Total Physical Activity Energy Expenditure Research Articles

The Impact of the Physical Activity Level on Sarcopenic Obesity in Community-Dwelling Older Adults

Previous studies have reported that low levels of physical activity result in sarcopenic obesity (SO). However, the effects of specific intensities of physical activity on SO and the optimal amount of physical activity for lowering the prevalence of SO have not been well studied. This study aimed to identify the effects of physical activity levels and intensity on SO and the optimal amount of physical activity related to a lower prevalence of SO. This cross-sectional study used data from the nationwide Korean Frailty and Aging Cohort Study (KFACS), which included 2071 older adults (1030 men, 1041 women). SO was defined according to the criteria of the European Society for Clinical Nutrition Metabolism (ESPEN) and the European Association for the Study of Obesity (EASO). Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to investigate the association between the physical activity level and SO. The high activity group had a significantly lower prevalence of SO than the non-high activity (low and moderate activity) group. On the other hand, moderate-intensity physical activity was associated with a lower prevalence of SO. A total physical activity energy expenditure of > 3032 kcal/week (433 kcal/day) for men and 2730 kcal/week (390 kcal/day) for women was associated with a reduced prevalence of SO. The high physical activity and total physical energy expenditure described above may be beneficial for reducing the prevalence of SO.

Validity of Actigraph for Measuring Energy Expenditure in Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to assess the validity of the Actigraph triaxial accelerometer device in measuring physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE) in healthy adults, with indirect calorimetry (IC) serving as the validity criterion. A comprehensive search was conducted using the PubMed, Web of Science, and sportdiscuss databases, in addition to manual searches for supplementary sources. Search strategies were employed that involved conducting single keyword searches using the terms "gt3x" and "Actigraph gt3x". The literature search encompassed the timeframe spanning from 1 January 2010 to 1 March 2023. The methodological quality of the studies included in the analysis was evaluated using both the Downs and Black checklist and the Consensus-Based Criteria for Selection of Measurement Instruments (COSMIN) checklist. The meta-analysis was conducted using the Review Manager 5.4 software. The standardized mean difference (SMD) was calculated and expressed as a 95% confidence interval (CI). The significance level was set at α = 0.05. A systematic assessment of the Actigraph's performance was conducted through the descriptive analysis of computed effect sizes. A total of 4738 articles were retrieved from the initial search. After eliminating duplicate articles and excluding those deemed irrelevant, a comprehensive analysis was conducted on a total of 20 studies, encompassing a combined sample size of 1247 participants. The scores on the Downs and Black checklist ranged from 10 to 14, with a mean score of 11.35. The scores on the COSMIN checklist varied from 50% to 100%, with an average score of 65.83%. The meta-analysis findings revealed a small effect size (SMD = 0.01, 95% CI = 0.50-0.52, p = 0.97), indicating no statistically significant difference (p > 0.05). The meta-analysis revealed a small effect size when comparing the Actigraph and IC, suggesting that the Actigraph can be utilized for assessing total PAEE. Descriptive analyses have indicated that the Actigraph device has limited validity in accurately measuring energy expenditure during specific physical activities, such as high-intensity and low-intensity activities. Therefore, caution should be exercised when utilizing this device for such purposes. Furthermore, there was a significant correlation between the activity counts measured by the Actigraph and the PAEE, indicating that activity counts can be utilized as a predictive variable for PAEE.

Energy expenditure and intensity of ritual jumping-dancing in male Maasai.

Traditional jumping-dance rituals performed by Maasai men involve prolonged physical exertion that may contribute significantly to overall physical activity level. We aimed to objectively quantify the metabolic intensity of jumping-dance activity and assess associations with habitual physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). Twenty Maasai men (18-37 years) from rural Tanzania volunteered to participate in the study. Habitual physical activity was monitored using combined heart rate (HR) and movement sensing over 3 days, and jumping-dance engagement was self-reported. A 1-h jumping-dance session resembling a traditional ritual was organized, during which participants' vertical acceleration and HR were monitored. An incremental, submaximal 8-min step test was performed to calibrate HR to physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE) and assess CRF. Mean (range) habitual PAEE was 60 (37-116) kJ day-1 kg-1 , and CRF was 43 (32-54) mL O2 min-1 kg-1 . The jumping-dance activity was performed at an absolute HR of 122 (83-169) beats·min-1 , and PAEE of 283 (84-484) J min-1 kg-1 or 42 (18-75)% when expressed relative to CRF. The total PAEE for the session was 17 (range 5-29) kJ kg-1 , ~28% of the daily total. Self-reported engagement in habitual jumping-dance frequency was 3.8 (1-7) sessions/week, with a total duration of 2.1 (0.5-6.0) h/session. Intensity during traditional jumping-dance activity was moderate, but on average sevenfold higher than habitual physical activity. These rituals are common, and can make a substantial contribution to overall physical activity in Maasai men, and thus be promoted as a culture-specific activity to increase energy expenditure and maintain good health in this population.

Descriptive Epidemiology of Cardiorespiratory Fitness in UK Adults: The Fenland Study.

Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is rarely measured in population studies. Most studies of CRF do not examine differences by population subgroups or seasonal trends. We examined how estimated CRF levels vary by anthropometric, sociodemographic, and behavioral characteristics in a population-based cohort of UK adults (the Fenland Study). We used a validated submaximal exercise test to obtain CRF estimates (CRF estimated ) in 5976 women and 5316 men, residing in the East of England. CRF estimated was defined as estimated maximal oxygen consumption per kilogram total body mass (V̇O 2 max tbm ) and fat-free mass (V̇O 2 max ffm ). Descriptive statistics were computed across anthropometric and sociodemographic characteristics, and across the year. Progressive multivariable analyses were performed to examine associations with physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE) and body mass index (BMI). Mean ± SD V̇O 2 max tbm was lower in women (35.2 ± 7.5 mL·min -1 ·kg -1 ) than men (41.7 ± 7.3 mL·min -1 ·kg -1 ) but V̇O 2 max ffm was similar (women: 59.2 ± 11.6 mL·min -1 ·kg -1 ; men: 62.0 ± 10.3 mL·min -1 ·kg -1 ). CRF estimated was inversely associated with age but not after adjustment for PAEE. People in more physically demanding jobs were fitter compared with those in sedentary jobs, but this association was attenuated in women and reversed in men after adjustment for total PAEE. Physical activity energy expenditure and BMI were positively associated with CRF estimated at all levels of adjustment when expressed relative to fat-free mass. CRF estimated was 4% higher in summer than in winter among women, but did not differ by season among men. CRF estimated was inversely associated with age but less steeply than anticipated, suggesting older generations are comparatively fitter than younger generations. Physical activity energy expenditure and BMI were stronger determinants of the variance in CRF estimated than other characteristic including age. This emphasizes the importance of modifiable physical activity behaviors in public health interventions.

An investigation of factors affecting changes in health behaviours during the COVID-19 pandemic in a UK population–based cohort study

ObjectivesThe COVID-19 pandemic has led to changes in behaviours, which may have different health effects in population subgroups. We investigated whether within-individual changes in health behaviours from before to during the pandemic differ by socio-economic deprivation, age or sex. Study designProspective cohort study. MethodsParticipants were recruited from the existing UK Fenland cohort study with measurements of health behaviours twice prepandemic (2005 to February 2020) and three times during the pandemic (July 2020 to April 2021). Health behaviours included daily servings of fruit and vegetables, units of alcohol consumed per week, smoking status, sleep duration and total and domain-specific physical activity energy expenditure. Sociodemographic information (English indices of multiple deprivation, education, occupation and ethnicity) and COVID-19 antibody status were also collected. Participants were grouped into three categories based on their English indices of multiple deprivation score: most, middle and least deprived. ResultsParticipants were included if they had completed at least one measurement during the pandemic and one prepandemic (n = 3212). Fruit and vegetable consumption, total physical activity energy expenditure and smoking prevalence decreased during the pandemic compared with prepandemic, whereas average sleep duration increased and alcohol consumption did not change. Decreases in fruit and vegetable intake and physical activity energy expenditure were most pronounced in the most deprived group compared with the least deprived group and were greater in women than men. ConclusionsSocio-economic inequalities in health behaviours have worsened during the pandemic. As the country emerges from the COVID-19 pandemic, strategies to reduce health inequalities need to be put at the forefront of recovery plans.

Patterns and Associations of Physical Activity, Screen Time, Sleep, and Dietary Habits among Saudi Females Participating in Fitness Centers.

This study was designed to investigate the level and associations of physical activity, sedentary behavior, sleep, and dietary habits among Saudi women attending fitness centers in Riyadh. A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out from 12 fitness centers in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. A total of 460 participants answered a two-part survey self-administered questionnaire, which included information about the demographic characteristics and lifestyle. The analysis found significant differences between the two groups in terms of age, weight, BMI, and combined prevalence of being overweight and obese. Compared with less active females, high active females showed significantly more favorable dietary habits (p < 0.05). Significantly higher values were observed for the total physical activity energy expenditure in METs-min/week (p = 0.028). Moreover, females with high screen time (>3 h per day) were younger, less active, slept longer, and had higher intakes of fast foods and chocolates/candy intake (p = 0.001). Overall, the participants were highly active, exceeding the recommended physical activity needed to enhance health. The analysis also showed sufficient sleep duration (>7 h/night) was significantly associated with the diet and nutrition of the participants. Health education programs are needed to reduce the risks of sedentary behavior, sleep problems, and dietary habits.

Physical Activity Compliance to American Cancer Society Recommendations Amongst Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Survivors.

The aims of this study were to determine the extent to which hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) survivors adhere to the American Cancer Society recommendations for weekly physical activity and identify potential demographic and transplant characteristics associated with the lack of compliance. This cross-sectional study included adults who had undergone HCT and were at least 1 year post transplantation. Physical activity was assessed using the screening tool of the Block 2014. The type of activity, frequency, and intensity were converted into the metabolic equivalent of task (MET) scores (0-499.0 MET min/week, inadequate activity; 500-1000 MET min/week, adequate activity; >1000 MET min/week, highly vigorous activity). Participants (n = 81) reported a median MET score of 153 min/week, and 83% failed to reach the physical activity guideline of >500 MET min/week. Only 17.3% met the ACS recommendations, with three reporting above 1000 MET min/week. Median daily moderate and vigorous physical activity minute totals were 18.0 and 5.9 min/d, with 85.2% and 60.5% of participants involved, respectively. The median total physical activity energy expenditure was 744 kcal/d. Only race was associated with MET score, with Whites reporting higher MET scores. Most HCT survivors assessed in this study did not meet the ACS physical activity recommendations. These findings reinforce the need to incorporate screening for physical activity into HCT survivorship care, offer counseling to those who do not meet the recommended levels, and encourage a physically active lifestyle among HCT survivors.

Exploring the Association of a Total Physical Activity Energy Expenditure and Diabetes Mellitus in Adults: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of the Canadian Health Measures Survey.

Background: Physical activity (PA) guidelines for adults recommend participation in aerobic activities of moderate-to-vigorous intensity and a minimum of two sessions of resistance training (RT) weekly. These guidelines account for a small amount of the total PA energy expenditure and include no recommendation for low intensity activities (sleeping, sedentary behavior, and light intensity PA). Consequently, there is a need to investigate the benefits of total PA energy expenditure and diabetes mellitus (DM); to investigate the association between total PA energy expenditure and DM in adults aged 45 years or above. Methods: Data from the Canadian Health Measures Survey (CHMS; n = 5591) were used for the cross-sectional analysis. DM was measured using hemoglobin glycated (A1c) and questionnaires in adults aged 45 and above. PA and sedentary behavior were estimated using accelerometry. Sleep and RT were self-reported. Total PA energy expenditure was computed using the sum of metabolic equivalent of task-min/week. Results: The mean age of the sample was 58.0 ± 0.2 years old. No associations were observed between total PA energy expenditure and self-reported T2DM in all models (P > 0.05). For objectively measured DM, this association was significant when adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, and smoking [OR: 0.45; 95% CI (0.25-0.80)]; however, the association was no longer significant once adjusted for waist circumference and further adjusted for meeting the International PA Guidelines [OR: 0.64; 95% CI (0.33-1.27)] (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Total PA energy expenditure performed weekly is not associated with DM when considering other known risk factors, including waist circumference and meeting the PA guidelines.

Sleep Quality and Physical Activity as Predictors of Mental Wellbeing Variance in Older Adults during COVID-19 Lockdown: ECLB COVID-19 International Online Survey.

Background. The COVID-19 lockdown could engender disruption to lifestyle behaviors, thus impairing mental wellbeing in the general population. This study investigated whether sociodemographic variables, changes in physical activity, and sleep quality from pre- to during lockdown were predictors of change in mental wellbeing in quarantined older adults. Methods. A 12-week international online survey was launched in 14 languages on 6 April 2020. Forty-one research institutions from Europe, Western-Asia, North-Africa, and the Americas, promoted the survey. The survey was presented in a differential format with questions related to responses “pre” and “during” the lockdown period. Participants responded to the Short Warwick–Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) questionnaire, and the short form of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Results. Replies from older adults (aged >55 years, n = 517), mainly from Europe (50.1%), Western-Asia (6.8%), America (30%), and North-Africa (9.3%) were analyzed. The COVID-19 lockdown led to significantly decreased mental wellbeing, sleep quality, and total physical activity energy expenditure levels (all p < 0.001). Regression analysis showed that the change in total PSQI score and total physical activity energy expenditure (F(2, 514) = 66.41 p < 0.001) were significant predictors of the decrease in mental wellbeing from pre- to during lockdown (p < 0.001, R2: 0.20). Conclusion. COVID-19 lockdown deleteriously affected physical activity and sleep patterns. Furthermore, change in the total PSQI score and total physical activity energy expenditure were significant predictors for the decrease in mental wellbeing.

A 2\xa0year physical activity and dietary intervention attenuates the increase in insulin resistance in a general population of children: the PANIC study

Aims/hypothesisWe studied for the first time the long-term effects of a combined physical activity and dietary intervention on insulin resistance and fasting plasma glucose in a general population of predominantly normal-weight children.MethodsWe carried out a 2 year non-randomised controlled trial in a population sample of 504 children aged 6–9 years at baseline. The children were allocated to a combined physical activity and dietary intervention group (306 children at baseline, 261 children at 2-year follow-up) or a control group (198 children, 177 children) without blinding. We measured fasting insulin and fasting glucose, calculated HOMA-IR, assessed physical activity and sedentary time by combined heart rate and body movement monitoring, assessed dietary factors by a 4 day food record, used the Finnish Children Healthy Eating Index (FCHEI) as a measure of overall diet quality, and measured body fat percentage (BF%) and lean body mass by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. The intervention effects on insulin, glucose and HOMA-IR were analysed using the intention-to-treat principle and linear mixed-effects models after adjustment for sex, age at baseline, and pubertal status at baseline and 2 year follow-up. The measures of physical activity, sedentary time, diet and body composition at baseline and 2 year follow-up were entered one-by-one as covariates into the models to study whether changes in these variables might partly explain the observed intervention effects.ResultsCompared with the control group, fasting insulin increased 4.65 pmol/l less (absolute change +8.96 vs +13.61 pmol/l) and HOMA-IR increased 0.18 units less (+0.31 vs +0.49 units) over 2 years in the combined physical activity and dietary intervention group. The intervention effects on fasting insulin (regression coefficient β for intervention effect −0.33 [95% CI −0.62, −0.04], p = 0.026) and HOMA-IR (β for intervention effect −0.084 [95% CI −0.156, −0.012], p = 0.023) were statistically significant after adjustment for sex, age at baseline, and pubertal status at baseline and 2 year follow-up. The intervention had no effect on fasting glucose, BF% or lean body mass. Changes in total physical activity energy expenditure, light physical activity, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, total sedentary time, the reported consumption of high-fat (≥60%) vegetable oil-based spreads, and FCHEI, but not a change in BF% or lean body mass, partly explained the intervention effects on fasting insulin and HOMA-IR.Conclusions/interpretationThe combined physical activity and dietary intervention attenuated the increase in insulin resistance over 2 years in a general population of predominantly normal-weight children. This beneficial effect was partly mediated by changes in physical activity, sedentary time and diet but not changes in body composition.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT01803776Graphical abstract

Movement behavior profiles and obesity: a latent profile analysis of 24-h time-use composition among Danish workers

Background/objectivesAn element of obesity prevention is increasing total physical activity energy expenditure. However, this approach does not incorporate the balance of various movement behaviors—physical activity, sedentary behaviors and sleep—across domains of the day. We aimed to identify time-use profiles over work and leisure, termed ‘movement behavior profiles’ and to investigate their association with obesity.Subjects/methodsEight-hundred-and-seven workers completed (a) thigh accelerometry and diaries to determine their 24-h composition of behaviors (sedentary and standing, light physical activity and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity at work and leisure, and time in bed) and (b) obesity measurements. Movement behavior profiles were determined using latent profile analyses of isometric log-ratios of the 24-h composition, and labeled according to animal movement behavior traits. Linear models were applied to determine the association between profiles and obesity.ResultsFour profiles were identified, labeled as “Chimpanzees” (n = 226), “Lions” (n = 179), “Ants” (n = 244), and “Koalas” (n = 158). “Chimpanzees” work time was evenly distributed between behaviors while their leisure time was predominantly active. Compared to Chimpanzees, “Lions” were more active at work and sedentary during leisure and spent more time in bed; “Ants” were more active at work and during leisure; “Koalas” were more sedentary at work and leisure and spent similar time in bed. With “Chimpanzees” as reference, “Lions” had least favorable obesity indicators: +2.0 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.6, 3.4) %body fat, +4.3 cm (1.4, 7.3) waist circumference and +1.0 (2.0, 0.0) Body Mass Index (BMI), followed by “Koalas” +2.0 (0.4, 3.7) %body fat, +3.1 cm (0.1, 6.0) waist circumference, and +0.8 (−0.30, 1.94) BMI. No significant differences were found between “Chimpanzees” and “Ants”.ConclusionsMovement behavior profiles across work and leisure time-use compositions are associated with obesity. Achieving adequate balance between work and leisure movement behaviors should be further investigated as a potential obesity prevention strategy.

Use of Time and Energy on Exercise, Prolonged TV Viewing, and Work Days

The goal of this study was to describe differences in time use and energy expenditure associated with exercise, prolonged TV viewing, and work days in a longitudinal study of older adults. Participants were 1,020 adults who completed previous-day recalls that provided a profile of the use of time in sedentary and physical activity. Time use and physical activity energy expenditure were predicted for each type of day (exercise, prolonged TV, work) using linear mixed models, adjusting for age, sex, season of the year, and day of the week. Data were collected in 2012-2013; analysis was completed in 2017. Exercise days had less sedentary time (-0.37 hours/day) and light activity (-0.29 hours/day), and less household, work, and shopping activities, such that the increase in total physical activity energy expenditure on exercise days (2.83 MET-hours/day) was only about half that expended during exercise (5.98 MET-hours/day). Prolonged TV viewing days had more total sedentary time (0.86 hours/days) and less light (-0.45 hours/day) and moderate-vigorous intensity activity (-0.41 hours/day), and thus lower total physical activity energy expenditure (-2.43 MET-hours/day). Work days had less sleep (-0.91 hours/day) and more total sedentary time (1.32 hours/day). Exercise days had more physical activity energy expenditure, but because of reductions in other activities, only about half of the energy expended during exercise was added to total daily physical activity energy expenditure. Prolonged TV viewing days had less physical activity energy expenditure and less moderate-vigorous activity. These findings provide new insights into possible compensation associated with exercise, and suggest a strong link between TV viewing and physical inactivity.

Accelerometer-Measured Daily Activity Levels and Related Factors in Patients With Heart Failure.

Few studies report objective accelerometer-measured daily physical activity levels in patients with heart failure (HF). We examined baseline accelerometer-measured physical activity from the Heart Failure Exercise and Resistance Training Camp trial, a federally funded (R01-HL112979) 18-month intervention study to promote adherence to exercise in patients with HF. Factors associated with physical activity levels were also explored. Patients with diagnosed HF (stage C chronic HF confirmed by echocardiography and clinical evaluation) were recruited from 2 urban medical centers. Physical activity energy expenditure and the number of minutes of moderate or vigorous physical activity (MVPA) were obtained from 7 full days of measurement with the accelerometer (Actigraph Model GT3X, Pensacola, Florida) for 182 subjects who met minimum valid wear time parameters. Additional measures of health-related factors were included to explore the association with physical activity levels. Subjects had 10.2 ± 10.5 minutes of MVPA per day. Total physical activity energy expenditure was 304 ± 173 kcal on average per day. There were 23 individuals (12.6%) who met the recommended goal of 150 minutes of MVPA per week. Men, whites, New York Heart Association class II, and subjects with better physical function had significantly higher levels of activity. Consistent with previous research, patients with HF are not meeting recommended guidelines for 150 minutes of MVPA per week.

Association between physical activity and abnormal glucose metabolism—A population-based cross-sectional study in China

BackgroundAssociation between physical activity and abnormal glucose metabolism (AGM) remains unclear. MethodsData were collected from a random sample of the Chinese population aged 26–77 years. Participants were classified into an AGM group or a normal glucose tolerance (NGT) group. Total physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE), sedentary time, and ratios of PAEE in different domains to the total PAEE were calculated according to the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Logistic regression was used to analyze the associations between total PAEE, ratios of PAEE under different domains to total PAEE, sedentary time, and AGM. ResultsData from 3510 participants aged 50 ± 12 years were analyzed; 1390 (39.6%) were diagnosed with AGM. In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, total PAEE (1000 MET-min/week) was significantly associated with AGM [OR (95% CI) 0.96 (0.94, 0.99)]. After stratification by sex and BMI, total PAEE was negatively associated with AGM in men and overweight people. The ratios of PAEE in different domains to total PAEE or sedentary time were not associated with AGM. ConclusionsTotal PAEE was negatively associated with AGM. Ratios of PAEE in different domains to total PAEE and sedentary time were not associated with AGM in this Chinese population.

Association Between Exercise And Prolonged Television Viewing Days On Time-use And Physical Activity Energy Expenditure In Older Us Adults

PURPOSE. Our goal was to estimate the time-use exchanges associated with exercise, prolonged television viewing, and work days on the amount and type of sedentary and physically active behaviors and physical activity energy expenditure. METHODS. Participants were 1,020 older adults who completed up to 6 detailed previous-day recalls over 12-months that provided a profile of the use of time in sedentary and physically active pursuits. We predicted time-use and physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE) outcomes for 1) days with and without exercise, 2) days with or without prolonged television (2+h/day), and 3) work vs non-work days. To estimate time-use exchanges we used repeated measures and linear mixed models, adjusting for age, sex, season of the year, and day of the week. RESULTS. Exercise days were associated with less sedentary time (-0.37 hrs/d) and light activity (-0.29 hrs/d), and less household, work, and shopping activities. Compared to non-exercise days, the increase in total PAEE on exercise days (2.83 MET-hrs/d) was only about half that expended during exercise (5.98 MET-hrs/d). Prolonged television viewing was associated with an increase in total sedentary time (0.86 hrs/d) and less light (-0.45 hrs/d) and moderate-vigorous intensity activity (-0.41 hrs/d), and thus lower total PAEE (-2.43 MET-hrs/d). Work days were associated with less sleep (-0.91 hrs/d) and an increase in total sedentary time (1.32 hrs/d). DISCUSSION. Exercise was associated with an increase in PAEE, but due to reductions in other activities, only about half of the energy expended during exercise trickled-up to total daily PAEE. Prolonged television viewing was associated less PAEE and less moderate- vigorous activity. These findings provide new insights into possible compensation associated with exercise training, and suggest a strong link between television viewing and physical inactivity.

Physical Activity Duration but Not Energy Expenditure Differs between Daily and Intermittent Breakfast Consumption in Adolescent Girls: A Randomized Crossover Trial

BackgroundIt is not known whether breakfast frequency affects physical activity (PA) in children or adolescents. ObjectiveThis study examined the effect of daily compared with intermittent breakfast consumption on estimated PA energy expenditure (PAEE) in adolescent girls. MethodsUnder a randomized crossover design, 27 girls [mean ± SD age: 12.4 ± 0.5 y, body mass index (in kg/m2): 19.3 ± 3.0] completed two 7-d conditions. A standardized breakfast (∼1674 kJ) was consumed every day before 0900 in the daily breakfast consumption (DBC) condition. The standardized breakfast was consumed on only 3 d before 0900 in the intermittent breakfast consumption (IBC) condition, alternating with breakfast omission on the remaining 4 d (i.e., only water consumed before 1030). Combined heart rate accelerometry was used to estimate PAEE throughout each condition. Statistical analyses were completed by using condition × time of day repeated-measures ANOVA. The primary outcome was PAEE and the secondary outcome was time spent in PA. ResultsDaily estimated PAEE from sedentary or light-, moderate-, or vigorous-intensity PA and total PAEE were not significantly different between the conditions. The condition × time of day interaction for sedentary time (P = 0.05) indicated that the girls spent an additional 11.5 min/d being sedentary in the IBC condition compared with the DBC condition from 1530 to bedtime (P = 0.04). Light PA was 19.8 min/d longer in the DBC condition than in the IBC condition (P = 0.05), which was accumulated from waking to 1030 (P = 0.04) and from 1530 to bedtime (P = 0.03). There were no significant differences in time spent in moderate PA or vigorous PA between the conditions. ConclusionsAdolescent girls spent more time in light PA before 1030 and after school and spent less time sedentary after school when a standardized breakfast was consumed daily than when consumed intermittently across 7 d. However, breakfast manipulation did not affect estimated daily PAEE. This trial was registered at www.isrctn.com as ISRCTN74579070.

Physical Activity and Abdominal Fat Distribution in Greenland.

We examined how total volume of physical activity and reallocation of time spent at various objectively measured intensities of physical activity (PA) were associated with overall and abdominal fat distribution in adult Inuit in Greenland. Data were collected as part of a countrywide cross-sectional health survey in Greenland. A combined accelerometer and HR monitor measured total physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE) and intensities of PA (N = 1536). Visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) were assessed by ultrasonography. Isotemporal substitution modeling was used to analyze the association between substitution of 1 h of sedentary time to light- or moderate-intensity PA and 1 h light-intensity PA to moderate- or vigorous-intensity PA in relation to body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), SAT, and VAT. A negative linear association was found for total PAEE and BMI, WC, VAT, and SAT. Exchanging 1 h of sedentary time with light-intensity PA was associated with lower WC (-0.6 cm, P = 0.01), SAT (-0.08 cm, P < 0.001), and VAT (-0.04 cm, P = 0.359). Exchanging light-intensity PA with vigorous-intensity PA resulted in -6.1-cm lower WC (P < 0.001), -0.7-cm lower VAT (P = 0.018) and -0.7-cm lower SAT (P < 0.001). When further adjusting for BMI, the associations were attenuated; however, most of them remained significant, and the directions were mostly unchanged. All 1-, 5-, and 10-min bouts of MVPA were negatively associated with overall and abdominal fat distribution. Physical activity energy expenditure is associated with lower BMI, WC, and abdominal fat among Greenland Inuit. The importance of promoting an upward shift of the whole PA intensity distribution and to spur even short bouts of MVPA to limit excessive accumulation of SAT and VAT is highlighted.

Role Of Self-regulation In A Community-based Physical Activity Intervention For Older Adults

Regular physical activity can reduce the risk of falls, hypertension, osteoporosis, stroke, and diabetes, yet only 27.3-44.3% of older adults meet recommended physical activity (PA) guidelines. Use of self-regulation (SR) techniques may increase compliance in a group-based behavior change PA intervention for older adults, yet it is unclear which SR strategies are effective in older adults to increase PA level and stay active. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to examine change in PA, and improvement in the use of SR techniques employed by individuals in a 10-week exercise and lifestyle behavior change program. METHODS: Fifty-two older adults (age = 72.3, yrs±8.0) completed a 10-week group exercise and lifestyle behavior change program called Physical Activity for Life for Seniors (PALS). Three days/week over 40 minutes, participants completed ten exercises in a circuit, at 1 minute intervals. The 30-minute lifestyle behavior change class included SR problem solving techniques for staying active. SR was measured using the Self-Regulation for Exercise Scale (1=never to 5=very often), which examined SR techniques for self-monitoring, goal setting, social support, reinforcement, relapse prevention and time management. PA was measured using the CHAMPS questionnaire (caloric expenditure/week). Significant differences (p<0.05) in response to the intervention were identified using paired t-tests. RESULTS: In this population of older adults, significant improvements (p<.000) were noted in SR techniques (SR self-monitoring: 1.573± .72 vs 3.19 ±.91; SR goal setting: 1.55±.75 vs 3.02±.88; SR social support: 1.35±.55 vs 2.09±.67; SR reinforcement: 1.92±.76 vs 2.77±.67; SR relapse prevention: 1.45±.56 vs 2.17 ±.63; SR time management: 1.45±.80 vs 2.80±1.01) and total PA energy expenditure: 2143.31±2153.24 vs 4092.99±2635.78; moderate to vigorous energy PA expenditure: 742.84±1476.00 vs 2366.96±2112.94). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that including SR strategies in a 10-week group exercise and lifestyle behavior change intervention can lead to an increase in total PA, especially the moderate to vigorous PA in this population. Goal setting, self-monitoring and time management were used most frequently following the intervention.

Prospective association between late-life physical activity and hospital care utilisation: a 7-year nationwide follow-up study.

it is still equivocal whether there is a potential role of late-life physical activity in ameliorating the challenges of increasing healthcare expenditure due to the consequence of global population ageing. this study aimed to examine the prospective association between physical activity and subsequent hospital care utilisation in older adults and to explore the optimal dose of physical activity required to reduce hospital care utilisation. this was a prospective cohort study based on the data from the Taiwan 2005 National Health Interview Survey, which were linked to the 2005-12 claims data from the National Health Insurance system. 1,760 older adults aged 65 or more. the frequency, duration and intensity for physical activity were assessed, and total physical activity energy expenditure was estimated. The average annualised hospital care utilisation for the period 2006 through 2012, including number of hospitalisations, number of days in hospital and the costs of hospitalisation, were calculated. older adults engaging in at least moderate volume of physical activity (≥1,000 kcal/week) experienced fewer subsequent hospital admissions and fewer days in hospital than did sedentary individuals, after adjusting for covariates. Trends for reduced hospitalisation costs were also found. These associations persisted in sensitivity analyses, including tests of reverse causation. this study has provided evidence that older adults who are at least moderately active may minimise utilisation of hospital care services. The findings highlight the importance of maintaining a physically active lifestyle in later life.

Abdominal fat sub-depots and energy expenditure: Magnetic resonance imaging study

We aimed to assess the association between the distinct abdominal sub-depots and resting energy expenditure (REE). We performed magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to quantify abdominal visceral-adipose-tissue (VAT), deep-subcutaneous-adipose-tissue (deep-SAT), and superficial-subcutaneous-adipose-tissue (superficial-SAT). We measured REE by indirect-calorimetry. Non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT) [1-3 metabolic equivalents (METs)] and exercise thermogenesis (activities of 4+METS) were estimated based on 6-days of accelerometry to assess total physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE). We studied 282 participants: 249 men [mean age=47.4 years, body-mass-index (BMI)=31kg/m2, mean VAT proportion from total abdominal fat=34.5%, mean superficial-SAT proportion from total abdominal fat=24.3%] and 33 women (mean age=51.2 years, BMI=30.1kg/m2, mean VAT proportion from total abdominal fat=22.8%, mean superficial-SAT proportion from total abdominal fat=37.8%). As expected, women had lower REE [by 32.4% (1488±234kcal/day vs. 1971±257kcal/day; p<0.01)] and lower REE/kg [by 8% (19.6±3kcal/kg vs. 21.2±2kcal/kg; p<0.01)] than men. Exercise and total PAEE were positively associated with REE/kg (p<0.01 for both) and a positive correlation between NEAT and REE/kg was borderline (p=0.056). Participants, in whom abdominal VAT was the dominant proportional depot, had higher REE (1964±297kcal/day vs. 1654±352kcal/day; p<0.01) and higher REE∖kg (22.2±2.3kcal/kg/day vs. 19.6±2.5kcal/kg/day; p<0.01) than participants in whom superficial-SAT was the largest proportional depot. In multivariate models, adjusted for age, gender and residual BMI, increased VAT proportion was independently associated with higher REE (β=0.181; p=0.05). Likewise, increased VAT proportion (β=0.482; p<0.01) remained independently associated with higher REE/kg. In this model younger age (β=-0.329; p<0.01) was associated with higher REE/kg. Abdominal fat distribution patterns are associated with varying levels of resting energy expenditure, potentially reflecting different metabolic rates of adipose sub-depots and providing an anatomic/anthropometric link to physiological obese sub-phenotypes.