Total Polyamines Research Articles

Dietary intake of polyamines in a Spanish adult population: Age-dependent correlation with Healthy Eating Index and Dietary Inflammatory Index scores

ObjectivesA healthy and balanced diet is crucial to maintaining optimal health. Understanding the benefits of different food components is essential. The polyamine spermidine is linked to age-related disease protection, but daily intakes and whether these vary with age are unknown. This study aimed to determine polyamine intake in a Mediterranean diet population and its association with participants’ age and Healthy Eating Index (HEI) and Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) scores. MethodsA database was created with references concerning polyamine content in foods to determine the daily intake of foods frequently consumed by 203 participants (84 males and 119 females), ages 18 to 90 y, using a nutritional survey (VioScreen) that includes HEI and DII scores. ResultsThe participants’ characteristics were as reported in the corresponding 2020 Spanish nutritional survey. Two-thirds demonstrated moderate to high adherence to the Mediterranean diet. The mean HEI score was 74.45 (out of 100), and the mean DII was −1.94 (anti-inflammatory). The median intake of polyamines was 45.59 mg/d/person (mean, 46.89 mg/d/person, 410.57 µmol/d/person), without sex differences. After normalizing the intake per kilocalorie, the Kruskal–Wallis test showed significant differences among age groups for total polyamines ingested, putrescine, and spermidine. The intake of putrescine and spermidine was significantly higher in the 60 to 69 age group compared with the 24 to 59 and 18 to 23 age groups, respectively. HEI scores were positively correlated with polyamine intake, whereas DII scores were negatively correlated. ConclusionsPolyamine intake was higher than reported in other populations, did not decrease based on age, and was associated with healthy eating and anti-inflammatory foods.

Adaptive Effects of Intermittent Hypoxia Training on Oxygen-Dependent Processes as a Potential Therapeutic Strategy Tool

Background/Aims: Important benefits of intermittent hypoxic training (IHT) have emerged as an effective tool for enhancing adaptive potential in different pathological states, among which acute hypoxia dominates. Therefore, the aim of our study was to evaluate the mechanisms related to the effects of the nitric oxide system (nitrites, nitrates, carbamide, and total polyamine content) on ADP-stimulated oxygen consumption and oxidative phosphorylation in heart and liver mitochondria and biomarkers of oxidative stress in the blood, heart, and liver of rats exposed to the IHT method and acute hypoxia and treated with the amino acid L-arginine (600 mg/kg, 30 min) or the NO synthase inhibitor L-NNA (35 mg/kg, 30 min) prior to each IHT session. Methods: We analysed the modulation of the system of oxygen-dependent processes (mitochondrial respiration with the oxygraphic method, microsomal oxidation, and lipoperoxidation processes using biochemical methods) in tissues during IHT in the formation of short-term and long-term effects (30, 60, and 180 days after the last IHT session) with simultaneous administration of L-arginine. In particular, we investigated how mitochondrial functions are modulated during intermittent hypoxia with the use of oxidation substrates (succinate or α-ketoglutarate) in bioenergetic mechanisms of cellular stability and adaptation. Results: The IHT method is associated with a significant increase in the production of endogenous nitric oxide measured by the levels of its stable metabolite, nitrite anion, in both plasma (almost 7-fold) and erythrocytes (more than 7-fold) of rats. The intensification of nitric oxide-dependent pathways of metabolic transformations in the energy supply processes in the heart and liver, accompanied by oscillatory mechanisms of adaptation in the interval mode, causes a probable decrease in the production of urea and polyamines in plasma and liver, but not in erythrocytes. The administration of L-arginine prior to the IHT sessions increased the level of the nitrite-reducing component of the nitric oxide cycle, which persisted for up to 180 days of the experiment. Conclusion: Thus, the efficacy of IHT and its nitrite-dependent component shown in this study is associated with the formation of long-term adaptive responses by preventing the intensification of lipoperoxidation processes in tissues due to pronounced changes in the main enzymes of antioxidant defence and stabilisation of erythrocyte membranes, which has a pronounced protective effect on the system of regulation of oxygen-dependent processes as a whole.

Combined assessment of lysine and N-acetyl cadaverine levels assist as a potential biomarker of the smoker periodontitis

Periodontitis is an inflammatory condition of supporting structures of teeth leading to attachment and bone loss. Cigarette smoking is the single most important and modifiable risk factor with 5 to 20-fold susceptibility for periodontal diseases. Reverse smoking is a peculiar habit of smoking where the lit end is kept inside the mouth, which is predominant in the northern coastal districts of Andhra Pradesh. Polyamines are biologically active amines involved in tissue regeneration and modulation of inflammation. The study aimed to evaluate polyamines and check their utility as a marker in detection of periodontitis among different groups. Total polyamine levels showed significant increase in reverse smokers with periodontitis when compared to the other groups. Qualitative analysis by thin layer chromatography showed three polyamine bands with varying intensity among the different groups. Mass spectrometric and NMR analyses of the three bands identified them as N1, N8-diacetyl spermidine, N-acetyl cadaverine and lysine. Most significantly elevated levels of lysine was observed in the smoker and reverse smoker periodontitis groups when compared to healthy and non-smoker periodontitis groups. The significantly elevated levels of N-acetyl cadaverine could be responsible for the more destruction of periodontium in the reverse smoker group. Antioxidant potential decreased significantly in different smoker periodontitis groups. The present study suggests that the quantitative analysis of salivary polyamines, lysine and N-acetyl cadaverine can aid as an easy noninvasive diagnostic method for assessing the periodontal status, especially in smokers.

Variations in Proline Content, Polyamine Profiles, and Antioxidant Capacities among Different Provenances of European Beech (Fagus sylvatica L.).

International provenance trials are a hot topic in forestry, and in light of climate change, the search for more resilient beech provenances and their assisted migration is one of the challenges of climate-smart forestry. The main aim of the study was to determine intraspecific variability in European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) among 11 beech provenances according to total antioxidant capacities estimated by various assays, such as DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic) acid), FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) assay, and radical scavenging capacity against nitric oxide (RSC-NO assays), as well as osmolyte content, primarily individual polyamines (putrescine, spermidine, and spermine), and free proline content. Polyamine amounts were quantified by using HPLC coupled with fluorescent detection after dansylation pretreatment. The highest values for radical scavenger capacity assays (ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP) were measured in the German provenances DE47 and DE49. Also, the highest NO inhibition capacity was found in the provenance DE49, while the highest content of proline (PRO), total phenolic content (TPC), and total flavonoid content (TFC) was recorded in DE47. The Austrian AT56 and German provenance DE49 were most abundant in total polyamines. This research underlines the importance of the application of common antioxidant assays as well as osmolyte quantification as a criterion for the selection of climate-ready beech provenances for sustainable forest management.

Species-Specific Level Variation in Polyamines in Coniferous and Deciduous Woody Plant Species in Urban Areas

Urban heat islands (UHIs) and global warming will unavoidably have a negative impact on human health in urban areas, making urban forests much more susceptible to the risk of heat waves than forests. It is pivotal for urban forest management to understand tree species’ adaptation mechanisms by focusing on the species-dependent variability of polyamines (PAs), significant players in the amelioration of biotic and abiotic stress in plants, to mitigate the negative effects of UHIs and global warming on human health. Based on this background, the content of major polyamines (PAs) (putrescine, spermidine, and spermine) and total phenolics and the corresponding antioxidant capacities were determined and analyzed in the 24 most prevalent deciduous and coniferous tree species found in urban areas, namely Futoški Park in Novi Sad (Serbia). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with fluorometric detection (HPLC-FD) was used to separate and quantify major PAs from tree species. Results showed a species-specific level variation in polyamines, total phenolic, and antioxidant capacity in coniferous and deciduous woody plant species in inspected urban areas. In terms of total PA content, the most notable deciduous tree species were Betula pendula, Junglans regia, and Quercus rubra, while the coniferous tree species Thuja occidentalis, Taxodium distichum, Pinus nigra, and Abies concolor stand out. The most dominant foliar PA in most of the inspected species was putrescine (ranging from 527.67 to 10,049.3 nmol g−1 DW), followed by spermidine (from 250.56 to 2015.92 nmol g−1 DW) and spermine (from 168.8 to 718.41 nmol g−1 DW). Furthermore, significant intra-genus variability in terms of PA content was recorded within the genera Pinus, Thuja, and Picea. This study demonstrated that the PA and phenolic compounds, in combination with antioxidant assays, can serve as reliable and trustworthy criteria and descriptors for the selection of adaptable tree species in the context of urban climate–smart forestry.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi as an effective approach to enhance the growth and metabolism of soybean plants under thallium (TI) toxicity

Thallium (TI) is a toxic metal that can trigger harmful impacts on growth and metabolism of plants. Utilizing arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) proves to be an effective strategy for alleviating heavy metal toxicity in plants. To this end, AMF were applied to mitigate TI toxic effects on the growth, primary and secondary metabolism of soybean plants. Here, TI stress inhibited the growth and photosynthetic parameters of soybean plants. It also increased the oxidative damage as demonstrated by increased levels of oxidative markers, (MDA and lipoxygenase (LOX) activity). However, AMF could mitigate the reduction in growth and photosynthesis induced by TI, as well as the induction of oxidative damage. To overcome TI toxicity, AMF increased the levels and metabolism of osmolytes such as proline in soybean plants. This was in line with the increased activities of key enzymes that involved in proline biosynthesis (e.g., P5CS (pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase), P5CR (pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase) and OAT (ornithine aminotransferase) under the AMF and/or TI treatments. Furthermore, soybean plants could benefit from the synergism between AMF and TI to enhance the contents of individual (e.g., spermine and spermidine) and total polyamines as well as their metabolic enzymes (e.g., arginine decarboxylase and ornithine decarboxylase). Overall, the combined application of AMF emerges as a viable approach for alleviating TI toxicity in soybean plants.

Polyamines in Canadian barley grains: Determination of their content and relationship with protein level

Barley is one of the important crops with diverse end-use purposes. In every use of barley grains, the protein fraction plays an important function impacting the quality of final products. Polyamines, having multiple nitrogen atoms in their chemical structure (e.g., putrescine, spermidine, and spermine), may be linked to the levels of protein and nitrogen reserves. In this study, thirteen Canadian barley varieties were characterized for their total polyamines and protein content. The effects of extractants on the extractability of polyamines were considered, and HCl (1 M) was found to be more effective than trichloroacetic acid (5% w/v) in extracting free polyamines from whole barley flour. The total polyamines content of barley grains varied from 6.46 to 11.47 mg/100 g dry basis and spermidine was the most abundant. Polyamine represented 0.045–0.071% w/w grain protein. Significant and positive correlations were found between protein content and levels of total polyamines (r = 0.798), putrescine (r = 0.771), and spermine (r = 0.668). Principal Component Analysis and K-Means Cluster Analysis divided the barley samples into one cluster (hulless barley for food) differentiated from the other (hulled barley for malting and feed) by their superiority in polyamine and protein content.

The effects of a comparatively higher dose of 1000 mg/kg/d of oral L- or D-arginine on the L-arginine metabolic pathways in male Sprague-Dawley rats.

Oral L-arginine supplements are popular mainly for their nitric oxide mediated vasodilation, but their physiological impact is not fully known. L-arginine is a substrate of several enzymes including arginase, nitric oxide synthase, arginine decarboxylase, and arginine: glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT). We have published a study on the physiological impact of oral L- and D-arginine at 500 mg/kg/day for 4 wks in male Sprague-Dawley rats. We investigated the effects of oral L-arginine and D-arginine at a higher dose of 1000 mg/kg/d for a longer treatment duration of 16 wks in 9-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats. We measured the expression and activity of L-arginine metabolizing enzymes, and levels of their metabolites in the plasma and various organs. L-arginine did not affect the levels of L-arginine and L-lysine in the plasma and various organs. L-arginine decreased arginase protein expression in the upper small intestine, and arginase activity in the plasma. It also decreased AGAT protein expression in the liver, and creatinine levels in the urine. L-arginine altered arginine decarboxylase protein expression in the upper small intestine and liver, with increased total polyamines plasma levels. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase protein was increased with D-arginine, the presumed metabolically inert isomer, but not L-arginine. In conclusion, oral L-arginine and D-arginine at a higher dose and longer treatment duration significantly altered various enzymes and metabolites in the arginine metabolic pathways, which differed from alterations produced by a lower dose shorter duration treatment published earlier. Further studies with differing doses and duration would allow for a better understanding of oral L-arginine uses, and evidence based safe and effective dose range and duration.

Synergistic effect of carbon nanoparticles with mild salinity for improving chemical composition and antioxidant activities of radish sprouts.

The demand for healthy foods with high functional value has progressively increased. Carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) have a promising application in agriculture including the enhancement of plant growth. However, there are few studies on the interactive effects of CNPs and mild salinity on radish seed sprouting. To this end, the effect of radish seed priming with 80mM CNPs on biomass, anthocyanin, proline and polyamine metabolism, and antioxidant defense system under mild salinity growth condition (25 mM NaCl). The results indicated that seed nanopriming with CNPs along with mild salinity stress enhanced radish seed sprouting and its antioxidant capacity. Priming boosted the antioxidant capacity by increasing antioxidant metabolites such as (polyphenols, flavonoids, polyamines, anthocyanin, and proline). To understand the bases of these increases, precursors and key biosynthetic enzymes of anthocyanin [phenylalanine, cinnamic acid, coumaric acid, naringenin, phenylalanine ammonia lyase, chalcone synthase (CHS), cinnamate-4-hydroxylase (C4H) and 4-coumarate: CoA ligase (4CL)], proline [pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase (P5CS), proline dehydrogenase (PRODH), Sucrose, Sucrose P synthase, invertase) and polyamines [putrescine, spermine, spermidine, total polyamines, arginine decarboxylase, orinthnine decarboxylase, S-adenosyl-L-methionine decarboxylase, spermidine synthase, spermine synthase] were analyzed. In conclusion, seed priming with CNPs has the potential to further stimulate mild salinity-induced bioactive compound accumulation in radish sprouts.

Amelioration of Salt-Induced Damage on Paeonia ostii ‘Fengdan’ by Exogenous Application of Silicon

To investigate the amelioration of salt-induced damage on Paeonia ostii ‘Fengdan’ by exogenous silicon, we analyzed the photosynthetic and physiological characteristics of 1.5-year-old ‘Fengdan’ seedlings under NaCl stress by applying exogenous silicon (0, 0.75, and 1.5 mmol/L). Our results showed that the contents of the photosynthetic pigments chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotene, the transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, and intercellular CO2 were significantly enhanced under salt stress when silicon treatment was applied, implying that the net photosynthetic rate was greatly improved. In addition, the plant height, stem thickness, and above-ground dry biomass of tree peony seedlings were effectively increased under salt stress with low-concentration silicon (0.75 mmol/L) treatment, along with osmotic substance (SS, SP, and Pro) content, total polyamine (TP) contents, and the activities of antioxidant-related enzymes (SOD, POD, and CAT) and polyamine-related synthetases (ADC, ODC, and SAMDC). In the low-concentration silicon treatment, malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and superoxide anions (O2−) were transformed quickly, which eventually reduced cell oxidative damage and improved seedling tolerance. This is an important finding in the understanding of how exogenous low-concentration silicon can alleviate salt-induced damage and promote the growth of tree peony seedlings, thus providing a new perspective on tree peony cultivation.

ANALISA LUMPUR PEMBORAN TERHADAP SWELLING CLAY PADA SUMUR “X” LAPANGAN “AFFIKAH”

In drilling operations, mud planning is one of the most important factors in supporting the success of drilling operations in oil wells. Planning for the use of drilling mud is used for maximum results in cutting and maintaining drilling wells. This study aims to determine the cause of swelling and what problems will be caused if swelling control is carried out less than optimally. In this study, we analyze the mud that will be used in drilling operations, so that it can prevent or minimize swelling of clay in the shale system by adjusting the polyamine content to be used. After doing the research, it was found that at the "X" well there was no swelling in each route because each route was dominated by alkaline mud which had a pH above 7 then the total polyamine used for the mud system in the "X" well was as much as 3654,903 gal with a concentration of 1.5%

Insight into the Molecular Signature of Skeletal Muscle Characterizing Lifelong Football Players.

Aging and sedentary behavior are independent risk factors for non-communicable diseases. An active lifestyle and structured physical activity are positively associated with a healthier quality of life in the elderly. Here, we explored the proteomic/metabolomic muscular signature induced by lifelong football training associated with successful aging. The study was performed on nine lifelong football players (67.3 ± 2.8 yrs) and nine aged-matched untrained subjects. We performed a proteomic/metabolomic approach on V. lateralis muscle biopsies; the obtained data were analyzed by means of different bioinformatic tools. Our results indicated that lifelong football training is able to enhance the muscles' oxidative capacity in the elderly by promoting fatty acids as preferential energetic substrates and hence determining a healthier body composition and metabolic profile; furthermore, we showed that the total polyamine content is higher in lifelong football players' muscle, enforcing the involvement of polyamines in muscle growth and hypertrophy. Lifelong football training, as a structured physical activity, significantly influences the expression of the proteins and metabolites involved in oxidative metabolism and muscle hypertrophy associated with successful aging.

Changes in the proteomic and polyamine profile induced by seed aging of <i>Cariniana legalis</i> (Martius) O. Kuntze

Studies on metabolic processes and seed germinability of native endangered species are essential for its conservation. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of accelerated aging on germination and on the proteomic and polyamine (PAs) profile in seeds of Cariniana legalis. The seeds were aged at 41, 43, 45 and 47ºC for 24, 48, 72 and 96 h, under 100 % relative humidity using a completely randomized factorial design. The data were submitted to analysis of variance followed by Tukey’s test. The temperature of 47ºC was efficient in simulating seed aging, with no germination after 72 h of incubation. At 41ºC, the germination did not change significantly until 96 h. The reduction in the concentration of total free PAs, mainly spermidine, and the down-accumulation of heat shock proteins in seeds aged at 47°C were associated with induction of seed aging. Furthermore, the down-accumulation of the aconitate hydratase protein and the up-accumulation of the alcohol dehydrogenase protein were associated with loss of seed germinability and rapid deterioration in seeds aged at 47°C. The aging of C. legalis seeds is related to alteration in the contents of PAs and accumulation of some proteins involved with the loss of germinability.

The new isolated Archaea strain improved grain yield, metabolism and quality of wheat plants under Co stress conditions

Heavy metal (e.g. cobalt) pollution causes a serious of environmental and agricultural problems. On the other hand, plant growth-promoting microorganisms enhance plant growth and mitigate heavy metal stress. Herein, we isolated and identified the unclassified species strain NARS9, belong to Haloferax,. Cobalt (Co, 200 mg/kg soil) stress mitigating impact of the identified on wheat grains yield, primary and secondary metabolism and grain quality was investigated. Co alone significantly induced Co accumulation in wheat grain (260%), and consequently reduced wheat yield (130%) and quality. Haloferax NARS9 alone significantly enhanced grain chemicals composition (i.e., total sugars (89%) and organic acids (e.g., oxalic and isobutyric acids), essential amino acids (e.g., threonine, lysine, and histidine) and unsaturated fatty acids (e.g. eicosenoic, erucic and tetracosenoic acids). Interestingly, Co stress induced wheat grain yield, reduction were significantly mitigated by Haloferax NARS9 treatment by 26% compared to Co stress alone. Under Co stress, Haloferax NARS9 significantly increased sugar metabolism including sucrose and starch levels and their metabolic enzymes (i.e. invertases, sucrose synthase, starch synthase). This in turn increased organic acid (e.g. oxalic (70%) and malic acids (60%)) and amino acids. levels and biosynthetic enzymes, e.g. glutamine synthetase and threonine synthase. Increased sugars levels by Haloferax NARS9 under Co treatment also provided a route for the biosynthesis of saturated fatty acids, particularly palmitic and stearic acids. Furthermore, Haloferax NARS9 treatment supported the wheat nutritive value through increasing minerals (Ca, Fe, Mn, Zn) and antioxidants i.e., polyphenol, flavonoids, ASC and GSH and total polyamines by 50%, 110%, 400%, 30%, and 90% respectively). These in parallel with the increase in the activity of (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (110%) in phenolic metabolism). Overall, this study demonstrates the potentiality of Haloferax NARS9 in harnessing carbon and nitrogen metabolism differentially in wheat plants to cope with Co toxicity. Our results also suggested that the use of Haloferax NARS9 in agricultural fields can improve growth and nutritional value of wheat grains.

Ectomycorrhizal Fungi Modulate Biochemical Response against Powdery Mildew Disease in Quercus robur L.

In light of climate change, pedunculate oak (Q. robur L.) was marked as the most threatened European tree species. Pedunculate oak is particularly jeopardized by powdery mildew disease caused by Erysiphe alphitoides. We hypothesized that priming of this tree species with ectomycorrhizal fungi could mitigate biotic stress and produce bioprotective properties against the disease. In this study, we have compared oaks’ foliar physiological and biochemical responses upon infection with E. alphitoides in the presence and absence of ectomycorrhizal fungi (ECM). The main aim of this study was to inspect how ECM modulate an oak’s biochemical response to infection with E. alphitoides, particularly at the level of the accumulation of the main polyamines (putrescine, spermidine, and spermine), soluble osmolytes (proline and glycine betaine), and phenolics (total phenolic content, flavonoids, and condensed tannins). A polyamine quantification was performed after derivatization by using high-performance liquid chromatography (HLPC) coupled with fluorescent detection. Oak seedlings inoculated with ECM fungi exhibited significantly higher levels of putrescine, spermine, and proline compared to non-inoculated seedlings, indicating the priming properties of the ECM. E. alphitoides caused an increase in individual and total polyamine content and lipid peroxidation in oak leaves regardless of the effect of ECM, while causing a decrease in physiological and antioxidative parameters and water use efficiency (WUE). Common biochemical parameters may contribute to understanding the underpinning plant defense mechanisms in three-way interactions among plants and pathogenic and ectomycorrhizal fungi and can be used as reliable adaptability descriptors in the context of climate change.

Melatonin alleviates chilling injury and maintains postharvest quality by enhancing antioxidant capacity and inhibiting cell wall degradation in cold-stored eggplant fruit

Melatonin improves the chilling tolerance and quality of postharvest fruit. In this study, we investigated the effect of melatonin on postharvest quality in cold-stored eggplant fruit for 30 d at 5 °C. Melatonin at 100 μmol L−1 was notably effective in decreasing chilling injury (CI) incidence, CI index, weight loss, and in delaying the decrease of lightness, thereby maintaining better postharvest quality of the fruit. Exogenous melatonin inhibited increases in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malondialdehyde (MDA), and relative electro-conductivity in the pericarp and pulp, while maintaining higher levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), total polyamines, anthocyanins, and melatonin, as well as the expressions of SOD, CAT1/2, and other genes involved in polyamine biosynthesis (ADC, ODC), melatonin biosynthesis (TDC1, T5H, SNAT1, ASMT, COMT), anthocyanin biosynthesis (PAL, CHS1, CHI, F3H, F3′H, DFR, ANS, 3GT), and cold regulation (COR1, CBF, ZAT2/6/12), thereby conferring the higher chilling tolerance. Melatonin delayed fruit softening and senescence by inhibiting the activities and gene expressions of cell wall degradation enzymes (PME, PG, Cel) and expressions of senescence-associated genes (IAA17, SAG12, SEN4). Overall, these results indicate that melatonin alleviates chilling injury and maintains postharvest quality by enhancing antioxidant capacity and inhibiting cell wall degradation in cold-stored eggplant fruit, which provides a theoretical foundation for extending fruit shelf-life of eggplant during cold storage.

Brassinosteroids enhance resistance to manganese toxicity in Malus robusta Rehd. via modulating polyamines profile

Manganese (Mn) toxicity in soil is a widely observed phenomenon, which seriously restricts growth, quality, and yield of various crops and fruits including apples. However, mechanisms underlying the regulation of polyamines (PAs) by brassinosteroids (BRs) to improve tolerance to Mn stress are still unclear. In this study, we investigated the effects of 2,4-epibrassinolide (EBL; a BR) on the expression of genes involved in BR signaling pathway, Mn accumulation, PAs-mediated responses (PA precursor levels, metabolic enzymes, and genes), and growth parameters in Mn-stressed Malus robusta Rehd. EBL application significantly modulated the expressions of genes related to BR signaling (MdBRI, MdBSK, etc.) and reduced Mn accumulation, along with improving the rate of increase in root length and plant height, relative water content, chlorophyll content, maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm), and actual photochemical efficiency (ΦPSII) and decreasing electrical conductivity. Furthermore, EBL application significantly reduced putrescine (Put) accumulation and increased spermine (Spm) content and (Spd + Spm)/Put ratio. EBL weakened ornithine (Orn) pathway, decreased ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity, and increased biosynthesis of Spm from Put via elevating the PA oxidase (PAO) activity and expression of MdSPDS, MdSPMS, and MdPAO. The trends for free, PS-conjugated, and PIS-bound PAs were similar to that of total PAs, except that no significant change was observed in free Spm, PS-conjugated Spd, and Spm, as well as PIS-bound Spd. This study revealed that BR-regulated PAs help in mitigating Mn toxicity and clarified the mechanisms of regulation of PAs by BRs in apple trees.

Spermidine Suppressed the Inhibitory Effects of Polyamines Inhibitors Combination in Maize (Zea mays L.) Seedlings under Chilling Stress.

Chilling stress greatly inhibited the seed germination, plant growth, development and productivity in this study. The current research aimed to study the effects of different polyamine (PA) inhibitor combinations (Co), e.g., D-arginine (D-Arg), difluoromethylormithine (DFMO), aminoguanidine (Ag) and methylglyoxyl–bis-(guanyhydrazone) (MGBG) at different doses, i.e., 10 µM Co, 100 µM Co, 500 µM Co, 1000 µM Co and 1000 µM Co + 1 mM Spd (Spermidine) in two inbred lines of maize (Zea mays L.), i.e., Mo17 and Huang C, a sensitive and tolerant chilling stress, respectively. The combination treatments of PA inhibitors reduced the biosynthesis of putrescine (Put) in the tissues of both studied inbred lines. Application with 500 µM Co and 1000 µM Co did not result in a significant difference in Put concentrations, except in the coleoptile of Mo17. However, combining Spd to 1000 μM of PA inhibitors enhanced the Put, Spd, spermine (Spm) and total PAs in the roots, coleoptile and mesocotyls. Put and total PAs were increased by 39.7% and 30.54%, respectively, when Spd + 1000 µM Co were applied relative to their controls. Chilling stress and PA inhibitors treatments affected both inbred lines and resulted in differences in the PA contents. Results showed that enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of PAs (ornithine decarboxylase as ODC and S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase as SAMDC) were significantly downregulated by 1000 µM Co in the tissues of both inbred lines. In contrast, the activity of PAO, a Pas degradation enzyme, was significantly improved by 1000 µM Co under chilling stress. However, Spd + 1000 µM Co significantly improved the activities of ODC and SAMDC and their transcript levels (ODC and SAMDC2). While it significantly downregulated the PAO activity and their relative genes (PAO1, PAO2 and PAO3) under chilling stress. Overall, this study elucidates the specific roles of Spd on the pathway of PA inhibitors and PA biosynthesis metabolism in maize seed development in response to chilling stress. Moreover, the Huang C inbred line was more tolerant than Mo17, which was reflected by higher activities of PA biosynthesis-related enzymes and lower activities of PAs’ degradative-related enzymes in Huang C.

The Correlation Between PINK-1/Parkin Mediated Mitophagy, Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Total Polyamines in Pediatric Bronchial Asthma: An Integrated Network of Pathways

Pediatric bronchial asthma signifies a frequent chronic inflammatory airway disorder influencing many children. Despite its irrefutable importance, its exact pathogenesis is not completely elucidated. The study aimed to investigate the correlation between mitophagy machinery proteins, ER stress biomarkers and total polyamine and their role in disease progression via targeting NF-κB mechanisms. Sixty children with atopic bronchial asthma were enrolled in the study, they were allocated into 2 equal groups (mild/moderate and severe atopic asthmatic groups). Thirty age-matched healthy control subjects were also included in the study to represent the control group. Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN)-induced kinase-1 (PINK-1) and Parkin messenger RNA (mRNA) expressions were assessed by (RT-PCR) technique. Levels of inositol requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α), total polyamines, interleukin 6 & 8 (IL-6, IL-8) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Oxidative stress (OS) biomarkers were also measured. PINK-1 and PARK mRNA expressions were significantly upregulated in asthmatic patients. Likewise, the level of IRE1α, total polyamines, inflammatory cytokines, and OS biomarkers were significantly elevated in asthmatic groups comparing to control group with the highest levels noticed in severe atopic asthmatic group. the study documented a correlation between mitophagy machinery proteins, ER stress biomarkers and total polyamines that may pave a new platform to understand pediatric asthma pathogenesis and could be used as reliable biomarkers to evaluate disease progression.

Occurrence of Polyamines in Foods and the Influence of Cooking Processes.

Dietary polyamines are involved in different aspects of human health and play an important role in the prevention of certain chronic conditions such as cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. Different polyamines can be found in all foods in variable amounts. Moreover, several culinary practices have been reported to modify the content and profile of these bioactive compounds in food although experimental data are still scarce and even contradictory. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of polyamines in a large range of foods and to assess the effect of different cooking processes on the polyamine content of a few of them. The highest level of polyamines was found in wheat germ (440.6 mg/kg). Among foods of a plant origin, high levels of total polyamines over 90 mg/kg were determined in mushrooms, green peppers, peas, citrus fruit, broad beans and tempeh with spermidine being predominant (ranging from 54 to 109 mg/kg). In foods of an animal origin, the highest levels of polyamines, above all putrescine (42–130 mg/kg), were found in raw milk, hard and blue cheeses and in dry-fermented sausages. Regarding the influence of different domestic cooking processes, polyamine levels in food were reduced by up to 64% by boiling and grilling but remained practically unmodified by microwave and sous-vide cooking.