Total Amount Of Material Research Articles

Simulation of temperature swing adsorption process to purify hydrogen for fuel cell uses by SAPO34 as adsorbent

To purify hydrogen gas from synthesis gas using a adsorption process, SAPO 34 adsorbent was used. Due to the strong adsorption of carbon dioxide in this adsorbent, it is not possible to recover the adsorbent by reducing the pressure alone, and it is necessary to use thermal operations for recovery. For this purpose, a temperature swing adsorption (TSA) process is used to increase the purity of hydrogen for use in fuel cells. To investigate the optimum operational conditions, various temperatures and different pressures of input gas were investigated to compare the purity and recovery of adsorption process. The TSA process was simulated for pressures of 11, 22 and 33 bars and the recovery percentage of each process was calculated. According to the results obtained, the recovery value at 33 bars is better than the other two pressures, but due to the fact that operational and initial costs increase at high pressures; 22 bar pressure was chosen to present the remaining results. In this work, the total amount of material and the molar rate are also reported. The average purity of the components in the product and waste outlet streams has also been presented. Accordingly, the average molar fraction of hydrogen in the product outlet stream is 99.96% in the temperature increase stage, 99.94% and in the stream used for temperature reduction is 99.96%.

Compressing High Energy Lasers through Optical Polymer Films

The thin-film post-compression technique has the ability to reduce the pulse duration in PW-class lasers, increasing the peak power. Here, the nonlinear response of an increasingly available optical thermoplastic demonstrates enhanced spectral broadening, with corresponding shorter pulse duration compared to fused silica glass. The thermoplastic can be used close to its damage threshold when refreshed using a roller mechanism, and the total amount of material can be varied by folding the film. As a proof-of-principle demonstration scalable to 10-PW, a roller mechanism capable of up to 6 passes through a sub-millimeter thermoplastic film is used in vacuum to produce two-fold post-compression of the pulse. The compact design makes it an ideal method to further boost ultrahigh laser pulse intensities with benefits to many areas, including driving high energy acceleration.

Incoming control parameters for PVC sheets used for the production of plastic cards

One of the main requirements for obtaining high-quality raw materials for production is a clear formulation of the necessary parameters that the manufacturer of materials must comply with in the production of raw materials. The very observance of these parameters in the future will reduce the number of production of unsuitable products and plastic cards with defects.
 Parameter control is carried out for each separate batch of materials. The sample during inspection should be at least 0.1 % of the total amount of material, the deviation from the parameters should be included in the tolerance.
 The tasks of the stage of product quality control should ensure the implementation of the quality policy, as well as the general economic policy of the enterprise. Control is an integral part of the activities of any enterprise, a regulator of factors that form quality at all stages of the production process and ensure the release of quality products.
 Based on the analysis and experimental studies, the main parameters that need to be monitored were determined: geometric dimensions, color, thickness, density, surface tension, tensile strength, uniformity of paint application, shrinkage during sheet sintering

ANALISIS PERENCANAAN KEBUTUHAN MATERIAL PRODUK COINT BANK PADA USAHA RADHIN HANDYCRAFT KEDIRI

Production planning is the most important thing in running an industry. This plan is related to determining the number of products that must be produced according to the production schedule, determining the material requirements for the fulfillment of production activities effectively. Radhin Handicrafts are classified as small and medium-sized businesses making souvenirs "coint bank", with the main material being cardboard and plywood tubes.
 The purpose of the study was to determine the amount of material from the Radhin Handycraft bank product and the total amount of material and component materials that must be provided to fulfill the order. Quantitative approaches, Material Requirement Planning methods determine and plan material requirements. Order data March 2018.
 The results is to fulfill the request in March 2018 as many as 600 pcs have not used special methods in planning the procurement of the required cardboard and plywood tubes. Fulfillment of their needs is based solely on traditional calculations according to the experience of previous production which is less efficient and inaccurate so that delays in delivery often occur due to the shortage of cardboard tube materials and sudden plywood. There needs to be an evaluation of planning methods for procuring cardboard and plywood tubes.

Optical properties of one dimensional metal-air graded system

Using the scattering matrix formalism, in this work it is presented the numerical study of the optical properties of 1D photonic graded systems, constructed by multiple bi-layers of Drude-type metal and air, where the total amount of material, as well as the length proportion of them in each bi-layer are kept constant. A graded variation of the bi-layers length, following an arithmetic progression defined in terms of a variable δ is considered. It is shown the formation of a transmission band that grows with the number of bi-layers and how the increase of the metallic plasma frequency or the size of the system modifies the transmission spectra, resembling the response of different photonic crystals. For the transverse electric (TE) and magnetic (TM) modes, it is presented the redistribution of the transmission peaks to higher frequencies as a function of the incident angle and δ. For TM mode, it is observed the appearance of maximum transmission peaks below the metallic plasma frequency, in an equal number as the air layers of the system, whose widths decrease with the augment of the incident angle. It is observed the variation of the transmission peaks with the increase of δ, which are shifted to higher frequencies, due to the material distribution which is mainly located on one side of the system. Additionally an analytical approach for graded structures is developed.

Tracking Construction Material over Space and Time: Prospective and Geo‐referenced Modeling of Building Stocks and Construction Material Flows

SummaryConstruction material plays an increasingly important role in the environmental impacts of buildings. In order to investigate impacts of materials on a building level, we present a bottom‐up building stock model that uses three‐dimensional and geo‐referenced building data to determine volumetric information of material stocks in Swiss residential buildings. We used a probabilistic modeling approach to calculate future material flows for the individual buildings. We investigated six scenarios with different assumptions concerning per‐capita floor area, building stock turnover, and construction material. The Swiss building stock will undergo important structural changes by 2035. While this will lead to a reduced number in new constructions, material flows will increase. Total material inflow decreases by almost half while outflows double. In 2055, the total amount of material in‐ and outflows are almost equal, which represents an important opportunity to close construction material cycles. Total environmental impacts due to production and disposal of construction material remain relatively stable over time. The cumulated impact is slightly reduced for the wood‐based scenario. The scenario with more insulation material leads to slightly higher material‐related emissions. An increase in per‐capita floor area or material turnover will lead to a considerable increase in impacts. The new modeling approach overcomes the limitations of previous bottom‐up building models and allows for investigating building material flows and stocks in space and time. This supports the development of tailored strategies to reduce the material footprint and environmental impacts of buildings and settlements.

Emission Inventory of Air Pollutants in a Metal Recycling Facility

Emission inventory plays important roles in the assessment, monitoring, modelling and management of emissions of air pollutants which have devastating impacts on human health, vegetation and climate. The study estimates the quantities of selected air pollutants generated from a metal recycling process involving charging, melting and tapping using standard emission factor approach. The pollutants considered include Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Sulphur oxides (SO2), Carbon monoxide (CO) and Total Suspended Particulate (TSP) matter. The total quantity of material consumption daily represents the activity level. The total quantity of material consumed was combined with appropriate published emission factors by United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). The result showed that the quantities of NOx, SO2, CO, and total suspended particulate (TSP) matter emitted are 0.013, 0.012, 0.110 and 2.323 tonne/day, respectively. The percentage proportion of TSP emitted is 94.5 % followed by CO (4.5 %) while the quantities of NOx (0.5 %) and SO2 (0.5 %) are similar. The inventory information in this study is expected to serve as a guide to researchers and policy makers to know the fate and effects of air pollutants in the study area for adequate air quality management.

Ensuring very shallow-water sediment properties: case study from Capo Granitola harbour, Sicily (Italy)

We present high-resolution Vp models of the Capo Granitola harbor, Sicily (Italy) obtained by first arrival traveltime tomography. Seismic data were collected along four hydrophone arrays on the sea-bottom and via a Watergun as seismic source, in order to plan dredging operations in the harbor. Using a hydrophone spacing of 2.5 m and shot spacing of 5 m, very high resolution quality data were recorded. Seismic tomography expands existing knowledge of the harbour subsoil with a penetration of about 20 m, illuminating the Lower Pleistocene bedrock (Marsala calcarenites) that corresponds to high-Vp regions (Vp > 4.5 km/s). Low Vp (1.8–4.5 km/s) deposits belonging to terraced calcarenites (Upper Pleistocene in age) are also well imaged; they are about 8 m thick and lie below loose sand deposits (Vp = 1.5 km/s). The substratum has an articulated morphology; Vp images unravel small steps in the basement probably related to structural discontinuities (e.g., faults). Processing data with 3D techniques enables images of the structure and the thickness of the lithotypes to be reconstructed, thus leading to large-scale, realistic estimates of the total quantity of material to be excavated or dredged. Tomographic profiles permit clear discrimination of the soft sediment above the basement and thus allow the determination of the total volume of sediment above the seismic bedrock, estimated at about 265,000 m3.

A Duration Prediction Using a Material-Based Progress Management Methodology for Construction Operation Plans

Precise and accurate prediction models for duration and cost enable contractors to improve their decision making for effective resource management in terms of sustainability in construction. Previous studies have been limited to cost-based estimations, but this study focuses on a material-based progress management method. Cost-based estimations typically used in construction, such as the earned value method, rely on comparing the planned budget with the actual cost. However, accurately planning budgets requires analysis of many factors, such as the financial status of the sectors involved. Furthermore, there is a higher possibility of changes in the budget than in the total amount of material used during construction, which is deduced from the quantity take-off from drawings and specifications. Accordingly, this study proposes a material-based progress management methodology, which was developed using different predictive analysis models (regression, neural network, and auto-regressive moving average) as well as datasets on material and labor, which can be extracted from daily work reports from contractors. A case study on actual datasets was conducted, and the results show that the proposed methodology can be efficiently used for progress management in construction.

Comparison of code-specific non-linear seismic performance

This paper reports a comparative study conducted on the non-linear performance of steel moment-resisting frame structures designed with the Iranian, European and Japanese seismic design codes of practice. To this end, typical three-, six-, nine- and 12-storey steel moment-resisting frames of the high-ductility category are designed based on the requirements adopted in the codes. The structural performance of each frame is then evaluated extensively based on Fema 356 provisions for life safety performance level utilising non-linear static procedure. Comparisons are made regarding the elastic stiffness, peak strength, target displacement, plastic hinge rotations of elements at the target displacement, sequences of hinging in various elements, global lateral response, as well as the total amount of materials used in each structure. Results reveal differences in global and local performances of the structures designed according to regulations relevant to each code. Moreover, in some cases, the requirements for life safety performance level are violated. Finally, recommendations are provided based on the results of the study.

Beyond Energy

This article is based on the first study worldwide to analyze materials present in the equipment of data centers. The study develops a methodology that allows the calculation of the number of data centers of the various size classes and their average equipment with information technology (IT) components and infrastructure elements, such as air-conditioning systems and power supplies. This enables detailed statements to be made on the materials present in the equipment of approximately 53,000 data centers in Germany. In 2008, the total amount of materials in the equipment of data centers in Germany was 110,300 tonnes (t). IT equipment (servers, storage equipment, and network) accounted for 37,500 t (34%), racks and containments for 30,700 t (28%), cooling and air-conditioning systems for 12,000 t (11%), and the power infrastructure for 30,000 t (27%). A comprehensive analysis of the type of materials being used yielded the following values: Approximately 58,400 t of iron, 18,600 t of copper, 11,600 t of circuit boards, 11,100 t of plastics, 7,400 t of aluminum, and 6,500 t of miscellaneous materials were present in German data centers. The electronic material contained 1.8 t of gold, 7.5 t of silver, and 0.8 t of palladium. Because it can be assumed that prices for precious metals, and also for bulk metals, will continue to rise, the recovery of raw materials from the IT devices of data centers is an interesting option. Additionally, the development of appropriate product design and recycling strategies for servers and storage units should be implemented.

Total availability of journal articles to Internet users

Purpose – This paper aims to determine the outcome of the different measures taken towards open access (OA) to peer-reviewed research by measuring aggregate availability of a sample of journal articles. This sample was then used to examine the factors contributing to the availability or non-availability of types of article. Design/methodology/approach – A sample of articles was taken from the Scopus database based on a search by surname. This minimised any skew that would result from a dataset based on subject or source. The results were analysed to determine availability by subject and differences in availability based on source. Findings – Less than 30 per cent of articles are available in their year of publication, rising to nearly 40 per cent in following years. Repositories are responsible for slightly less than 50 per cent of available articles. Substantial differences exist between the practices of scholarly societies and commercial publishers. Practical implications – Aggregate availability is dependent on a range of activities and current efforts need to be maintained to ensure its continuance. Moves towards OA by commercial publishers are not a major factor. Social implications – Non-affiliated researchers are able to access less than half of the peer-reviewed literature. Originality/value – This study differs from similar work by looking at access from the users’ viewpoint. Rather than looking at the total amount of material to which access is provided, it looks at the proportion of high-value information which is available.

Development of a Raw Material Requirement Balancing Model for a Production Process

Attainment of accuracy in raw materials mix for production processes has been the major problem in many production organizations in developing countries. Effects of unequal proportions of material required for a production process are not fully considered in the past studies. This study modeled the raw material requirements in a production process using proportionality based mixed linear programming approach. The objective was to find optimal mix of raw materials for the production of a unit tonnage of a product. The performance of the model was tested by comparing it with alternatively formulated model based on conventional material mix. This model was tested using a cement production system from which blasted limestone, crushed limestone; raw meal, gypsum, red alluvium, clinker and coal were used as raw materials. The conventional method of mixing materials led to 50 % surplus and shortage of materials in the process as compared with the new scheme. The model would be a good tool for accurate prediction of quantity of the raw material required in the production process.Nomenclature, the proportion of material used per ton of the processed product, the quantity of material in processed product (ton), the material proportional per ton of the product, andthe total quantity of materials needed per ton of the product,..., the counter for material type,..., the counter for material proportionality variant

How effective are traditional methods of compositional analysis in providing an accurate material balance for a range of softwood derived residues?

BackgroundForest residues represent an abundant and sustainable source of biomass which could be used as a biorefinery feedstock. Due to the heterogeneity of forest residues, such as hog fuel and bark, one of the expected challenges is to obtain an accurate material balance of these feedstocks. Current compositional analytical methods have been standardised for more homogenous feedstocks such as white wood and agricultural residues. The described work assessed the accuracy of existing and modified methods on a variety of forest residues both before and after a typical pretreatment process.ResultsWhen “traditional” pulp and paper methods were used, the total amount of material that could be quantified in each of the six softwood-derived residues ranged from 88% to 96%. It was apparent that the extractives present in the substrate were most influential in limiting the accuracy of a more representative material balance. This was particularly evident when trying to determine the lignin content, due to the incomplete removal of the extractives, even after a two stage water-ethanol extraction. Residual extractives likely precipitated with the acid insoluble lignin during analysis, contributing to an overestimation of the lignin content. Despite the minor dissolution of hemicellulosic sugars, extraction with mild alkali removed most of the extractives from the bark and improved the raw material mass closure to 95% in comparison to the 88% value obtained after water-ethanol extraction. After pretreatment, the extent of extractive removal and their reaction/precipitation with lignin was heavily dependent on the pretreatment conditions used. The selective removal of extractives and their quantification after a pretreatment proved to be even more challenging. Regardless of the amount of extractives that were originally present, the analytical methods could be refined to provide reproducible quantification of the carbohydrates present in both the starting material and after pretreatment.ConclusionDespite the challenges resulting from the heterogeneity of the initial biomass substrates a reasonable summative mass closure could be obtained before and after steam pretreatment. However, method revision and optimisation was required, particularly the effective removal of extractives, to ensure that representative and reproducible values for the major lignin and carbohydrate components.

Alkaline Pre-treatment of Hardwood Chips Prior to Delignification

Hardwood (Betula pendula) chips were extracted having alkaline aqueous solutions with varying chemical charges (1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8% of NaOH on wood), treatment times (30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes), and temperatures (130°C and 150°C). The total amount of material removed was in the range 2.1–16.5% of the original dry feedstock. This fraction was characterized in terms of carbohydrates and their degradation products (mainly aliphatic carboxylic acids together with some furanoic compounds), lignin, and extractives. Low alkali charges (1–4% of NaOH) were not sufficient to neutralize all the acids formed (mainly acetic acid from the acetyl groups of xylan). In contrast, an increase in alkali charge (6% and 8% of NaOH) more intensively facilitated the alkali-catalyzed degradation reactions of polysaccharides to various hydroxy acids, which were then typically present as one of the main constituents in the dissolved organic matter, along with other aliphatic carboxylic acids (acetic and formic acids), lignin, extractives, and carbohydrates.

Global Sensitivity Analysis for Mixture Experiments

A mixture experiment is characterized by having two or more inputs that are specified as a percentage contribution to a total amount of material. In such situations, the input variables are correlated because they must sum to one. Consequently, additional care must be taken when fitting statistical models or visualizing the effect of one or more inputs on the response. In this article, we consider the use of a Gaussian process to model the output from a computer simulator taking a mixture input. We introduce a procedure to perform global sensitivity analysis of the code output providing main effects and revealing interactions. The resulting methodology is illustrated using a function with analytically tractable results for comparison, a chemical compositional simulator, and a physical experiment. Supplementary materials providing assistance with implementing this methodology are available online.

The Effect of Nanoparticle Size on Cellular Binding Probability

Nanoparticle-based contrast agents are expected to play a major role in the future of molecular imaging due to their many advantages over the conventional contrast agents. These advantages include prolonged blood circulation time, controlled biological clearance pathways, and specific molecular targeting capabilities. Recent studies have provided strong evidence that molecularly targeted nanoparticles can home selectively onto tumors and thereby increase the local accumulation of nanoparticles in tumor sites. However, there are almost no reports regarding the number of nanoparticles that bind per cell, which is a key factor that determines the diagnostic efficiency and sensitivity of the overall molecular imaging techniques. Hence, in this research we have quantitatively investigated the effect of the size of the nanoparticle on its binding probability and on the total amount of material that can selectively target tumors, at a single cell level. We found that 90 nm GNPs is the optimal size for cell targeting in terms of maximal Au mass and surface area per single cancer cell. This finding should accelerate the development of general design principles for the optimal nanoparticle to be used as a targeted imaging contrast agent.

Performance Testing Of Semi Circular Contraction Critical Flow Flumes for Field Channels

A laboratory experiment entitled Characteristics of Semi Circular Contraction Critical Flow Flumes for Low Discharges under Different Submergence Conditions was conducted in a hydraulic flume with motorized bed slope alteration facility at the Hydraulics laboratory, College of Agricultural Engineering, Bapatla, India to study the effect of percentage of contraction and submergence on flow characteristics like critical depth, location of critical depth, accuracy of measurement and total quantity of material used etc. The experiment consisted of three different contractions (20%, 40% and 60%) tested with three different discharges (10 ls -1 , 14 ls -1 and 18 ls -1 ) and four submergence levels (60%, 70%, 80% and 90%). Dimensional analyses were performed and end depth, throat width and discharge relationships were arrived. The discharges arrived conventionally based on critical depth and through equations derived through dimensional analysis were compared and presented. The deviation of discharge under free flow conditions depicted from Eq. a and Eq. b are within the range of ± 5% of actual discharge for all flumes. A single measurement of end depth in semi circular contraction critical flow flumes can be used for discharge computation in open channels, if the submergence conditions are below 80% in general. Semi circular contraction critical flow flumes can be used for discharge measurement in open channels with best accuracy of ± 5% equations developed. I. Introduction The rapidly increasing use of all available water resources and the increasing costs of on-farm irrigation development require economical use of irrigation water. Inequity in the distribution of water through the irrigation network cause lower irrigation efficiencies. To improve water management, it is strongly recommended that the irrigation water be accurately measured and regulated at all important points in an irrigation system. Cutthroat flume is one of the critical flow measuring devices for open channel flows. The flume has become popular compared to others mainly because of its simple geometry and horizontal bed, which make construction simple and reduce the cost. It is extensively used in irrigation systems in India. A circular flume is a cylinder installed axially in a prismatic channel can be used to measure discharge. However the circular flume, as presented by Hager (1985, 1986 and 1988) and Samani et al. (1991), has the disadvantage of trapping floating material, which affects reliability and function of structure. Replogle and Clemmens (1981) developed a portable flume to measure flow rates in standard concrete slip form irrigation canals. The flume resembled a broad crested weir with only two finished surfaces of long and flat weir crest and rounded approach ramp. Replogle and Clemmens (1981) reported that that critical flow flumes with contracted throat sections that are about twice as long as the maximum flow depth through the flumes produced stable and reliable calibrations accurate to ±3-5%. Samani and Megallanez (2000) developed a simple venturi flume for flow measurement in open channels. The flume was contracted using two half cylinders of PVC pipe which created a contraction. Three different half cylinders are used with 40%, 64% and 60% contractions. It has been shown that the modified cut throat can predict the measured flow rate with less than 5% error. A cost of comparison of the flume showed that it can be constructed with less than 60% cost of cutthroat flume due to lower material and labor requirements. Present research work is carried out to test the accuracy of measurement of water under different submerged conditions by preparing semi-circular contraction critical flow flumes.

Study on Preparation of NR/BR Table Tennis Bat Rubber

Table tennis bat rubber was prepared by using natural rubber (NR) and butadiene rubber (BR). The effects of the blending ratio of NR and BR, contents of accelerator and sulfur on the performance of rubber racket were studied. The results showed that when under conditions of 160°C, 10min and 15MPa in the curing press, total amount of material is 100 phr .Including the NR/BR ratio was 0.65/0.35 (wt), the content was 90 phr the accelerator of DM/D ratio was 0.382/0.618, the content was 2.5 phr and the content of sulfur was 2.5 phr, the compound had a high vulcanization rate, an excellent physical and mechanical properties and aging performance.

Synthesis and Properties of Methyl 2-Methoxy-Propyl Carbonate as an Oxygenated Fuel

A new oxygenated fuel, methyl 2-methoxy-propyl carbonate, designed according to the fuel design theory and the special burning performance of diesel engine, was synthesized by using propylene glycol monomethyl aether, carbonic acid dimethyl ester, and metal sodium. The optimum transesterification reaction conditions were gained as: n(propylene glycol monomethyl aether):n(carbonic acid dimethyl ester)=2:1, w(catalyst with a metal sodium) = 2% total amount of materials, reaction time 5h, and temperature keeping at 85°C. Yield of methyl 2-methoxy-propyl carbonate 75.0%. By checking up physicochemical properties and making diesel engine test of the fuel blend, which testified that the oxygenated fuel was a kind of available substitution for petroleum.