Total Pod Weight Research Articles

Korelasi antar Karakter Hasil Lima Varietas Tanaman Kacang Panjang (Vigna sinensis) di Lingkungan Organik

This study aims to determine the correlation between the yield characteristics of the yard long bean yield, and the superiority of one of the varieties in an organic environment. This research was conducted at the Integrated Field Laboratory and Seed and Plant Breeding Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Lampung in July 2021 – November 2021. This experiment was arranged in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 3 replications and then continued with data analysis in the form of linear analysis, analysis of diversity , and significance test. The observed variables included flowering age, pod color, pod harvesting age, pod length, pod diameter, number of seeds per pod, sugar content, number of productive branches, number of good pods, total number of seeds, and distance between locules. The results showed that the pod length and the number of seeds per pod (r = 0.66). Total pod weight was positively correlated with the number of productive branches (r = 0.83), the number of good pods (r = 0.96), and the total number of pods (r = 0.96). The number of productive branches correlated positively with the number of good pods (r = 0.87) and the total number of pods (r = 0.86). The number of good pods variable has a positive correlation with the total number of pods (r = 0.98). The Cantonese Tavi variety has an advantage in the number of good pods produced in an organic environment. Keywords: Correlation, Organic Environment.

Assessing Morphological Trait Variability in Moroccan Carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) Ecotypes for Adaptive Breeding in Response to Climate Change and Sustainable Food Security

The study focused on the morphological diversity of pods and seeds from six ecotypes of carob tree (Ceratonia siliqua L.), originating from different regions of Morocco including Khemissat, Safi, Aït Attab, Berkane, Ouezzane, and Agadir. Thirty pods per ecotype were collected from 10 different trees. Measurements were taken to analyze the morphology of seeds and pods. The results revealed significant differences among ecotypes for most morphological characteristics such as pod length, pod width, pod thickness, total pod weight, pulp weight, total number of seeds in the pod, seed weight within the pod, seed length, seed width, seed thickness, single seed weight, and weight of 100 seeds. Correlation analysis revealed associations among different morphological measures, highlighting the influence of pod morphology on seed yield. Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical clustering analysis confirmed the presence of two distinct groups of ecotypes: the first group comprising the ecotypes Agadir, Aït Attab, Safi, and Khemissat, while the second group included the ecotypes Berkane and Ouezzane. These results have significant implications for variety selection and improvement of carob tree cultivation, with significant potential to enhance food security in Mediterranean regions. By better understanding the impact of ecotype on morphological characteristics, selection efforts can be directed towards developing varieties better adapted to changing environmental conditions, thereby contributing to strengthening the resilience of agricultural systems face of climate change.

SUITABLE SUBSTRATE VOLUMES AND CULTIVARS FOR ENHANCING GROWTH AND IN-CREASING YIELD OF YARD-LONG BEAN IN URBAN ECOSYSTEMS

Yard-long bean, a favored vegetable known for its taste and nutritional value, holds economic importance. Its climbing nature and environmental resilience make it ideal for urban cultivation in pots and climbing frames. This study, conducted in a limited urban space, aimed to determine optimal pot size and cultivars for yard-long bean cultivation, emphasizing growth and yield. Two pot sizes were used: a larger one (30 cm diameter x 37 cm height, M1) and a smaller one (30 cm diameter x 30 cm height, M2), alongside three commercial cultivars: Kanton Tavi (V1), Camellia (V2), and Arafi (V3). Results indicated that a larger pot size increased pod number and total pod weight per plant, facilitating root development, vine growth, and enhanced yield. The larger substrate volume retained moisture and boosted plant biomass. Cultivar treatment affected branch length and flowering time, with Camellia exhibiting the longest harvest period (14 harvests). Hence, for Camellia varieties, cultivation using larger pots (30 cm diameter x 37 cm height) is recommended.

Effect of Fruit Peel Biochar on Growth and Yield of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicon Mill.) and Country Bean (Lablab purpureus) in Acidic Soil of Sylhet, Bangladesh

The potential of biochar as a soil conditioner has been approved by scientists worldwide due to its large surface area, high water retention capacity, slow nutrient releasing nature and liming ability; and it might also help to get desirable crop yield in problem soil like acidic soil. Hence, an experimental field trial was operated at the research field of the Department of Agroforestry and Environmental Science, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet to evaluate the performance of banana peel biochar (BB) and orange peel biochar (OB) in the growth and yield of tomato (Solanum lycopersicon Mill.) and country bean (Lablab purpureus) under acidic soil conditions. In case of tomato, plant height (PH), number of leaves plant-1 (NLP), leaf length (LL), and stem diameter (SD) in treatments having different levels of biochar were significantly higher than the control. The maximum PH (72.20 cm), NLP (21), LL (35.66 cm), SD (9.05 cm), and total leaf chlorophyll content (TLCC) (50.56 µmol m-2) of tomato were found in T7 (3% OB w/w + CF) followed by T4 (3% BB w/w + CF) whereas in country bean, the PH (373 cm), NLP (34), branch number (BN) (3), and TLCC (36.65 µmol m-2) were also recorded in T7 followed by T4. The root length (RL) (43.5 cm) and fresh root weight (FRW) (14 g) of country bean were the maximum at T7, followed by T5 (1% OB w/w + CF). According to the results, positive effects of BB and OB application were observed on all the yield parameters of country bean and tomato. The number of pod plant-1 (NPP) (384), individual pod weight (IPW) (5.78 g), total pod weight plant-1 (TPWP) (2220 g), and pod length (PL) (10.57 cm) of country bean were also found to be highest in T7, followed by the T4. Similarly, the highest NFP (37), IFW (55 g), and TFWP (1980 g) of tomato were noted in T7, followed by T4. After the cultivation of country bean and tomato, a significant increase in the soil pH was noticed at T3 (2% BB w/w + CF), T4, T6 (2% OB w/w + CF) and T7 in respect of the control. Therefore, the findings of the study suggest that both BB and OB could have a positive impact on growth and yield components of tomato and country bean by altering soil pH of acidic soil.

Agronomical traits performance and variability of the SSD F4 mungbean population

Genetic variability is critical in order to create candidates for new superior varieties. This research objective was to evaluate the performance and variability of agronomical traits on the mungbean SSD F4 V422H/129 population. The research was conducted at IPB University, Bogor, from March to June 2021. The SSD F4 VR422H/129 population (378 genotypes with single plant as a representative of one genotype) and five check varieties were evaluated. The treatments were arranged in augmented design for RCBD in three replications. For agronomical traits, every F4 plant and 10 sample plants for each check variety were observed. Statistical analysis includes mean, frequency-distribution, heritability, genetic variability, correlation. The days to flowering, days to harvesting, generative periods, plant height on F4 V422H/129 were not significantly different from Vima 5, while total pod number, total pod weight, total seed weight, pod length were significantly higher. The agronomical traits were affected by genetic factors (heritability 0.71-0.99%), except for days to harvest. Based on the high genetic variability (CGV 0.62-0.64%), it was possible to select of total pod weight, total seed weight, or pod length in the next generation V422H/129. The total seed weight had a significant positive correlation with total pod weight and pod length.

Evaluation of Agronomic Characteristics, Disease Incidence, Yield Performance, and Aflatoxin Accumulation among Six Peanut Varieties (Arachis hypogea L.) Grown in Kenya.

Diseases contribute to attainment of less than 50% of the local groundnut potential yield in Kenya. This study aimed to evaluate the agronomic characteristics (flowering and germination), disease incidence, yield performance (biomass, harvest index, 100-pod, 100-seed, and total pod weight), and aflatoxin accumulation in six peanut varieties. A field experiment was conducted using four newly improved peanut varieties: CG9, CG7, CG12, and ICGV-SM 90704 (Nsinjiro), and two locally used varieties: Homabay local (control) and 12991, and in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The disease identification followed the International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) rating scale and further isolation of fungal contaminants was conducted by a direct plating technique using potato dextrose agar. The aflatoxin levels in the peanuts were determined after harvesting using the ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography and fluorescence detection (UHPLC-FLD) technique. ICGV-SM 90704 showed the least average disease incidence of 1.31 ± 1.75%, (P < 0.05); the lowest total aflatoxin levels (1.82 ± 1.41 μg kg-1) with a range 0.00-0.85 μg kg-1 for total aflatoxins and a range 0.00-1.24 μg kg-1 for Aflatoxin B1. The locally used varieties (12991 and the control) revealed the highest disease incidence (5.41 ± 8.31% and 7.41 ± 1.88%), respectively. ICGV-SM 90704 was the best performing among all the six varieties with an average total pod weight (9.22 ± 1.19 kg), 100-pod weight (262.93 ± 10.8 g), and biomass of (27.21 ± 5.05 kg) per row. The 12991 variety and the control showed the least total pod weight (1.60 ± 0.28 and 1.50 ± 1.11 kg, respectively) (P = 0.0001). The newly improved varieties showed lower disease rates, low levels of aflatoxins, and higher yields than the locally used varieties.

Integrated use of organic amendments increased mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) yield and its components compared to inorganic fertilizers

AbstractRainfall variability, low soil organic matter content, and costly inorganic fertilizers are the major agricultural constraints in Sub‐Saharan Africa. Integrated use of compost and manure is essential for sustaining soil fertility and increasing crop productivity. This study was conducted to evaluate the combined effects of compost and animal manure on mungbean growth and yield. The 12 treatments consisted of control, recommended dose of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK), 5 ton ha−1 of compost, 10 ton ha−1 of poultry, 10 ton ha−1 of cattle, and 10 ton ha−1 of sheep manure, and six combinations of organic amendments with 50% of their applied rate alone. These treatments were laid out in a randomized complete block design with six replications. Application of cattle manure at 10 ton ha−1 significantly increased mungbean seed yield by 66% and 84% compared to the recommended rate of NPK and control treatments, respectively. Similar observations were made on stem diameter, total pod weight, and number of seeds per pod. Plants amended with compost had the highest number of ramifications and number of pods than NPK fertilized plants, which recorded (9±) ramifications and (27±) pods per plant. On average, integrated use of 5 ton ha−1 of poultry manure + 5 ton ha−1 of cattle manure had the highest soil plant analysis development values, though not significantly different from NPK fertilizers. These results suggest that application of organic amendments could be an alternative to costly and inaccessible inorganic fertilizers for improving mungbean productivity under low‐input agriculture systems.

Genetic Analysis Of Seed Yield And Its Contributing Characters In F2 Population Of Soybean Genotypes, Glycine Max (L) Merrill Using Morphological and SNP Markers

This study was carried out on the genetic analysis of seed yield and its contributing characters in F2 population of soybean genotypes, Glycine max (l). Merrill genotypes using morphological and SNP markers. The aim of this study is to determine the extent of genetic variability for seed yield and its contributing characters among the F2 population of soybean genotypes and to determine quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with seed yield in the soybean genotypes with a view of being utilized in soybean breeding programme. The field experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Heritability in the broad sense ranged from 40.00% to 99.97% for number of seeds and number of pods respectively. The genetic advance mean ranged between 10.03 and 130.17 for days to maturity and seed yield respectively. Nine QTLs were identified (3 QTLs for days to flowering (DTF), 3 QTLs for days to maturity (DTM), 2 QTLs for total pod weight (TPW) and 1 QTL for seed yield (SYP)) and located on the linkage group A1 (chromosome 5). However, two stable QTLs for days to flowering (DTF) and days to maturity (DTM) and two novel QTLs for days to flowering (DTF) and total pod weight (TPW) were identified in the present study.

Growth and Yield of Soyabean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) With Fertilization Of Goat Cage And Bio-Growth

Soybean is one of the third most essential crops after rice and maize, whose production still needs to be increased. One of the efforts to utilize less fertile land is using organic fertilizers in goat manure and Bio-Growth. This study aimed to obtain the best dose of goat manure and Bio-Growth for soybean growth and yield. This research has been carried out at the experimental garden of the Kubang Research and Assessment of Agricultural Technology (BPTP) Balitbangtan Riau from August to November 2021. The method is practical with a factorial Randomized Block Design (RBD) consisting of 2 factorials with 3 replications. The first factor is goat manure (K0: 0 tons/ha, K1: 10 tons/ha, and K2: 20 tons/ha); the second factor is Bio-Growth (B0: 0 ml/4 l water, B1: 72.5 ml/4 l water, B2: 145 ml/4 l water, and B3: 217.5 ml/4 l water). The height of the plant, the number of its leaves, the diameter of its stem, the number of its branches, the number of pods produced by each plant, the weight of pods produced by each plant, the total weight of pods, and the weight of one hundred seeds were all measured. The application of goat manure and Bio-Growth influenced the height of the plant, the number of leaves, the number of pods produced by each plant, the weight of each pod, the total weight of the pods, and the weight of one hundred seeds. It was determined that the interaction between the two treatments did not impact all experimental parameters. This study concludes that the best application of goat manure is 10 tons/ha, while the most efficient Bio-Growth dose of 72.5 ml/4 l of water can increase the growth and yield of organic soybeans.

Hereditary analysis and genotype × environment interaction effects on growth and yield components of Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.) over multi-environments

This investigation was carried out to explore G × E interaction for yield and its associated attributes in 30 Bambara groundnut genotypes across four environments in tropical Malaysia. Such evaluations are essential when the breeding program's objective is to choose genotypes with broad adaption and yield potential. Studies of trait relationships, variance components, mean performance, and genetic linkage are needed by breeders when designing, evaluating, and developing selection criteria for improving desired characteristics in breeding programs. The evaluation of breeding lines of Bambara groundnut for high yield across a wide range of environments is important for long-term production and food security. Each site's experiment employed a randomized complete block design with three replicates. Data on vegetative and yield component attributes were recorded. The analysis of variance revealed that there were highly significant (p ≤ 0.01) differences among the 30 genotypes for all variables evaluated. A highly significant and positive correlation was identified between yield per hectare and dry seed weight (0.940), hundred seed weight (0.844), fresh pod weight (0.832), and total pod weight (0.750); the estimated correlation between dry weight of pods and seed yield was 1.0. The environment was more important than genotype and G × E in determining yield and yield components.A total of 49% variation is covered by PC1 (33.9%) and PC2 (15.1%) and the genotypes formed five distinct clusters based on Ward hierarchical clustering (WHC) method. The genotypes S5G1, S5G3, S5G5, S5G6, S5G8, S5G7, S5G2, S5G4, S5G10, S5G13, S5G11, and S5G14 of clusters I, II, and III were closest to the ideal genotype with superior yield across the environments. The PCA variable loadings revealed that an index based on dry pod weight, hundred seed weight, number of total pods and fresh pod weight could be used as a selection criteria to improve seed yield of Bambara groundnut.

Yield and water-use related traits in landrace and new soybean cultivars in arid and semi-arid areas of China

Empirical soybean breeding has improved its yield in arid and semi-arid areas of China. The objective of this study was to identify the important traits found in successful commercial soybean cultivars following the domestication of landraces through breeding in the semi-arid region of North-west China. A further objective was to identify any key traits that can be targeted using trait-based selection to improve yield under drought. Seed yield, phenology, water-use, water-use efficiency and their related traits in soybean landraces and successful cultivars were compared over a four year period in the field and this was supplemented with an outdoor pot experiment. The results in both field and pot experiments showed that successful soybean cultivars have a reduced thermal time to flowering but the thermal time for seed filling has increased. This change in partitioning of phenological time in the commercial cultivars resulted in a lower number of pods, fewer seeds per unit area but an increase in 100-seed weight, harvest index and seed yield. New soybean cultivars with high seed yield also had a lower vegetative biomass and less water use in both field and pot experiments than landraces but the lower water use did not compromise seed yield. The commercial cultivars also had a lower pod wall ratio (ratio of pod wall weight to total pod weight at maturity) which also contributed to yield by improving harvest index. We conclude that the key traits that have been altered as a result of soybean breeding in arid and semi-arid areas of China have been (1) a shortening of the duration between sowing and flowering but an extension of the seed filling period, (2) fewer pods but an increase in seed number per pod and 100-seed weight and also a decreased pod wall ratio, (3) an increased harvest index and (4) a reduced water use, particularly in the deeper soil layers. • Yield improvements in soybean in dry areas were investigated in a study over four years. • Soybean breeding resulted in a shorter thermal time to flower but a longer thermal time for seed filling. • The longer reproductive period resulted in a higher seed number per pod, seed weight and seed yield. • A reduction in the thermal time to flowering reduced leaf fraction and total water-use but did not compromise seed yield. • Newer varieties had lower soil water use at depth but a higher HI than the landraces.

Path-coefficient and correlation analysis in Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea [L.] Verdc.) accessions over environments

In a breeding program, studies of genotypic and phenotypic relationships among agricultural crop traits are useful to design, evaluate, and develop selection criteria for desirable traits. Using path coefficient analysis, the present study was executed to estimate the phenotypic, genotypic, and environmental correlation coefficients between yield and yield-related traits and to determine the direct and indirect effects of yield-related traits on yield per plant. A total of 30 genotypes of Vigna subterranea were studied under tropical conditions at two sites over two planting seasons (considered as four environments). The experiment at each site used a randomized complete block design with three replicates. Data were collected on vegetative and yield component attributes. Based on analysis of variance, pooled results showed that there were positive and highly significant differences (p ≤ 0.01) among the 30 genotypes for all attributes studied. Highly significant and positive strong correlation at phenotypic level was observed for dry seed weight (0.856), hundred seed weight (0.754), fresh pod weight (0.789), and total pod weight (0.626) with yield in kg per hectare, while moderate positive correlations were observed for harvest cut (0.360) and days to maturity (0.356). However, a perfect positive correlation was observed for the dry weight of pods with seed yield. In contrast, days to 50% flowering (− 0.350) showed a negative significant relationship with yield per hectare. The dried pod weight attribute (1.00) had a high positive direct effect on yield. Fresh pod weight had the greatest indirect effect on yield per hectare, followed by the number of total pods by dry pod weight. As a result, dry pod weight, hundred seed weight, number of total pods, and fresh pod weight could be used as selection criteria to improve the seed yield of Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea).

Dual-Purpose of the Winged Bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC.), the Neglected Tropical Legume, Based on Pod and Tuber Yields.

Winged beans (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC.) are grown as a vegetable legume crop in Thailand. All parts of the plant, including pods, seeds, leaves, flowers, and tubers are edible and are rich in protein and nutrients. Although the major consumption of winged bean is based on pod and tuber yields, only the people of Myanmar and Indonesia utilize winged bean tubers as food materials. The usefulness of the winged bean as an alternative crop for staple food and feed can shed some light on the impact of winged bean. Therefore, the evaluation of the dual purpose of the winged bean based on pod tuber yields is the objective of this study. In this study, ten-winged bean accessions—six accessions obtained from introduced sources and four accessions obtained from local Thai varieties—were laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications at the Agronomy Field Crop Station, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand from September 2019 to April 2020 and from October 2020 to April 2021. Data, including total pod weight, number of pods, pod length, 10-pod weight, and tuber weight were recorded, and the proximate nutrient and mineral contents in the tubers were also determined. The results revealed that the principal effects of year (Y) and genotype (G) were significant for total pod weight and the number of pods. Moreover, the Y × G interactions were principal effects upon the total pod weights and tuber weights. The results indicated that superior genotype and appropriate environmental conditions are key elements in successful winged bean production for both pod and tuber yields. The winged bean accessions W099 and W018 were consistent in both experimental years for pod and tuber yields at 23.6 and 18.36 T/ha and 15.20 and 15.5 T/ha, respectively. Each accession also proved high in tuber protein content at 20.92% and 21.04%, respectively, as well as significant in fiber, energy, and minerals. The results suggest that the winged bean accessions W099 and W018 can be used for dual-purpose winged bean production in Thailand.

Evaluation of Yield Performance and Molecular Diversity in F2 Population of Soybean, Glycine Max, (L.) Merrill Genotypes

This study was carried out on the evaluation of yield performance and molecular diversity in F2 population of soybean genotypes using SNP markers. The aim of the study was to assess the growth performance of the F2 soybean population and to also assess the genetic diversity among the soybean genotypes based on SNP markers with a view of devising a breeding strategy for selection for further improvement. The field experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The result showed that mean square due to genotypes were highly significant for all the characters except number of branches per plant. Genotypes and year of planting interacted significantly (P≤0.05 and P≤0.01) for plant height at flowering, plant height at harvesting, number of pods, total pod weight and seed yield. The genotypes recorded higher mean values of all the characters in the second year than the first year indicating that variation in environmental conditions influenced the performance of the genotypes. At the molecular level, SNP markers were used to assess the extent of polymorphism among the F2 populations and the markers showed remarkable genetic diversity among the soybean genotypes.

English

The objective of this work was to analyze the association between agro-morphological traits of the common bean cultivar &ldquo;BRS Esplendor&rdquo; under organic fertilization management. The experiment was implemented in the field, in a randomized block design, with three replications, in a split plot scheme, with two types of organic compounds (grass enriched with cattle manure and bean straw enriched with cattle manure) applied in six doses (0.0, 33.32, 66.65, 100.00, 133.32 and 166.65%). The control treatment comprised the recommended mineral fertilization. The characteristics include total number of pods, plant height and pod lengths are determinant to directly increase grain yield. The indirect determinant includes total weight of pods, total number of grains, plant height, root length and length of pods that had a positive effect with high magnitude on the characteristic total number of pods. &nbsp; Key words: Phaseolus vulgaris, correlations, track analysis.

Multivariate analysis unravels genetic diversity and relationship between agronomic traits, protein, and dietary fiber in yardlong bean (Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis Verdc.)

Abstract. Widyawan MB, Hasanah A, Taryono, Alam T, Sayekti RS, Pramana AAC, Wulandari RA. 2020. Multivariate analysis unravels genetic diversity and relationship between agronomic traits, protein, and dietary fiber in yardlong bean (Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis Verdc.). Biodiversitas 21: 5662-5671. Yardlong bean (Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis Verdc.) is a vegetable legume that possesses the highest amount of protein and total dietary fiber (TDF) content among other vegetables. However, protein and TDF content diversity are found among yardlong bean genotypes. Genetic improvement to produce cultivars with high yield and improved nutritional content is required. This study aimed to analyze genetic diversity and identify the relationship between important agronomic traits from 21 yardlong bean genotypes assessed by multivariate statistical analysis. The experiment was arranged in alpha design with three replicates, each consist of six blocks. Six pod-related important agronomic traits, protein, and TDF content were observed in this study. Total pod weight, pod weight, and pod length were found to be negatively correlated with protein and TDF content based on correlation and principal component analysis (PCA). Although negatively correlated, several variables possess a large and positive direct effect on protein and TDF content, such as the number of pod, pod weight, and days to flower. D2 analysis and Tocher’s method classify genotypes used in this study into five clusters with diverse traits value. Information from this study laid a foundation for the improvement of important agronomic traits as well as nutritional content in yardlong bean.

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) Production as Influenced by Various Row and Hill Spacings

The study was conducted to determine the yield of peanut as affected by different row and hill spacings. The experiment was done under the soil and climatic requirements of Zamboanga Sibugay, Philippines with an average temperature of 27.3 0C. The experiment was laid using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with sixteen combined treatments. An area of 80 square meters was divided into 16 plots, each plots measured 1m by 5m excluding canals. There were two factors used in the study, the different rows and hill spacings. The row spacing used were R1 (12 inches), R2 (16 inches), R3 (20 inches), R4 (24 inches) and the hill spacing used were H1 (6 inches), H2 (7 inches), H3 (8 inches), H4 (9 inches). Complete fertilizer was drilled at the base of the plant 30 days after planting at the rate of 1.83 grams per hill. Tobacco spray was applied twice, first at 15 DAP and second at 50 DAP and kakawate spray was applied 43 days from planting to prevent and repel insect pest. Result revealed that the average number of pods per plant per plot, average weight of pods in gram per plant per plot, total number of pods per plot, and total weight of pods in kilogram per plot had no significant difference as affected by different row and hill spacings. However, the result on the average number of seeds per plant per plot showed that there is a significant difference among treatments. Statistical analysis revealed that the computed “f1” is greater than the tabulated “f1” at 5% level of significance.

Genetic Diversity of Butterfly Pea [Clitoria ternatea] from Indonesia Based on Flower and Yield Component Traits in Two Land Conditions

&lt;p&gt;Genetic diversity among the butterfly pea genotypes is important information to support breeding program of this underutilized crop. The important characters to be targeted in the breeding program of this crop included yield and yield components of flowers that are strongly affected by the environment and have not been previously reported. This study aimed to determine the genetic diversity of butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea L.) from Indonesia tested in two land conditions, namely dryland and former paddy fields, based on flower character and yield component traits. The results showed that butterfly pea accessions were divided into two main clusters with dissimilarity coefficient of 0.01–3.99 indicating wide genetic diversity across accessions. The Mantel correlation showed that the genetic distance among accessions studied were not significantly correlated (r = 0.044, P = 0.8709). Based on principal component analysis (PCA), the eigenvalue ranged from 1.69 to 3.34 with a cumulative contribution of 72.64%. The traits that influenced genetic diversity in this study were flower length, weight of one fresh flower, total weight of pods, and weight of 100 seeds. The results of this study should be useful to support future butterfly pea breeding program.&lt;/p&gt;

The pod shattering resistance of soybean lines based on the shattering incidence and severity

The study is aimed at evaluating the pod shattering resistance of F&lt;sub&gt;8&lt;/sub&gt; soybean lines based on the shattering incidence and shattering severity. The materials consist of fourteen F&lt;sub&gt;8&lt;/sub&gt; soybean lines and two check cultivars. The pod shattering incidence was examined by using the oven-dry method, meanwhile, the shattering severity was evaluated based on the severity of the pod opening. The pod shattering resistance based on the shattering incidence resulted in five resistant lines (7–10% shattering), seven moderate lines (13–23% shattering), one susceptible line (53% shattering), and one very susceptible line (100% shattering). The pod shattering resistance based on the shattering severity showed that the pod opening on the ventral side differed between the lines and between the shattering degree, and it tends to form sigmoid curves with a different peak position for each shattering degree. The shattering severity of the resistant, moderate, and susceptible lines reached a peak at 60 °C, 50 °C, and 40 °C, respectively. A longer pod length indicated by the length of the dorsal (r = 0.827**) and ventral (r = 0.880**) sides of the pod, a higher total pod weight (0.827**), and a larger seed size (0.794**) will increase the degree of susceptibility to pod shattering. Those characteristics were considered to be the ones that should be used as the selection criteria in the breeding programme for pod shattering resistance in soybeans.

Ecophysiology of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) cultivated under different saline and biofertilizer levels

The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth, physiology, and production of cowpea plants grown under different levels of salinity and doses of mixed biofertilizer. The experiment was set in a completely randomized 3 x 4 factorial design, corresponding to three levels of irrigation with saline water (ECw: 0.5, 2.5 and 4.5 dS m-1) and four doses of biofertilizer (0, 800, 1600 and 2400 milliliters - mL), with five repetitions. The biofertilizer was obtained by means of an aerobic process, using a mixture of water, goat manure, and wood ashes, and it was applied in the liquid form, once a week, and directly into the soil. After 70 days, gaseous exchanges were evaluated, and the length of the main stem, the diameter of the stem, and the leaf area were measured. Furthermore, the number of pods produced, mean pod size, total pod weight, total seed weight, hundred seed weight, and yield were estimated. It was observed that the application of mixed biofertilizer promoted increments of 28.98% in leaf area, 32.78% in length of the main stem, and 21.55% in total dry mass. Weekly doses of 1600 mL promoted significant increases in gas exchanges. The application of weekly doses of 1600 mL of mixed biofertilizer promoted growth increases in physiological and productive parameters when the plants were irrigated with saline water up to 2.5 dS m-1, suggesting that the biofertilizer reduces the deleterious effects of salinity.