Total Runout Research Articles

Modeling Shallow Landslide Runout Distance in Eocene Flysch Facies Using Empirical–Statistical Models (Western Black Sea Region of Türkiye)

Uncertainties related to runout distances in shallow landslide analyses may not only affect lives but may also result in economic losses. Owing to the increase in shallow landslides, which are especially triggered by heavy rainfall, runout distances have been investigated to decipher whether applications of a functional runout distance are feasible. This paper aims to give insights into the modeling of the shallow landslide runout probability in Eocene flysch facies in the Western Black Sea region of Türkiye. There are two main stages in this study—which are dominated by empirical models, the detection of initiation points, and propagation—which help us to understand and visualize the possible runout distances in the study area. Shallow landslide initiation point determination using machine learning has a critical role in the ordered tasks in this study. Modified Holmgren and simplified friction-limited model (SFLM) parameters were applied to provide a good approximation of runout distances during the propagation stage using Flow-R software. The empirical model parameters suggested for debris flows and shallow landslides were investigated comparatively. The runout distance models had approximately the same performance depending on the debris flow and shallow landslide parameters. While the impacted total runout areas for the debris flow parameters were predicted to amount to approximately 146 km2, the impacted total runout areas for the shallow landslide parameters were estimated to be about 101 km2. Considering the inclusion of the RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 precipitation scenarios in the analyses, this also shows that the shallow landslide and debris flow runout distance impact areas will decrease. The investigation of runout distance analyses and the inclusion of the RCP scenarios in the runout analyses are highly intriguing for landslide researchers.

Precision and Dimensional Stability of Bonded Joints of Carbon-Fibre-Reinforced Polymers Parts

This article aims to investigate the accuracy and dimensional stability of bonded metal and CFRP (Carbon Fibre Reinforced Plastic) adherends. The motivation behind this study was to assess the suitability of CFRP for optical devices through the evaluation of precision bonding technology. A binocular was selected as a reference optical device. A technological sample was designed, with required total runout of key dimensions 0.05 mm. The sample underwent testing according to ISO 9022-1. The total runout was evaluated after production and environmental tests. Eight out of 15 samples were turned after gluing due to insufficient accuracy. None of the turned samples exceeded the total runout deviation of 0.01 mm, and the average value of the maximal deviation was 0.0041 mm. The noncalibrated samples performed significantly worse with the average value of the maximal deviation of 0.0164 mm. The measurements during the climatic tests showed that the largest deviation (on average 77.6% of the maximum achieved deviation) occurs at the first temperature loading. Subsequent temperature cycles caused lower deviations. The results highlight the significance of addressing deformations resulting from adhesive volume shrinkage-induced stress as a crucial factor in precision bonding technology.

Investigation of shot sleeve distortion and oil cooling in high pressure die casting

It is well known that thermomechanical distortion reduces the service life of shot sleeves in high pressure die casting (HPDC) processes. However, the underlying phenomenon which causes the distortion is still not well characterized. While finite element models (FEM) have been used to analyze shot sleeve distortion, these have typically used simplified 2D representations and do not consider the effect of transient molten metal flow on heat transfer. In the present study, a 3D finite element (FE) model based on ANSYS used a staggered approach to study the sources of shot sleeve distortion and the effect of active oil cooling. Transient flow behavior during pouring, settling, and slow shot phases was simulated using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) based model after which the temperature field and internal pressure distribution were imported into a structural model which was used to predict shot sleeve distortion at selected instants during a representative steady-state cycle. The simulation results were validated using data obtained from an HPDC machine and demonstrated good agreement. A comparison of large and small internal diameter (ID) shot sleeves showed that the former distort the most and that cooling channels are only moderately effective at minimizing distortion. Based on the complex 3D nature of shot sleeve distortion, the use of total indicator runout (TIR) is also proposed as a metric for minimizing distortion in shot sleeve designs. In addition to distortion, the thermal gradient in the shot sleeve was analyzed and it was noted that the largest source of heat loss is through the mounting flange attached to the HPDC machine frame, which is not an area typically considered for thermal management.

Extension of the Stream-of-Variation Model for General-Purpose Workholding Devices: Vices and Three-Jaw Chucks

Nowadays, advanced manufacturing models, such as the stream-of-variation (SoV) model, have been successfully applied to derive the complex relationships between fixturing, manufacturing, and datum errors throughout a multistage machining process. However, the current development of the SoV model is still based on 3-2-1 fixturing schemes, and although some improvements have been done, e.g., N-2-1 fixtures, the effect of general workholding systems, such as bench vices or three-jaw chucks, has not yet been included into the model. This article presents the extension of the SoV model to include fixture and datum errors considering both bench vices and three-jaw chucks as fixturing devices in multistage machining processes. The model includes different workholding configurations, and it is shown how to include the workholding accuracy to estimate part quality. The extended SoV model is validated in a three-stage machining process by both machining experimentation and CAD simulations. <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Note to Practitioners</i> —Part quality estimation in multistage machining systems is a challenging issue. The stream-of-variation (SoV) model is a straightforward model that can be used for this purpose. However, the current model is limited to fixture based on punctual locators, and common shop-floor devices are not considered yet. To overcome this limitation, this article extends the current SoV model to include vices and three-jaw chucks as workholding devices. The proposed methodology lets practitioners estimate the manufacturing capability of a process considering the technical specifications of these devices (e.g., parallelism and perpendicularity of vice surfaces and total indicator runout of chucks), or it can be used for diagnosing workholding issues. The model assumes that the workpiece acts as a rigid part and errors as deformations during clamping are assumed to be negligible in comparison with fixture- and datum-induced errors.

Geometry, Structure and Surface Quality of a Maraging Steel Milling Cutter Printed by Direct Metal Laser Melting.

This article considers the use of additive manufacturing to produce cutting tools for various machining operations, especially turning, milling, and drilling. The right geometry and material of the tool as well as coatings applied on cutting edges are crucial as they improve the life and performance of the tool. The study described here focused on a four-flute end mill made of maraging steel 1.2709 using a Concept Laser M2 Cusing Direct Metal Laser Melting (DMLM) machine. Before the printed tool was first used, it was examined to determine its dimensional and geometric accuracy, surface roughness, and surface structure. The measurement data showed that the tool required machining, e.g., grinding, to improve its geometry because the total runout of the shank and the cutting edge radius were too high, amounting to 120 μm and 217 μm, respectively. The cutting edges were sharpened to obtain a fully functional cutting tool ready to perform milling operations. The study aimed to check the dimensional and geometric accuracy of the 3D printed milling cutter and determine the optimal machining allowance for its finishing.

Geometric and Kinematic Contributors of Cutting Force Excursion

A cutting force computational model based on the form-shaping function theory is developed. In the precision machining, small deviations of the geometrical form of the cutting tool and its total run-out can result in significant variation of the instantaneous tool-and-workpiece contact area and depth-of-cut compared to their nominal values. This produces corresponding changes in the instantaneous cutting power and cutting force. As application examples, the surface grinding and precision turning are considered. In the latter case, the machined profile deviations are reduced thanks to the amplitude modulation of the force variations, which depends upon a ratio of rotation to vibration frequencies. The model is verified using the known experimental data.

Seismic reconstruction of seafloor sediment deformation during volcanic debris avalanche emplacement offshore Sakar, Papua New Guinea

Volcanic island sector collapses have produced some of the most voluminous mass movements on Earth and have the potential to trigger devastating tsunamis. In the marine environment, landslide deposits offshore the flanks of volcanic islands often consist of a mixture of volcanic material and incorporated seafloor sediments. The interaction of the initial volcanic failure and the substrate can be highly complex and have an impact on both the total landslide deposit volume and its emplacement velocity, which are important parameters during tsunami generation and need to be correctly assessed in numerical landslide-tsunami simulations. Here, we present a 2D seismic analysis of two previously unknown, overlapping volcanic landslide deposits north-west of the island of Sakar (Papua New Guinea) in the Bismarck Sea. The deposits are separated by a package of well-stratified sediment. Despite both originating from the same source, with the same broad movement direction, and having similar deposit volumes (~15.5–26 km3), the interaction of these landslides with the seafloor is markedly different. High-resolution seismic reflection data show that the lower, older deposit comprises a proximal, chaotic, volcanic debris avalanche component and a distal, frontally confined component of deformed pre-existing well-bedded seafloor sediment. We infer that deformation of the seafloor sediment unit was caused by interaction of the initial volcanic debris avalanche with the substrate. The deformed sediment unit shows various compressional structures, including thrusting and folding, over a downslope distance of more than 20 km, generating >27% of shortening over a 5 km distance at the deposit's toe. The volume of the deformed sediments is almost the same as the driving debris avalanche deposit. In contrast, the upper, younger landslide deposit does not show evidence for substrate incorporation or deformation. Instead, the landslide is a structurally simpler deposit, formed by a debris avalanche that spread freely along the contemporaneous seafloor (i.e., the top boundary of the intervening sediment unit that now separates this younger landslide from the older deposit). Our observations show that the physical characteristics of the substrate on which a landslide is emplaced control the amount of seafloor incorporation, the potential for secondary seafloor failure, and the total landslide runout far more than the nature of the original slide material or other characteristics of the source region. Our results indicate the importance of accounting for substrate interaction when evaluating submarine landslide deposits, which is often only evident from internal imaging rather than surface morphological features. If substrate incorporation or deformation is extensive, then treating landslide deposits as a single entity substantially overestimates the volume of the initial failure, which is much more important for tsunami generation than secondary sediment failure.

Effect of ultrasonic-assisted turning on geometrical tolerances in Al 2024-T6

ABSTRACT In this research, the effect of ultrasonic vibrations in the turning process on geometric tolerances has been investigated. This has always been one of the most important challenges in the production of high-quality and precision parts. One of the important applications of the turning process is making parts with high dimensional accuracy. In this study, by applying ultrasonic vibrations to different machining parameters, we investigated the surface quality, runout, total runout, and straightness tolerance of a 2024-T6 aluminum workpiece. In the second stage, the effect of the presence of ultrasonic vibrations was investigated. The full factorial experiment design method was used, and 18 experiments were performed with this method. After that, the results were analyzed, and they are as follows. Compared to other machining parameters, the cutting speed has the highest effect on the runout, total runout, straightness tolerance, and surface roughness. Ultrasonic vibrations reduce all four output parameters of runout, total runout, straightness tolerance, and surface roughness. In particular, the surface roughness in ultrasonic turning decreased compared to conventional turning. Also, the formation of chips was investigated. This technique is suitable in manufacturing industries that require high dimensional accuracy.

Analysis of total rotor runout components with multi-probe roundness measurement method

Several standards for vibration testing of rotating machinery define limits for relative shaft displacement during rotation. With requirements for relative shaft displacement, limits are given for combined electrical and mechanical runout, which is the eddy probe reading error and the error caused by geometry of the measured shaft. Some standards allow for compensation of the mechanical and electrical runout by vectorially subtracting them from the eddy current probe values.This paper presents a measurement procedure applying multi-probe error separation to accurately determine the roundness profile and center point motion of electric motor shafts. The roundness error and center point movement obtained from multi-probe measurement with tactile displacement probes are compared with eddy current sensor displacement measurements to separate the total displacement measured with an eddy current probe into three components: center point motion, roundness error and electrical runout. Additionally, a transform for the measured eccentric component is presented to obtain an estimate for permanent rotor bow regardless of the rotor support arrangement during measurement.The relevant industrial vibration testing standards were reviewed. Several issues were found in the measurement methods required by the standards. The requirements of the standards and the used terminology are assessed critically and improvement proposals are presented.

A Critique of Control and Black Boxes

This article analyzes Ian Hatcher’s online and kinetic poem “⌰ (Total Runout)” (2015) from a point of view of a critique of corporate and governmental black boxing, at the level of its code, text, visual output, sound, and live performance. The multimodal poem is part of the Drone Pilot suite, and it is presented in different versions: as a web-based work, sound piece, and performance. It remixes appropriated text from a WikiLeaked manual by the UK Ministry of Defence, essays on artificial intelligence, and Hatcher’s own text. The overall versions of the work, understood as variable events, boldly problematize communication and cognitive processes in networks—whether they are implemented in computer systems by secret agencies or corporations. Hatcher’s critique of black boxes entails re-creating issues of security, control and surveillance, as digital systems are increasingly paving the way for less privacy and less knowledge about their inner workings. As a result, the poem questions the essence of privacy, redaction, and systemic violence, when access is a privileged asset of agents with security clearances or those with a deep knowledge of programming. This article presents “⌰ (Total Runout)” in the scope of the poet’s aesthetic program. Then, it analyzes its Web version’s interface and source code. The kinetic poem’s spatial and temporal dimensions are discussed via experiments that modify the source code. The methods here presented deform the poem’s temporal display, by means of modifications, or what are called in the article lit mods. Thus, the article proposes an approach for a more informed reading and understanding of digital kinetic poems, since they are ever-changing events. Finally, it locates the work’s aural and performative versions in a cultural and political context.

Influence of MQL and hobbing parameters on microgeometry deviations and flank roughness of spur gears manufactured by MQL assisted hobbing

Conventional cutting fluids used in gear hobbing have negative impacts on the environment and health of the machine operators thereby adversely affecting the sustainability of the gear hobbing process. This paper reports on MQL assisted hobbing (MQLAH) using environment friendly fatty alcohol-based lubricant to manufacture superior quality spur gears. Experimental investigation was conducted to study of influence of six parameters of MQLAH namely hob cutter speed, axial feed, depth of cut, lube flow rate, air pressure, and nozzle angle on microgeometry deviations, avg. and max. values of flank surface roughness, and material removal rate to identify their optimum ranges to manufacture better quality spur gears with maximum productivity. Deviations in total profile, lead, cumulative pitch and radial runout were used to evaluate microgeometry of the spur gears. It revealed that depth of cut has no considerable effect on the spur gear quality. It identified that higher value of hob cutter speed, lower value of axial feed, optimum values of lube flow rate as 100 ml/h, nozzle angle as 30°, and air pressure in a range from 3 to 5 bar yield superior quality of spur gears by MQLAH.

Contributions of Rock Mass Structure to the Emplacement of Fragmenting Rockfalls and Rockslides: Insights From Laboratory Experiments

AbstractRockfalls and rockslides often occur in mountainous areas, and they may develop into rock avalanches because of fragmentation. A series of laboratory experiments were conducted to study the contributions of rock mass structure to the emplacement of fragmenting rockfalls and rockslides. In these experiments, we considered the process of breakable analog blocks with different structures sliding along an inclined plane, impacting at the kink point with a horizontal plane where deposition occurs. The results show that the initial geometrical subdivision (i.e., the rock mass structure) of the source rock can greatly influence the impact of the fragmentation process and total runout, while the degree of fragmentation controls the travel distance of the center of mass. The occurrence of transversal discontinuities enhances the momentum transfer efficiency from the rear to the front part of the rock mass. A negative correlation between the apparent friction coefficient (linked to the total runout) and equivalent friction coefficient (linked to the center of mass runout) was found, which appears to be induced by fragmentation. We proposed a new fragmentation‐spreading model to describe this negative correlation. This simple physical model supports the importance of fragmentation in rock fragment trajectories and the runout of rockfalls and rockslides. Fragmentation is an energy‐sinking process that will shorten the runout of the center of mass. Thus, we suggest that impact fragmentation does not fully account for the long runout of large rockfalls and rockslides.

Model of processing accuracy prediction with consideration of multi-stage process of circular grinding with axial feed

The article describes the solution of the problem of increasing the efficiency of a circular grinding with CNC by applying a model of processing accuracy prediction which considers the multi-stageness of the circular grinding process with axial feed during designing and optimization stages of control cycles for the radial and axial feeds. High productivity of external circular grinding operations with axial feed is ensured by simultaneous control of automatic stepwise cycles of radial and axial feeds in different sections of the shaft.Computed models have been developed; for given grinding cycles of radial and axial feed they allow to determine values of all main error types which are caused by the presence of initial radial run-out of the billet and elastic deformations of the technological system in three shaft sections (in reverse and non-reverse zones): diameter error, circularity deviation, radial run-out, cylindricity deviation, longitudinal section profile deviation, and total radial run-out.

Parametric Analysis of Macro-Geometrical Deviations in Dry Turning of UNS A97075 (Al-Zn) Alloy

Macro-geometrical deviations play a very important role in the functionality and reliability of structural parts for aircraft. The use of environmentally friendly techniques, such as dry machining, may negatively affect these deviations. Despite its importance, there is a lack of research that analyzes them as a function of the cutting parameters in the case of aluminum alloys for aeronautical purpose. In this work, the cutting speed and feed influence on several macro-geometrical deviations (parallelism, straightness, circular run-out, roundness, concentricity, total circular run-out and cylindricity) in dry turning of UNS A97075 alloy was analyzed. The main novelty of this work lies in the use of high slenderness parts used in further fatigue tests. The results showed that feed seems to be the most influential parameter in most of the deviations studied. In addition, the parts with lower rigidity exhibited higher sensitivity to change with the cutting parameters. Finally, different parametric models were proposed to obtain the geometrical deviations as a function of the cutting parameters.

Cutting parameters influence on total run-out of dry machined UNS A97075 alloy parts

Geometrical deviations play a very important role in machining of aircraft structural parts. These components are placed in critical areas and, therefore, their quality requirements are very demanding. Geometrical deviations may affect not only to the assembly process but also to the mechanical properties, fatigue behaviour among them. Notwithstanding, there is a lack of research regarding the analysis of cutting parameters influence on macro-geometrical deviations, despite their importance in the surface integrity of machined parts. Therefore, this work aims to evaluate the influence of feed and cutting speed on several geometrical deviations (circular run-out, total run-out, concentricity and roundness) of dry turned specimens of UNS A97075-T6 (Al-Zn) aluminium alloy. The experimental results have revealed that feed is the most influential parameter on the geometrical deviations studied. Its effect is enhanced with the use of high cutting speed values.

Impacts of small woody debris on slurrying, persistence, and propagation in a low-gradient channel of the Dongyuege debris flow in Nu River, Southwest China

Debris flows occurring in well-vegetated alpine areas usually contain a range of sizes of woody debris. Large woody debris (LWD), which has a retaining effect on further transportation of debris downstream, is mainly distributed in upstream reaches, and the amount of small woody debris (SWD) deriving from LWD increases dramatically midstream and downstream. The Dongyuege (DYG) bouldery debris flow with a sandy-matrix took place in a wildwood area, causing 96 deaths and its clay-sized fraction does not contain typical clay minerals. However, its total travel distance and runout distance in a low-gradient reach (between 2° and 5°) upstream of the depositional fan apex reached 11 km and 3.3 km, respectively. The abundant SWD in the DYG debris flow might have played a crucial role in slurrying, persistence, and the long runout over the low gradient. To understand why this debris flow extended so far, slurrying experiments, pore water escape experiments, and excess pore pressure experiments were performed. Crude debris (CD) collected from the DYG debris flow deposit was used throughout the experiments, the tested materials of which are separated into CD-containing SWD with a maximum grain size (MGS = 2 mm), purified debris (PD) without SWD with a MGS of 2 mm, and SWD < 2 mm in diameter. In the five slurrying experiments with PD-SWD-water mixtures, as the SWD content was elevated from 0.0 to 2.0 wt%, the current velocity of escaping pore water decreased uniformly from 17.2 to 0.9 mm/s. When the SWD content was 1.0 wt% or greater, the mixtures can be considered as one-phase flows of viscous fluids. The six pairs of pore water escape experiments based on the slurries remolded with CD and PD, respectively showed that the time needed for pore water to escape from the CD slurries was much greater than those from their PD counterparts. Also, measured was the dissipation rate of the relative excess pore pressure of CD and PD slurries of various densities and volumes, which showed that most of the rates of the PD-slurries were always greater than CD-slurries. Overall, the results show that SWD has a strong influence on the slurrying of the DYG debris without typical clay minerals found in other debris flows, and SWD helps to sustain the high excess pore pressure in the interior of the debris flow mass which resulted in the extended travel distance over such a low gradient. SWD favors the formation and stability of one-phase water-debris mixtures because of its large specific surface area and low density, which makes it able to absorb fine particles and able to be suspended in slurry flows over long timescales. In well-vegetated mountainous areas, SWD should be taken into account in the assessment of debris-flow hazards.

Analysis of enamel surface roughness after different adhesive removal techniques for orthodontic bracket debonding

The objectives of this study were to explore traditional resin removal procedures in the debonding process and evaluate the Er:YAG laser as a plausible option. Sixty premolar teeth were bonded with brackets. Then, brackets were removed and five adhesive clean-up methods were tested against control teeth: (a) Er:YAG laser at 200 mJ and 20 Hz; (b) Er:YAG laser at 305 mJ and 10 Hz; (c) 20-fluted flame-shaped tungsten carbide bur at high-speed; (d) #8-fluted round tungsten carbide bur at low-speed; and (e) #5 round end tapered fine diamond bur at high speed. Quantitative measurements including average (Avg) profile height, total indicator run-out (TIR), arithmetic average roughness (Ra), and time were made using profilometry. Qualitative evaluation of tooth surfaces was done using SEM. The two laser settings produced a statistically higher TIR, Ra, and time compared to the controls (P < 0.001). There was no statistical difference between the three bur techniques in regards to surface texture or time. Qualitatively, the 20-fluted carbide bur left the smoothest surface. The Er:YAG laser at the tested settings would not be appropriate for adhesive removal. The interaction of the Er:YAG wavelength under these conditions was not comparable to the 20-fluted flame-shaped tungsten carbide bur at high speed for orthodontic adhesive removal leaving a smoother enamel surface.

Model of formation of processing errors intragrinding

A model is proposed for the errors in internal grinding. It may be used in a system for optimizing the automatic cycles so as to ensure specified precision and surface quality. The model takes account of all the basic types of errors observed in internal grinding: the error in the diameter, noncircularity, radial runout, noncylindrical form, fluctuation of the longitudinal profile, and total radial runout. The margin actually removed in the internal grinding of circular and noncircular workpieces is considered. The renumbering of the radius of cross section g from which machining begins in pass i of step z is described.

Berm design to reduce risks of catastrophic slope failures at solid waste disposal sites.

Existing waste disposal sites are being strained by exceeding their volumetric capacities because of exponentially increasing rates of municipal solid waste generation worldwide, especially in densely populated metropolises. Over the past 40 years, six well-documented and analyzed disposal sites experienced catastrophic failure. This research presents a novel analysis and design method for implementation of a series of in-situ earth berms to slow down the movement of waste material flow following a catastrophic failure. This is the first study of its kind that employs a dynamic landslide analysis model, DAN-W, and the Voellmy rheological model to approximate solid waste avalanche flow. A variety of single and multiple berm configuration scenarios were developed and tested to find an optimum configuration of the various earth berm geometries and number of berms to achieve desired energy dissipation and reduction in total waste material runout length. The case study application of the novel mitigation measure shows that by constructing a series of six relatively inexpensive 3 m high earth berms at an optimum distance of 250 m from the slope toe, the total runout length of 1000 m and associated fatalities of the Leuwigajah dumpsite catastrophic failure in Bandung, Indonesia, could have been reduced by half.

An Inexpensive, Portable Machine to Facilitate Testing and Characterization of the Friction Stir Blind Riveting Process

The expanding use of materials that are difficult to join with traditional techniques drives an urgent need, in a wide array of industries, to develop and characterize production capable joining processes. Friction stir blind riveting (FSBR) is such a process. However, full adoption of FSBR requires more complete characterization of the process. The relatively inexpensive, portable FSBR machine discussed here facilitates in situ X-ray imaging of the FSBR process, which will enhance the ability of researchers to understand and improve the FSBR process. Real-time, unobstructed, angular X-ray access drives the functional requirements and design considerations of the machine. The acute angular access provided by the machine necessitates tradeoffs in stiffness and Abbe errors. An error budget quantifies the effect of the various trade-offs on likely sensitive directions and relationships. Additionally, the machine motivates more test parameters important to machine designers (e.g., parallelism and runout) that have not yet been explored in the literature. Ultimately, a machine has been developed, which has a single rotational axis that translates parallel to the rotational axis, can be built for under $12,000, has a mass of less than 110 kg, measures 915 mm × 254 mm × 624 mm, has a rotational speed range of 400–8000 RPM, has a feed rate range of 0.1–200 mm/min, can be installed on most test benches, has total rivet runout of 0.1 mm, has plunge and rotational axis parallelism of less than 0.1 deg, and has a plunge axis repeatability of better than 2 μ m over a 10 mm range.