimed to assess the impact of various operational parameters, such as voltage, pH, and reaction time, on treating real dairy wastewater using the electro-coagulation process. Stainless Steel electrodes were employed with Sodium chloride as an electrolyte. The research focused on removing COD, BOD5, and TSS. Initially, experiments were conducted with different voltages (10V, 20V, and 30V) while keeping the electrode distance constant and using 0.5gms of NaCl. In the second stage, experiments varied the initial pH (4, 6, 8, and 10) under optimal contact time, maintaining 1.5cm electrode spacing. Initially, a 2mm electrode thickness was tested but resulted in high energy consumption, so subsequent experiments used a 0.5mm electrode thickness. The electrode dimensions remained consistent at 150mm X 250mm X 10mm. The highest removal efficiencies for COD, BOD5, and TSS were achieved with a 30V applied voltage and SS-SS electrode combination, reaching 96%, 93%, and 94%, respectively. This study concludes that the SS-SS electrode combination with a 0.5mm thickness was the most effective in reducing COD, BOD5, and TSS, while also generating comparatively less sludge.

Pengaruh Bentuk Impeller pada Proses Koagulasi Flokulasi Terhadap Pola Aliran dan Penyisihan TSS

Environmental pollution caused by wastewater has reached alarming levels, especially in large cities like Surabaya, where household wastewater is a major contributor. The coagulation-flocculation method is used to treat wastewater by precipitating particles from the wastewater. The use of mechanical impellers plays a crucial role in this process. This study analyzes the influence of impeller design, mixing time, and impeller rotation speed on the efficiency of Total Suspended Solid (TSS) removal and flow patterns in coagulation-flocculation. An impeller with a blade angle of 30° produces a wider and more effective flow pattern compared to a 60° angle. The number of blades and the blade angle affect TSS removal efficiency, with a 6-blade impeller at 30° angle achieving the highest efficiency. The optimal mixing time is 1 minute for coagulation and 20 minutes for flocculation. The optimal impeller rotation speed is 100 rpm for coagulation and 60 rpm for flocculation. The findings provide practical guidelines for enhancing the efficiency of domestic wastewater treatment.

Electrocoagulation Process Efficiency for Removing Effluent Pollution Caused by Drilling of Oil Rigs

Background: Electrocoagulation (EC) is a safe method for removing environmental pollutants without the need for additional chemical materials. This study investigates the performance of EC in removing chemical oxygen demand (COD), total organic carbon (TOC), total suspended solids (TSS), and turbidity from drilling waste generated by oil rigs. Methods: An experimental study was performed on a pilot scale in an EC reactor provided from a cylindrical glass cell (height: 30 cm and inner diameter: 5 cm), a pair of aluminum and iron electrodes, a power supply, an aeration system. wastewater Samples were collected from one of the drilling rigs in Khuzestan. The effect of current density, operation time and pH parameters on removal of COD, TOC, TSS and turbidity were determined and the optimal values of the parameters were determined. Results: It was found that system voltage, operation time and pH values on the removal efficiency of pollutants were statistically significant at the 0.01 level. The optimum values of pH, current density and operation time were obtained 7, 20 mA/cm2 and 60 minutes, respectively and the removal efficiencies of COD, TOC, TSS and turbidity under the optimum conditions were 72%, 79%, 67% and 63%, respectively. Also, the consumption of energy was estimated to be 8.4 kWh/m3 . Conclusion: The results indicated that the EC process is a cost-effective method in removing pollutants caused by drilling of oil rigs and its efficiency can be improved by applying optimal conditions such as current density and pH.

Performance Optimization of Chemical and Green Coagulants in Tannery Wastewater Treatment: A Response Surface Methodology Approach

Vegetable tannery wastewater, highly laden with recalcitrant organics, is not easily treatable through biological processes. This study focuses on the use of response surface methodology in optimizing a coagulation-flocculation process for pretreatment of vegetable tannery wastewater. This study also assessed the possibility of replacing chemical coagulants such as aluminum sulphate with green alternatives such as cassava starch and orange peel powder. The effects of coagulant dosage and pH on three key wastewater quality parameters (chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total suspended solids (TSS)’s removal efficiencies as well as sludge volume index (SVI)) were also assessed. Quadratic models developed for all the three responses were adequate. The optimal conditions were attained at a pH of 3.17 and a dosage of 2.76 g/L for cassava starch coagulant, pH of 3.74 and a dosage of 5.16 g/L for orange peel powder coagulant, and pH of 6.09 and a dosage of 11.60 g/L for aluminum sulphate. The COD and TSS removal efficiencies as well as SVI achieved under these optimal conditions were 37.25%, 73.95%, and 14.80 mL/g, respectively, for cassava starch coagulant; 17.97%, 66.08%, and 19.87 mL/g, respectively, for orange peel powder coagulant; and 38.51%, 76.06%, and 29.57 mL/g, respectively, for aluminum sulphate. The outperformance of cassava starch over orange peel powder and its comparable results with aluminum sulphate makes the former a more environment-friendly alternative to aluminum sulphate for treatment of tannery wastewater.

Efisiensi Pengolahan Air Limbah Domestik pada IPAL Komunal Di Kabupaten Bone Bolango

Waste water needs to be managed properly based on its characteristics to reduce the levels of contaminants contained therein. Communal IPAL or Waste Water Treatment Plants (WWTP) is a centralized wastewater treatment system. Several Communal WWTPs in Bone Bolango Regency have been built, but monitoring is rarely carried out. The purpose of this research was to determine the processing efficiency of communal WWTPs in Kabila District (Dutohe Barat Village and Tanggilingo Village), and Tilongkabila District (Butu Village and Iloheluma Village). The parameters measured were Total Suspended Solid (TSS), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Coliform, Ammonia, and fatty oil tests from inlet and outlet water samples from WWTP. The values obtained are then compared with the quality standards based on the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) 6989.59:2008 concerning Water and Wastewater. The research method uses non-experimental with a quantitative descriptive approach. Sampling using a purposive sampling technique. Based on the results of observations, it was found that there were differences in the results of the efficiency of domestic wastewater treatment, namely the highest TSS removal efficiency in Butu Village (82.9); total coliform in all locations (0); the highest removal in efficiency values were in Iloheluma Village, namely BOD (100), Ammonia (86.95), COD (65.53) and fatty oil efficiency values (98.11) in Tanggilingo Village. The results of this research can be used as a reference for the Regional Government of Bone Bolango Regency to improve the Communal WWTP sustainably to overcome environmental pollution.

TSS Removal Efficiency and Permeability Degradation of Sand Filters in Permeable Pavement.

Permeable pavement is a highly effective technology in Low-Impact Development (LID) for managing stormwater runoff, which helps mitigate environmental impacts. Filters are essential components of permeable pavement systems as they prevent permeability reduction, remove pollutants, and enhance the system's overall efficiency. This research paper focuses on exploring the influence of three factors, including total suspended solids (TSS) particle size, TSS concentration, and hydraulic gradient, on the permeability degradation and TSS removal efficiency of sand filters. A series of tests were conducted using different values of these factors. The results demonstrate that these factors have an influence on permeability degradation and TSS removal efficiency (TRE). A larger TSS particle size results in higher permeability degradation and TRE than a smaller particle size. Higher TSS concentrations lead to higher permeability degradation and lower TRE. Additionally, smaller hydraulic gradients are associated with higher permeability degradation and TRE. However, the influence of TSS concentration and hydraulic gradient seems less significant than that of TSS particle size for the values of the factors considered in the tests. In summary, this study provides valuable insights into the effectiveness of sand filters in permeable pavement and identifies the main factors that influence permeability degradation and TRE.

Treatment of Industrial Saline Wastewater Using Eco-Friendly Adsorbents

The wastewater generated from the oil and gas sector is one of the major environmental issues. Varieties of techniques are employed for the treatment of generated wastewater. In this work, an attempt has been made to treat industrial saline wastewater from the oil and gas industry using a combination of synthesized biopolymer, chitosan, with graphene. Chitosan has been synthesized from a bioresource using marine spent. Chitosan was characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Batch experiments were conducted by varying the composition of graphene viz 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 w/w with respect to a fixed amount of chitosan. The percentage removal efficiency of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended solids (TSS), turbidity, and oil and grease were evaluated. A combination of chitosan and graphene has effectively removed the pollutants present in oil produced water (OPW) compared to chitosan alone. The maximum percentage removal efficiencies of COD (84%), TDS (91%), TSS (80%), turbidity (95%), and oil and grease (99.9%) were obtained for a mixture of chitosan (0.5 g/100 mL) and 5 wt% graphenes. The Freundlich equilibrium isotherm model suited the adsorption data well.

Environmental and Economic Evaluation of Downflow Hanging Sponge Reactors for Treating High-Strength Organic Wastewater

This study evaluated the performance of a downflow hanging sponge (DHS) in reducing the concentrations of chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia (NH3), total suspended solids (TSS), and total dissolved solids (TDS) in high-strength organic wastewater (HSOW). The DHS unit was composed of three segments connected vertically and operated under different organic loading rates (OLRs) between 3.01 and 12.33 kg COD/m3sponge/d at a constant hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 3.6 h. The results demonstrated that the DHS system achieved COD, NH3, TSS, and TDS removal efficiencies of 88.34 ± 6.53%, 64.38 ± 4.37%, 88.13 ± 5.42%, and 20.83 ± 1.78% at an OLR of 3.01 kg COD/m3sponge/d, respectively. These removal efficiencies significantly (p &lt; 0.05) dropped to 76.39 ± 6.58%, 36.59 ± 2.91%, 80.87 ± 5.71%, and 14.20 ± 1.07%, respectively, by increasing the OLR to 12.33 kg COD/m3sponge/d. The variation in COD experimental data was well described by the first-order (R2 = 0.927) and modified Stover–Kincannon models (R2 = 0.999), providing an organics removal constant (K1) = 27.39 1/d, a saturation value constant (KB) = 83.81 g/L/d, and a maximum utilization rate constant (Umax) = 76.92 g/L/d. Adding another DHS reactor in a secondary phase improved the final effluent quality, complying with most environmental regulation criteria except those related to TDS concentrations. Treating HSOW with two sequential DHS reactors was economically feasible, with total energy consumption of 0.14 kWh/m3 and an operating cost of about 7.07 USD/m3. Accordingly, using dual DHS/DHS units to remove organics and nitrogen pollutants from HSOW would be a promising and cost-efficient strategy. However, a tertiary treatment phase could be required to reduce the TDS concentrations.

A study on the efficiency of the sequential batch reactor on the reduction of wastewater pollution from oil washing.

Industrial pollution discharges from washing fuel oils pose severe problems for the environment, particularly for the marine environment receiving these discharges. This work evaluates the biological treatment performance of wastewater (90 m3/h) rich in organic matter with low biodegradability using a sequential batch reactor (SBR) on a laboratory scale. The test using SBR was carried out for 25days on a continuous cycle of 24h (30min of filling, 17h of aeration, 4h of anoxia, 2h of settling, and 30min of emptying). The feasibility of alternative sources of microorganisms from urban wastewater. The performance of the batch sequencing reactor was evaluated using turbidity, total suspended solids, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), ammonium, nitrate, and phenol as indicators. The results obtained showed that the COD/BOD ratio and the pollutant load vary from one campaign to another. The removal efficiency of COD, BOD, TSS (Total suspended solids), ammonium, nitrate, and phenol varies from 81%, 91%, 72%, 100%, 52%, and 63%. Thus, SBR-type treatment could be an interesting way to reduce pollution due to its simplicity, less space occupation, low energy consumption, and not requiring highly qualified personnel.

Removal efficiency prediction model based on the artificial neural network for pollution prevention in wastewater treatment plants

PurposeArtificial intelligence (AI) models are demonstrating day by day that they can find long-term solutions to improve wastewater treatment efficiency. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are one of the most important of these models, and they are increasingly being used to forecast water resource variables. The goal of this study was to create an ANN model to estimate the removal efficiency of biological oxygen demand (BOD), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) and total suspended solids (TSS) at the effluent of various primary and secondary treatment methods in a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP).Design/methodology/approachThe MATLAB App Designer model was used to generate the data set. Various combinations of wastewater quality data, such as temperature(T), TN, TP and hydraulic retention time (HRT) are used as inputs into the ANN to assess the degree of effect of each of these variables on BOD, TN, TP and TSS removal efficiency. Two of the models reflect two different types of primary treatment, while the other nine models represent different types of subsequent treatment. The ANN model’s findings are compared to the MATLAB App Designer model. For evaluating model performance, mean square error (MSE) and coefficient of determination statistics (R2) are utilized as comparative metrics.FindingsFor both training and testing, the R values for the ANN models were greater than 0.99. Based on the comparisons, it was discovered that the ANN model can be used to estimate the removal efficiency of BOD, TN, TP and TSS in WWTP and that the ANN model produces very similar and satisfying results to the APPDESIGNER model. The R-value (Correlation coefficient) of 0.9909 and the MSE of 5.962 indicate that the model is accurate. Because of the many benefits of the ANN models used in this study, it has a lot of potential as a general modeling tool for a range of other complicated process systems that are difficult to solve using conventional modeling techniques.Originality/valueThe objective of this study was to develop an ANN model that could be used to estimate the removal efficiency of pollutants such as BOD, TN, TP and TSS at the effluent of various primary and secondary treatment methods in a WWTP. In the future, the ANN could be used to design a new WWTP and forecast the removal efficiency of pollutants.

Treatment of vegetable oil industry wastewater and bioelectricity generation using microbial fuel cell via modification and surface area expansion of electrodes

AbstractBACKGROUNDThis study evaluates the treatment of vegetable oil industry wastewater using dual‐chamber microbial fuel cells (MFCs) via modification and surface area expansion of cost‐effective electrodes. The modified electrodes were applied as both the anode and cathode to investigate their treatment capacity and electrochemical performance. Carbon paper anodes were modified using TiO2‐HX@MWCNT‐COOH‐Al2O3 composite. Activated carbon powders originating from Bambuseae were used as the low‐cost catalyst for the carbon felt cathode. The synthesized catalysts were characterized by Field‐Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FE‐SEM), Energy Dispersive X‐ray Spectroscopy (EDX), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) techniques. The electrochemical properties of the MFCs were investigated by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS).RESULTSThe highest average removal efficiencies of COD (chemical oxygen demand), BOD5 (5‐day biochemical oxygen demand), NH4+ (ammonium), NH3− (nitrate), TSS (total suspended solids), and VSS (volatile suspended solids) were 94 ± 3% (33 kgCODrem/m3.d), 89 ± 1% (12 kgBODrem/m3.d), 87 ± 1% (0.24 kgNH4+‐Nrem/m3.d), 74 ± 3% (0.05 kgNO3−‐N/m3.d), 79 ± 2% (1 kgCODrem/m3.d), and 65 ± 3% (0.73 kgCODrem/m3.d), respectively. The highest average power density of 30 ± 5 W/m3 was obtained when treating vegetable oil industry wastewater. The highest average coulombic efficiency (CE) of 85 ± 3% and energy efficiency (EE) of 35 ± 2% were achieved. The EIS results showed that the high conductivity and large unique surface area significantly enhanced the charge transfer efficiency on the electrode surface.CONCLUSIONThe results indicated that the TiO2‐HX@MWCNT‐COOH‐Al2O3 composite can be used to reinforce the performance of MFCs. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).

Treatment of Public Sewage Wastewater Using Electrocoagulation Process

Sewage needs to be treated before it is discharged into the water bodies such as rivers and lakes. Sewage wastewater were analyzed in this study, by electrocoagulation process using an alternating power source with current density of 10 A/m2 and 20 A/m2 at treatment time of 10, 20, 40, 60 minutes respectively using copper and zinc electrodes. The effect of electrode material was determined and how chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), Conductivity, pH and turbidity were affected by changing contact time and with changing the current density. We obtained very satisfactory results for the two electrochemical cells such as copper and zinc electrodes. The optimum conditions were determined at treatment time of 20 minutes for a current density of 10 A/m2 with TSS removal efficiency of 92%, COD removal efficiency of 91.5%, pH of 7.50 , with a low turbidity value of 4.27 turbidity (NTU) and the conductivity of 108 μs for copper electrodes. Whereas, using zinc electrodes, the optimum treatment time was 20 minutes at 10 A/m2 current density, TSS removal efficiency was of 92%, COD removal efficiency of 85.7%, pH of 7.80 with turbidity removal efficiency of 87.3 % and the conductivity of 117.3 μs. This electrocoagulation process has attracted a great deal of attention in treating various wastewaters because of its versatility and environmental compatibility.

Effect of Different Operational Conditions on the Treatment Performance of Milk Processing Wastewater (MPW) Using a Single Stage Flexible Fibre Biofilm Reactor (SS-FFBR)

The performance of a biofilm system, single-stage flexible fibre biofilm reactor (SS-FFBR) treating milk processing wastewater (MPW) is evaluated under various process and operational conditions. The system behavior is analyzed with different biological and physical parameters. Results show that the high COD removal efficiency of 95% is obtained at a low CODin concentration of 809 mg/L. However, the COD removal is slightly decreased to 91.7% once the CODin concentration incremented to nearly 4000 mg/L. The effect of organic loading rate (OLR) on the SS-FFBR performance is examined as total suspended solids removal efficiency, dissolved oxygen, and turbidity. The SS-FFBR showed considerable performance, so that 89.9% and 89.7% removal efficiencies in terms of COD and TSS removals, respectively, obtained at the highest OLR of 11.7 kg COD/m3d. TSS removal efficiency of 96.7% is obtained at a low OLR of 1.145 kg COD/m3d. A linear relationship between the OLR and COD removal rate was revealed. The COD removal rate was incremented from 1.08 to 10.68 kg COD/m3d as the OLR increased from 1.145 to 11.7 kg COD/m3d. Finally, the operating system is a promising technique recommended to treat various industrial wastewaters with high OLR.