Total Sulfur Compounds Research Articles

Effect of male pig immunocastration on physical and chemical characteristics of Teruel dry-cured hams

Aim of study: To evaluate the effect of the type of male castration (surgical vs. immunological) on the characteristics of Teruel dry-cured hams. Area of study: Teruel and Zaragoza (Spain). Material and methods: A total of 14 dry-cured hams from Duroc × (Landrace × Large White) male pigs intended for the Spanish Protected Designation of Origin ˈTeruel hamˈ were used. Half of them belonged to surgical castrated males (SCM) and the other half to immunocastrated males (IM). Ham weight losses during processing, physical and chemical characteristics were analyzed. Main results: There were no differences (p>0.05) due to the type of castration in ham weight losses throughout processing, thickness of subcutaneous fat, marbling, maximum stress and intramuscular fatty acid profile. However, hams from IM presented lower (p<0.05) chroma than those from SCM. The type of castration had limited influence on chemical composition; only potassium nitrate and retinol contents were affected (p<0.05), being lower in IM than in SCM. For volatile compounds, IM showed lower (p<0.05) percentages of total alcohols and sulfur compounds and higher (p=0.012) proportion of total acids than SCM. All the hams had negligible androstenone content but IM presented higher (p<0.05) skatole and indole concentrations than SCM, being these levels low. Research highlights: The type of castration in male pigs seems to have scarce influence on the quality of Teruel dry-cured hams, and therefore, immunocastration could be considered as a possible alternative to surgical castration.

Accurate quantification of ultra-trace sulfur compounds in hydrogen by integrating fill-less trap pre-concentration with gas chromatograph and sulfur chemiluminescence detector

Accurate quantification of ultra-trace impurities in hydrogen, e.g., <0.004 μmol·mol−1 for total sulfur compounds as specified in ISO 14687-2019, is of paramount importance to ensure the quality of hydrogen for fuel cell vehicles. Here, we developed a novel fill-less trap pre-concentration inlet system integrated with GC-SCD for measuring ultra-trace sulfides in hydrogen. This analytical system can achieve an optimum method detection limit range of 0.002–0.004 nmol mol−1 (ppb(v)) for sulfides by trapping 400 mL hydrogen sample. The modified fill-less trap inlet system can avoid the deviation of desorption efficiency from adsorbents and shows a wide linearity range of up to 150 ppb(v) in 400 mL that is one order of magnitude higher than existing packing pre-concentration. Response sensitivity biases from the calibration pattern of constant volumes exhibit better sensitivity with deviation of up to ∼10% smaller than constant concentrations at 0.1–10.0 ppb(v). The stability of sulfides in hydrogen at 0.1–4.0 ppb(v) stored in Silonite™ canisters are firstly investigated. Poor stability is observed for H2S and EtSH of which each about 30% loss after 3 days storage, indicating that the hydrogen sample stored in Silonite™ containers should be analyzed within 4 days. Therefore, the developed analytical system with appropriate calibration pattern is well suitable for the accurate quantification of trace sulfides in hydrogen sampling from refueling station and production processing.

Influence of the Production System (Intensive vs. Extensive) at Farm Level on Proximate Composition and Volatile Compounds of Portuguese Lamb Meat.

Today’s society demands healthy meat with a special emphasis on integrated animal husbandry combined with the concern for animal welfare. In this sense, the raising of lambs in an extensive system has been one of the most common practices, which results in meats with high nutritional value. However, both the production system and the diet play a fundamental role in the chemical composition of the meat, which has a direct impact on the content of volatile compounds. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of two production systems (intensive and extensive) on the chemical composition and volatile profile of lamb meat. Twenty-eight lambs of the Bordaleira-de-Entre-Douro-e-Minho (BEDM) sheep breed were raised for meat production under the intensive or extensive system and were fed with concentrate and pasture, respectively. All animals were carried out in the muscle longissimus thoracis et lumborum. Results evidenced that all the composition parameters were affected by the production system. Extensively-reared lambs produced meat with the highest fat and protein contents, while these animals had the lowest percentages of moisture and ash. Similarly, the total content of volatile compounds was affected (p < 0.05) by the production system and were higher in the meat of lambs reared extensively. Furthermore, the content of total acids, alcohols, aldehydes, esters, ethers, furans and sulfur compounds as well as most of the individual compounds were also affected (p < 0.05) by the production system, whereas total hydrocarbons and ketones were not affected (p > 0.05). As a general conclusion, the production system had very high influence not only in proximate composition but also in the volatile compounds.

Adaptive Laboratory Evolution of Native Torulaspora delbrueckii YCPUC10 With Enhanced Ethanol Resistance and Evaluation in Co-inoculated Fermentation.

Torulaspora delbrueckii is a yeast species typically present in the early stages of the fermentation process. T. delbrueckii positively modifies the aromatic properties of wines. However, its contribution to the final quality of the wine is restricted by its low tolerance to ethanol. T. delbrueckii is capable of fermenting and tolerating an ethanol concentration ranging from 7.4% (v/v) to slightly higher than 9% (v/v). For this reason, it cannot complete fermentation, when alcohol reach levels higher than 12% (v/v), limiting their use in the industry. The objective of this work was to obtain new variants of T. delbrueckii with improved resistance to ethanol through adaptive laboratory evolution. Variants capable of tolerating ethanol levels of 11.5% (v/v) were obtained. These presented improved kinetic parameters, and additionally showed an increase in resistance to SO2 in ethanol compared to the original strain. Co-inoculated fermentations were performed with the original strain (FTd/Sc) and with the evolved strain (FTdF/Sc), in addition to a control fermentation using only Saccharomyces cerevisiae EC1118 (FSc). The results obtained show that FTdF/Sc present higher levels of 2-Ethylhexanol, compared to FTd/Sc and FSc. Furthermore, FTdF/Sc presents higher levels of total alcohols, total aldehydes, total phenolic derivatives, and total sulfur compounds with significant differences with FSc. These results provide a T. delbrueckii YCPUC10-F yeast with higher resistance to ethanol, which can be present throughout the fermentation process and be used in co-inoculated fermentations. This would positively impact the performance of T. delbrueckii by allowing it to be present not only in the early stages of fermentation but to remain until the end of fermentation.

Microbial Succession Signals the Initiation of Acidification in Mining Wastewaters

We characterized the sulfur geochemistry and microbial community structure of seven circumneutral wastewaters from two Canadian nickel mines collected in summer, winter, and spring, in 2014 and 2015. We also established and characterized sulfur oxidizing enrichments for these wastewater samples in two pH corrals of 7–5 and 5–3. Mine 1 exhibited lower contents of total soluble sulfur compounds and reactive soluble sulfur compounds (oxidation state 80%) in the moderately acidic enrichment communities. A further pH dependent shift occurred from Halothiobacillus spp. dominating the pH 7–5 enrichments to Thiomonas spp. dominating the pH 5–3 enrichments. These results provide putative biological indicators for better prediction and management of sulfur processes and AMD onset in mining wastewaters.

Characterization of oral bacteria in the tongue coating of patients with halitosis using 16S rRNA analysis

There are many studies on the relationship between the tongue coating and halitosis, but few have evaluated the bacterial community present in the tongue coating. This study identified bacteria in the tongue coating in individuals with and without halitosis using 16S rRNA analysis. Forty subjects (mean age, 46.1 ± 15.8 years) who visited the halitosis clinic at the University Dental Hospital between 2016 and 2017 were divided into halitosis (n = 32) and non-halitosis (n = 8) groups according to results from an organoleptic test (OT). Additional measurements via gas chromatography (GC) and the Breathtron® instrument confirmed the groupings as the H2S, CH3SH, (CH3)2S, and total volatile sulphur compounds (VSC) levels were significantly higher in the halitosis group than in the non-halitosis group. Bacterial diversity was higher in the halitosis group; the median (quartile) values of the Shannon index were 4.46 (4.21, 4.67) in the halitosis group and 3.80 (3.45, 4.30) in the non-halitosis group. Additionally, the median (quartile) values of the Chao-1 index were 84.0 (77.2, 95.0) in the halitosis group and 71.3 (65.0, 81.5) in the non-halitosis group. These differences in bacterial composition and diversity may further the understanding of causes and treatments for halitosis.

Hydrogen Purity Analysis: Suitability of Sorbent Tubes for Trapping Hydrocarbons, Halogenated Hydrocarbons and Sulphur Compounds

The ISO 14687-2 standard sets requirements for the purity of the hydrogen that is delivered at refuelling stations. These specifications cover a wide range of impurities and include challenging measurements, mainly due to the very low levels of the required detection limits and the need for “total” measurements (total hydrocarbons, total sulphur compounds, halogenated compounds). Most of the compounds belonging to the species are organic. Thermal desorption often coupled with gas chromatography is a common speciation method used to determine the content of organic impurities. However, no existing sorbent tubes are sufficiently universal to trap all possible impurities; depending on the sorbents and the sampling volume, some compounds may irreversibly adsorb or may break through. It is therefore necessary to evaluate sorbents for the compounds targeted at the level required. In this study, the suitability of sorbent tubes for trapping organic impurities in hydrogen was investigated. Suitable sorbents were selected based on a literature review of suitable sorbent materials. Short-term stability studies for compounds among hydrocarbons, halogenated compounds and sulphur compounds on the selected sorbents have then been performed for storage periods of two weeks since this is the period typically required to complete the collection, transport and analysis of hydrogen samples. The study clearly shows that the method is promising for total species, even through the results show that not all of the compounds belonging to the three total species to be analysed when performing hydrogen purity analysis can be quantified on one unique sorbent. A multibed sorbent consisting of Tenax TA (weak), Carboxen 1003 (medium), Carbograph 1 (strong) is shown to be a versatile sorbent suitable for the three “total species”; only a few compounds from each family would need to be analysed using other analytical methods. This method proposed here for total species will not only provide a sum of concentrations, but also an identification of which compound(s) is/are actually present in the hydrogen.

Comparison of Hydrogen Specification in National Standards for China

Hydrogen specifications for different scenarios are various. Based on national standards for China, a comparison of hydrogen specification standards is discussed in this paper, including specification standards for industrial hydrogen, pure hydrogen, high pure hydrogen, ultrapure hydrogen, hydrogen for electronic industry and hydrogen for PEM FCVs. Hydrogen purity for electronic industry is greater than that for industrial hydrogen, pure hydrogen and hydrogen for PEM FCVs. Specifications of general contaminants in hydrogen for electronic industry, including H2O, O2, N2, CO, CO2 and total hydrocarbons, are stricter than that in hydrogen for PEM FCVs. Hydrogen purity for PEM FCVs is less than that for electronic industry and pure hydrogen. However, contaminants in hydrogen for PEM FCVs are strict. Contaminants in hydrogen for PEM FCVs should include not only H2O, O2, N2, CO, CO2, Ar and total hydrocarbons, but also helium, total sulfur compounds, formaldehyde, formic acid, ammonia, halogenated compounds and particulates.

Investigation of Physicochemical Characteristics of Heavy, Medium and Blend Crude Petroleum on Corrosion Resistance of AISI 1020 Carbon Steel

This work investigates the influence of the physicochemical characteristics of heavy (17.5 °API), medium (28.3 °API) and blend (50% heavy + 50% medium) crude petroleum on corrosion of AISI 1020 carbon steel at 25.0 ± 1.0°C. The corrosion resistance of steel was analyzed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, potentiodynamic polarization, and scanning electron microscopy. The electrochemical results and the micrographs show that the corrosion on steel surfaces after contact with the heavy oil is lesser than medium and blend petroleum, although the heavy oil presents a higher amount of total acid number, sulfur compounds and salt. On steel sample immersed in heavy oil, a localized pitting corrosion was identified, while on samples immersed in medium and blend petroleum was found evidence of pitting and alveolar corrosion.

Content of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity in garlic (Allium sativum L.)

Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is highly regarded throughout the world for both its medicinal and culinary properties. With its bioactive compounds and sulphur containing compounds, high trace mineral content, garlic has shown anti-viral, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal and antioxidant abilities.This work has focused on the measurement and comparison of the total polyphenols content, the total sulphur content and antioxidant activity of the studied varieties of garlic in the area of Nitra and Bardejov, Slovak Republic. The highest content of monitored indicators (TPC, TSC, AOA) was measured in the area of Nitra. TPC was determined using the spectrophotometric method of Folin-Ciocalteu agents. The total polyphenols content were determined in the range 621.13 to 763.28 mg kg-1 in area of Nitra. The content of total sulphur compounds in the area of Nitra ranges from 0.562 to 0.800 % and in the second area ranges from 0.421 % to 0.658 %. Antioxidant activity was measured by the spectrophotometric method using a compound DPPH. The value of antioxidant activity ranged from 12.01 % to 20.22 % in both monitored locations. The content of TPC, TSC and AOA beside the variety may be affected by the localitylinked factors like climatic conditions and the agrochemical composition of the soil.

Hybrid Solvent Helps Ease Bottlenecking in Natural-Gas Plant

This article, written by Special Publications Editor Adam Wilson, contains highlights of paper SPE 188252, “Natural-Gas-Plant Debottlenecking Thanks to Hybrid Solvent,” by Eric Cloarec, Renaud Cadours, and Claire Weiss, Total, prepared for the 2017 Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition and Conference, Abu Dhabi, 13–16 November. The paper has not been peer reviewed. Processing sour natural gas is a challenge. If mercaptans are present in the sour gas, the limited mercaptan-absorption capacity of the well-known alkanolamine solvents can be a problem. A solution is to replace the usual alkanolamine aqueous solvent with a hybrid formulation that allows simultaneous removal of mercaptans and acid gases. A new solvent has been developed by the addition of a physical component into a generic alkanolamine/water solvent. This hybrid solvent can be used without any plant modification. Introduction More than 40% of identified gas reserves contain acid gases. Over the years, solvent technologies have been developed, demonstrated, and improved for hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and carbon dioxide (CO2) removal. Sour-gas processing has recently seen the requirement of more-stringent specifications for total sulfur compounds, particularly mercaptans and carbonyl sulfide. Producing sour-gas fields in an economic way became a challenge. Indeed, the physicochemical properties of mercaptans allow only very limited reaction with amines under operating conditions. Classical aqueous amine technologies generally are not sufficient to reach mercaptan or total-sulfur specifications. Consequently, additional treatment is required to remove these compounds. The first option to treat a gas containing CO2, H2S, and mercaptans consists of a polishing stage for further mercaptan removal (for example, molecular sieves) downstream from the amine treating process. One drawback of this option is that the gas used for adsorbents regeneration needs to be sweetened, which requires a dedicated unit. Another drawback is that the gas- sweetening unit is generally designed to use a physical solvent, which has high affinity for hydrocarbon. The second option is most often used when the recovery of natural-gas liquids is considered. Mercaptans and other sulfur compounds concentrated in the liquid-hydrocarbon cuts are removed through a caustic-soda process or by molecular sieves. With the first option, the succession of treatment stages requires an increase in plant footprint, which brings unavoidable extended lifecycle costs. Meanwhile, the drawbacks of these schemes include the disposal of the disulfide oil with the caustic-soda process or the treatment of the gas used for molecular-sieve regeneration. The last option is the simultaneous removal of mercaptans, carbonyl sulfide, and acid gases in a single unit by use of a mixture of chemical and physical solvents. However, the mercaptan-removal efficiency is correlated with the solvent composition and flow rate. Design criteria can be for H2S and CO2 removal or for mercaptan elimination. Expenditure optimization will drive the selection of the process scheme: either total mercaptan removal within the gas-sweetening unit or partial mercaptan removal with the hybrid solvent followed by a polishing unit.

Determination of free and total sulfur(IV) compounds in coconut water using high-resolution continuum source molecular absorption spectrometry in gas phase

This work proposes a method for the determination of free and total sulfur(IV) compounds in coconut water samples, using the high-resolution continuum source molecular absorption spectrometry. It is based on the measurement of the absorbance signal of the SO2 gas generate, which is resultant of the addition of hydrochloric acid solution on the sample containing the sulfating agent. The sulfite bound to the organic compounds is released by the addition of sodium hydroxide solution, before the generation of the SO2 gas.The optimization step was performed using multivariate methodology involving volume, concentration and flow rate of hydrochloric acid. This method was established by the sum of the absorbances obtained in the three lines of molecular absorption of the SO2 gas. This strategy allowed a procedure for the determination of sulfite with limits of detection and quantification of 0.36 and 1.21mgL−1 (for a sample volume of 10mL) and precision expressed as relative standard deviation of 5.4% and 6.4% for a coconut water sample containing 38.13 and 54.58mgL−1 of free and total sulfite, respectively.The method was applied for analyzing five coconut water samples from Salvador city, Brazil. The average contents varied from 13.0 to 55.4mgL−1 for free sulfite and from 24.7 to 66.9mgL−1 for total sulfur(IV) compounds. The samples were also analyzed employing the Ripper´s procedure, which is a reference method for the quantification of this additive. A statistical test at 95% confidence level demonstrated that there is no significant difference between the results obtained by the two methods.

The long-term effect of a zinc acetate and chlorhexidine diacetate containing mouth rinse on intra-oral halitosis-A randomized clinical trial.

To evaluate the long-term effects of a zinc acetate and chlorhexidine diacetate mouth rinse (Zn/CHX) on intra-oral halitosis. Forty-six adults with intra-oral halitosis were randomized into a 6-month, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study. The presence of intra-oral halitosis was evaluated at baseline, 3 and 6months after treatment by assessment of organoleptic score (OLS) and by total volatile sulphur compounds (T-VSC), hydrogen sulphide (H2 S) and methyl mercaptan (MM) concentrations in exhaled air. A Zn/CHX mouth rinse provided significantly better control of intra-oral halitosis than a placebo mouth rinse. At 3 and 6months, individuals rinsing with the Zn/CHX rinse presented with reductions of the OLS, T-VSC (p<.01, respectively), H2 S (p<.001), and MM (p<.01) in subjects' exhaled air. At 6months, 68.2% of individuals using the Zn/CHX rinse experienced a 1 or 2 category improvement in OLS compared with 19.1% of placebo-treated subjects. 91% of subjects in the Zn/CHX group were categorized as being effectively treated for intra-oral halitosis (i.e. H2 S<112ppb), compared to 43% in the placebo group. Zn/CHX mouth rinse provides effective long-term efficacy against intra-oral halitosis, assessed both objectively and subjectively. With regular rinsing, the effect was sustained for 6months.

Odorous Volatile Organic Compounds, Escherichia coli, and Nutrient Concentrations when Kiln-Dried Pine Chips and Corn Stover Bedding Are Used in Beef Bedded Manure Packs.

Pine ( spp.) bedding has been shown to lower the concentration of odorous volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and pathogenic bacteria compared with corn ( L.) stover bedding, but availability and cost limit the use of pine bedding in cattle confinement facilities. The objectives of this study were to determine if the addition of pine wood chips to laboratory-scaled bedded packs containing corn stover (i) reduced odorous VOC emissions; (ii) reduced total ; and (iii) changed the nutrient composition of the resulting manure-bedded packs. Bedding treatments included 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 60, 80, and 100% pine chips, with the balance being corn stover. Four bedded packs for each mixture were maintained for 42 d ( = 4 observations per bedding material). The production of total sulfur compounds increased significantly when 100% pine chips were used (44.72 ng L) compared with bedding mixture containing corn stover (18.0-24.56 ng L). The carbon-to-nitrogen ratio exceeded the ideal ratio of 24:1 for the optimum activity of soil microorganisms when ≥60% pine chips (25.3-27.5 ng L) were included in the mixture. The use of 100% pine chips as bedding increased sulfide concentration in the facility 1.8 to 2.4 times over the use of corn stover bedding. was not influenced by the addition of pine chips to the corn stover bedding material but did decrease as the bedded pack aged. Bedding material mixtures containing 30 to 60% pine and 40 to 70% corn stover may be the ideal combination to mitigate odors from livestock facilities using deep bedded systems.

Sensory profile and volatile aroma composition of reduced alcohol Merlot wines fermented with Metschnikowia pulcherrima and Saccharomyces uvarum

Strategies for production of wines containing lower alcohol concentrations are in strong demand, for reasons of quality, health, and taxation. Development and application of wine yeasts that are less efficient at transforming grape sugars into ethanol has the potential to allow winemakers the freedom to make lower alcohol wines from grapes harvested at optimal ripeness, without the need for post-fermentation processes aimed at removing ethanol. We have recently shown that two non-conventional wine yeast species Metschnikowia pulcherrima and Saccharomyces uvarum were both able to produce wine with reduced alcohol concentration. Both species produced laboratory-scale wines with markedly different volatile aroma compound composition relative to Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This work describes the volatile composition and sensory profiles of reduced-alcohol pilot-scale Merlot wines produced with M. pulcherrima and S. uvarum. Wines fermented with M. pulcherrima contained 1.0% v/v less ethanol than S. cerevisiae fermented wines, while those fermented with S. uvarum showed a 1.7% v/v reduction in ethanol. Compared to S. cerevisiae ferments, wines produced with M. pulcherrima showed higher concentrations of ethyl acetate, total esters, total higher alcohols and total sulfur compounds, while wines fermented with S. uvarum were characterised by the highest total concentration of higher alcohols. Sensorially, M. pulcherrima wines received relatively high scores for sensory descriptors such as red fruit and fruit flavour and overall exhibited a sensory profile similar to that of wine made with S. cerevisiae, whereas the main sensory descriptors associated with wines fermented with S. uvarum were barnyard and meat. This work demonstrates the successful application of M. pulcherrima AWRI3050 for the production of pilot-scale red wines with reduced alcohol concentration and highlights the need for rigorous evaluation of non-conventional yeasts with regard to their sensory impacts.

Effect of High Pressure Processing on the Lipolysis, Volatile Compounds, Odour and Colour of Cheese Made from Unpasteurized Milk

Cheeses made from unpasteurized milk were high pressure processed (HPP) for 14 or 21 days after manufacture at 400 or 600 MPa, in order to prevent excessive accumulation of flavour compounds, in particular free fatty acids (FFA) and volatile compounds (VC). They were compared with untreated control cheese throughout a 240-day period. On day 60, cheeses treated at 400 MPa had esterase activity values 57.1–58.0 % lower than control cheese while cheeses treated at 600 MPa had values 82.3–82.8 % lower, with no significant differences between total FFA concentrations of cheeses. However, on day 240, total FFA concentrations were 6.5–9.0 % lower in 400 MPa cheeses than in control cheese and 15.0–16.9 % lower in 600 MPa cheeses, with more marked differences for short-chain FFA and less marked for hexadecanoic and octadecanoic acids. Fifty-two of the 70 VC found in cheese were significantly influenced by HPP. On day 240, total alcohols reached the highest levels in control and 400 MPa cheeses, total aldehydes, ketones and hydrocarbons in 600 MPa cheeses, and total sulphur compounds in 400 and 600 MPa cheeses. Levels of total volatile acids, esters, ethers, benzenic compounds and terpenoids in 240-day cheese were not affected by HPP. Odour quality and intensity were not significantly influenced by HPP. Higher L* values were recorded for 600 MPa cheeses and higher a* values for control and 400 MPa cheeses. Principal component analysis on the groups of volatile compounds highlighted the different evolvement of volatiles in control, 400 and 600 MPa cheeses during ripening.

Correlation of Total Secondary Sulfur Compounds, Total Phenols and Antioxidant Capacity in the Ramsons and Garlic

Aims: This study explores the total quantity of sulfur secondary metabolites in the plant organs of garlic and ramsons, the content of total phenol and their correlation to the antioxidant capacity (AOC). There are different reports about correlation of secondary

Characteristic analysis for odor gas emitted from food waste anaerobic fermentation in the pretreatment workshop

Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, olfactometry, and other related methods were applied for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the characteristics of odorous gases in the pretreatment workshop. The composition of odorous gases emitted from municipal food waste was also investigated in this study. The results showed that the tested gases are mainly composed of aromatic gases, which account for 49% of the total volatile organic compounds (VOC) concentrations. The nitrogenous compounds comprise 15% of the total concentration and the other gases comprise the remaining 36%. The level of odor concentration ranged from 2523 odor units (OU) m−3 to 3577 OU m−3. The variation of the total chemical composition ranged from 19,725 µg m−3 to 24,184 µg m−3. Among the selected four sampling points, the discharge outlet was detected to have the highest concentration in terms of odor, total chemical, sulfur compounds, and aromatics. The correlation analysis showed that the odor concentrations were evidently related to the total chemical composition, sulfur compounds, and aromatics (P < 0.05, n = 5). The odor activity value analysis identified the top three compounds, hydrogen sulfide (91.8), ethyl sulfide (35.8), and trimethylamine (70.6), which contribute to air pollution complaint of waste materials. Implications: Currently, the amount of food waste has rapidly increased, which leads to difficulty in waste management and more odorous gases released as air pollution. In processing of food wastes by anaerobic fermentation, odorous gases are generated, which significantly affect the workers and occupants in the plant. In the pretreatment workshop for anaerobic decomposition, the odorous gases are generated because of the stacking and decomposition of food wastes. The gases emitted mainly consist of organic gases because the food wastes are mainly organic materials. The other odors that comprise 1% of the gases are S-compounds, aromatics, esters, alkanes, and limonene, which result in unpleasant odors that are harmful to the health.

Episodic Particulate Sulfate and Sulfur Dioxide on the Southwestern Japan Coast in March and April 2010

Particulate sulfate in <TEX>$PM_{2.5}$</TEX>, sulfur dioxide (<TEX>$SO_2$</TEX>) and size-segregated aerosol particle number concentrations were measured at a site (<TEX>$32^{\circ}19'N$</TEX>, <TEX>$129^{\circ}59'E$</TEX>) on the southwestern Japan coast from 5 March to 10 April, 2010. Results show frequent episodic increases of sulfate and <TEX>$SO_2$</TEX>. Compared to the average concentration of sulfate <TEX>$4.4{\pm}2.7\;{\mu}g\;m^{-3}$</TEX> in the whole observation period, episodic sulfate reached <TEX>$10.5-20.1\;{\mu}g\;m^{-3}$</TEX>. The variation of sulfate always synchronized with aerosol particles in the size range of <TEX>$0.1-0.5 {\mu}m$</TEX>, indicating the episodic sulfate was a consequence of the increase of the sub-micron particles. <TEX>$SO_2$</TEX> did not have remarkable increase in any episodes of sulfate increase. During the passage of low pressure systems which loaded Asian dust in postfrontal air, concentrated sulfate appeared right behind the front but before dust arrival, suggesting the dominance of dust-free particulate sulfate. Weather and backward trajectory analyses revealed that air parcels with high sulfate passed eastern and northeastern China or Korean peninsula before arriving at the site. In contrast, those with high <TEX>$SO_2$</TEX> passed an active volcano, Mt. Sakurajima, about 100 km in the south, suggesting the <TEX>$SO_2$</TEX> was more likely from the volcanic emission. The ratio of sulfate to total sulfur compounds <TEX>$({SO_4}^{2-})/({SO_4}^{2-}+SO_2)$</TEX> was 0.31-0.89 in continentally originated air while was 0.25-0.43 in the air having passed the volcano, showing more efficient conversions of <TEX>$SO_2$</TEX> to sulfate in the air from the continent. The close dependence of the conversion on humidity in the continentally originated air was confirmed.

Total sulphur and organosulphur compounds in garlic and ramsons plant organs at the end of vegetative period

In this study was analysed total sulphur and content of organosulphur compounds such alliin, diallyl disulfide (DD), reduced glutathione (GSH) and L-cysteine in the bulb and leaves of garlic and ramsons at the end of vegetative period. Total sulphur content was determined by ion chromatography in the form of sulphate ion. Analysis of alliin, DD, GSH and L-cysteine was performed by HPLC using UV-VIS, electrochemical and fluorescence detectors. Sulphur content (mg/g) in leaves and bulb of garlic was: bulb 0,63 and leaves 0,66. Content of alliin: bulb 4,8×10–2µg/g, leaves 3,8×10–2µg/g, and DD: 12,97mg/g, but in the leaves of garlic DD was below of the limit of detection. Content of L-cysteine in the bulb of garlic was 15,82mg/g, leaves 2,31mg/g, while the content of GSH in the bulb of garlic was 21,9mg/g and leaves 12,69mg/g. Total sulphur content (mg/g) in leaves and bulbs of ramsons at the end of vegetative period was: bulb 0,93 and leaves 0,74. Content of alliin: bulb 23,2×10–2µg/g, leaves 7,3×10–3µg/g. The content of DD in the bulb of ramsons was 1,78mg/g, while in the leaves content of DD was below of limit of detection. L-cysteine in the bulb of ramsons was 14,51mg/g and leaves 0,94mg/g, GSH in the bulb of ramsons was 14,51mg/g and leaves 8,94mg/g. In general the contents of total sulphur and organosulphur compounds in the bulb of garlic and ramsons are higher than in leaves.