Total Phenolic Content Of Fruits Research Articles

Enhancement of tomato functional food value through nutrient supplementation with fish emulsion biostimulant

Fish emulsion (FE) is a derivative of fish waste, commonly utilised within organic agricultural and horticultural applications, predominantly as a source of nitrogen within fertiliser regimens. However, as a biological derivative, FE is a complex of many bioactive compounds, and as such is also known to function as a biostimulant. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is a functional food, commonly produced for consumption due to its desirable hedonic qualities and health-promoting properties associated with antioxidant phytochemicals. Accordingly, the work herein explored the potential for FE to alter the functional and hedonic measures of tomato. Results indicated that the supplementation of fertiliser regimens with FE during tomato growth significantly (p = 0.001) increased fruit total phenolic content by 1.25-fold, whilst not significantly impacting flavonoid content (p = 0.418) or fruit colour (assessed by image colour analyses). Additionally, the FE treatment did not substantially impact sensory perception of hedonic measures such as smell, taste, mouth feel, or visual appeal. Accordingly, the results herein indicate that FE is a desirable fertiliser supplement during tomato cultivation, to enhance the functional value of tomato fruits, and thereby provide enhanced health-promoting benefits from tomato consumption.

Effect of osmodehydration on the quality attributes of plum (Prunus domestica)

Plum (Prunus domestica) is a seasonal nutraceutical fruit rich in many functional food nutrients such as vitamin C, antioxidants, total phenolic content, and minerals. Recently, researchers have focused on improvised technologies for the retention of bioactive compounds during the processing of perishable fruits; plum is one of these fruits. This study looked at how the percentage of moisture content and percentage of acidity were affected by conventional drying and osmotic dehydration. Total phenolic content (mg GA/100 g of plum), total anthocyanin content (mg/100 g), and vitamin C (mg/100 g) Conventional drying of fruit was carried out at 80.0 ℃ for 5 h. At various temperatures (45.0 ℃, 50.0 ℃, and 55.0 ℃) and hypertonic solution concentrations (65.0 B, 70.0 B, and 75.0 B), the whole fruit was osmotically dehydrated. It was observed that the osmotically treated fruit retains more nutrients than conventionally dried fruit. The total phenolic content of fruit significantly increased with the increase in process temperature. However, vitamin C and total anthocyanin content of the fruit decreased significantly with process temperature, and hypertonic solution concentration was observed. Hence, it was concluded that osmodehydration could be employed for nutrient retention in plum fruit over conventional drying. This process needs to be further refined, improvised, and optimised for plum processing.

Assessment of Phenol and Antioxidant Content of Olive Varieties and Their Potential Health Benefits for Colon Health.

In this study, four different olive fruit and leaf varieties collected in Jordan were assessed for quality using both chemical and biological methods. To quantify the phenol and antioxidant content in the olive fruit and leaf extracts, a validated UV method was employed. The antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of fruit and leaf extracts of the olive varieties were measured using the DPPH radical scavenging assay and Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetric method, respectively. The researchers also conducted a biological assay against colon cells to examine the potential health benefits of the olive extracts. The results showed that the phenol content of the samples varied depending on the region they were collected from and that they contained a significant amount of antioxidants. Additionally, it was observed that the samples with higher antioxidant content had lower cell viability against colon cells. Overall, this study suggests that olive extracts may have potential health benefits for colon health and that the phenol and antioxidant content of the extracts can vary depending on the source of the olives.

Wild-Growing and Conventionally or Organically Cultivated Sambucus nigra Germplasm: Fruit Phytochemical Profile, Total Phenolic Content, Antioxidant Activity, and Leaf Elements.

European elder or elderberry (Sambucus nigra L., Viburnaceae) is a plant species with known high pharmaceutical and nutritional value. However, the Greek native germplasm of S. nigra has not been adequately utilized to date as in other regions. This study evaluates the fruit antioxidant potential (total phenolic content and radical scavenging activity) of wild-growing and cultivated germplasm of Greek S. nigra. In addition, nine cultivated Greek S. nigra genotypes were evaluated regarding the effects of fertilization (conventional and organic) on fruit phytochemical and physicochemical potential (total flavonoids, ascorbic acid content, pH, total soluble solids, and total acidity), as well as on the antioxidant potential (total phenolic content and radical scavenging activity) of fruits and leaves. Additionally, an analysis of macro- and micro-elements in the leaves of the cultivated germplasm was performed. The results demonstrated comparatively higher total phenolic contents of fruits of cultivated germplasm. The genotype was the decisive factor in the fruits' phytochemical potential and leaves' total phenolic content of cultivated S. nigra germplasm. Similarly, fertilization regime effects were found to be genotype-dependent, affecting fruit phytochemical and physicochemical attributes. The trace element analysis results were similar, with genotypes varying significantly in their concentrations of macro- and micro-elements. The current work builds on previous domestication attempts for Greek S. nigra, providing new data on the phytochemical potential of this important nutraceutical species.

Effects of foliar application of gibberellic acid, boric acid and sucrose on noni (M. citrifolia L.) fruit growth and quality

Noni juice processing industry depends explicitly on the quality of noni fruits and its juice together with increased production of fruits. This study evaluated the effects of chemical treatments on noni's fruiting capacity, fruit yield and the fruit antioxidant properties. Noni plants in fruiting stage were foliar fed with boric acid (BA) at a concentration of 100 ppm or 200 ppm, gibberellic acid (GA3) at 20 ppm or 40 ppm and sucrose solution at 5 or 20% and water (control). Changes in fruiting numbers, fruit growth rates, fruit yield, total soluble solids (TSS), fruit antioxidant capacity and total phenolic content of fruits were determined after the foliar treatments. Fruiting, fruit growth rate and yield were significantly increased in BA, GA3 and sucrose treated plants when compared to the control treatment. Fruit TSS, antioxidant capacity and total phenol content were not affected. Sucrose 20% and BA treatments (100 ppm and 200 ppm) produced the highest fruit yields.

Host Preference of Bactrocera latifrons (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae) Among Fruits of Solanaceous Plants.

Simple SummaryBactrocera latifrons (Diptera: Tephritidae) is the major pest in economic chili and eggplant of Thailand. Although B. latifrons has many host plant species, it does not unequally prefer each host plant. Results of this study indicated that among seven host plant species of family Solanaceae, Capsicum fruits were preferred by B. latifrons for oviposition over Solanum fruits. Bird chili and banana pepper were the most preferred hosts for B. latifrons. Turkey berry was least preferred by B. latifrons. Results of this study develop knowledge of the specific mechanisms by which host fruit varieties, host fruit species and physiological changes during ripening of host fruit influence B. latifrons’ preference. This is of potential value in field management, quarantine and plant breeding using traditional or transgenic approaches.Host preference of Bactrocera latifrons (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae), major chili and nightshade pest, was studied using seven host plant species of family Solanaceae. Two nightshade species, eggplant, Solanum melongena L. and turkey berry, Solanum torvum Sw.; three pepper and one large chili cultivar of Capsicum annum L., banana pepper, cayenne pepper, noom pepper and duey kai chili; and one small chili cultivar of Capsicum frutescens L., bird chili, were used as tested host plants of B. latifrons for a series of choice test and no-choice test under the laboratory. Results revealed that B. latifrons preferred Capsicum fruits for oviposition rather than Solanum fruits. Bird chili and banana pepper were the most preferred host for B. latifrons, with the highest number of pupae per gram of fruit in no-choice and choice experiment, respectively. Although the best larval performance parameters of B. latifrons were better for eggplant than for other Solanaceous plants, fruit characteristics and total phenolic content in fruit play a major role for host preference of B. latifrons. Turkey berry was least preferred by B. latifrons, with the lowest number of pupae per fruit and it was not oviposited by B. latifrons female fly under the choice situation at all stages of ripeness.

Effects of deficit irrigation and kaolin application on vegetative growth and fruit traits of two early ripening apple cultivars

BackgroundDrought is one of the main serious problems for agriculture production which its intensity is increasing in many parts of the world, hence, improving water use efficiency is a main goal for sustainable agriculture.ResultsGrowth indices including relative shoot length growth (SL), relative stem diameter increase (SD) and relative trunk cross sectional area growth (TCSA) measured at the start and end of the season decreased by reducing the irrigation level. Chlorophyll index (CI) was decreased at 70% crop evapotranspiration, however water use efficiency (WUE), leaf and fruit total phenolic content (TPC), and fruit anthocyanin content (AC) were among the traits that showed increment by water deficit stress in both cultivars. Shafi-Abadi cultivar showed to be more sensitive to the water stress than ‘Golab’. Kaolin treatment improved SL, SD and CI traits, but this increase was statistically significant only for SD at 5% level. Kaolin had no significant effect on yield and water use efficiency (WUE), however, it had negative effect on yield efficiency (YE). Kaolin treatments also significantly increased fruit and leaf TPC (P < 0.01) but had no effect on leaf and fruit total antioxidant activity (AA), as well as fruit anthocyanin content (AC) and soluble proteins (SP).ConclusionsIrrigation at 85% ETc showed better results than 100% and 70% ETc levels for yield attributes. It seems that the more pronounced effect of kaolin on vegetative traits but not on the fruits, might be attributed to the early ripening and harvest time of the examined cultivars.

Hasil dan Kualitas Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench.) Merah dan Okra Hijau dengan Jenis Pupuk yang Berbeda

Okra fruit contains phenolic compounds as natural antioxidant. The aim of this research was to analyze the effect of different types of fertilizers on production and quality of two okra varieties. The experiment was conducted in October 2017 to February 2018 at Bogor Agricultural University experimental field at Leuwikopo, Darmaga, Bogor (-6033’49.3”SL, 106043’30.7’’EL). The experiment used nested randomized complete block design with 2 factors and 4 replications. The first factor consisted of two okra varieties with different colour (red and green okra). The second factor was fertilizer types consisted of no fertilizer, organic (cow manure), combination of organic + inorganic, and inorganic fertilizer. The results showed that fertilizer types significantly affected plant height and fruit N content but did not affect fruit production. Red okra had a higher plant height, lower number of leaves and leaf K content than those of the green okra. The interaction effect of both factors was significant on total phenolic content in fruit and P content in leaf. The highest total phenolic content in fruit was showed by red okra with inorganic fertilizer, although it was not significantly different to those of red okra with combination organic + inorganic fertilizer, and also to green okra with organic fertilizer. The highest P content in leaf was found in red okra without fertilizer, however it was not significantly different to red okra with combination organic + inorganic fertilizer, green okra with organic fertilizer, and green okra with inorganic fertilizer.Keywords: inorganic fertilizer, leaf nutrient, organic fertilizer, phenolic compound

Analysis of Antioxidant Activity and Total Phenolic Content in &lt;i&gt;Garcinia mangostana&lt;/i&gt; Using Response Surface Methodology

This study investigates the antioxidant activity and total phenolic content on different parts of Garcinia mangostana which are pericarp, leaf, fruit, and seed. 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay was used to determine the antioxidant activity and the total phenolic content was determined by Folin-Ciocalteu method. Response surface method (RSM) was used to determine the effect of the two extraction variables: extraction time (30-120 minutes) and extraction temperature (30-50°C) on yield of total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of different parts of Garcinia mangostana. The significant factors on each experimental design response were identified from the analysis of variance (ANOVA). The best condition for total phenolic content of different parts of Garcinia mangostana was chosen based on the desirability obtained by using extraction temperature of 30°C and extraction time of 60.09 minutes, which resulted in 0.0274 mg GAE/g of total phenolic content in pericarp, 0.2501 mg GAE/g of total phenolic content in leaf, 0.0202 mg GAE/g of total phenolic content in fruit, and 0.0198 mg GAE/g of total phenolic content in seed of Garcinia mangostana. Under this conditions, it was found that the antioxidant activity of pericarp, leaf, fruit, and seed of Garcinia mangostana were 89.45%, 86.58%, 93.33%, and 78.80% of radical scavenging activity, respectively.

Evaluation of Ex-Vivo Anti-inflammatory and Total Phenolic Content of Fruits of Parmentiera cereifera seem

In the present studies, of the crude methanolic (ME) extract, Hexane (HXSF) soluble fraction, carbon tetrachloride (CTCSF) soluble fraction, the Aqueous (AQSF) and chloroform (CSF) soluble fraction fruits of P. cereifera demonstrated strong membrane stabilizing activity. The bark extracts and fruits extracts were demonstrated significant membrane stabilizing activity ranging from (38.49% to 28.84%) compared with Acetyl salicylic acid (ASA). Whereas mild total phenolic content was demonstrated ranging from (3-5.4) gm of GAE/100 gm of dried extract.

Capacidad antioxidante y composición de ácidos grasos de diferentes partes de Adenocarpus complicatus (Fabaceae) de Turquía

Adenocarpus complicatus is distributed throughout the Anatolian peninsula and is widely used for human and animal nutrition. The purpose of this work was to study the antioxidant properties and fatty acid composition of different parts of this plant (fruits and mixed materials). The species was collected from Golyuzu village of the Seydisehir district near Konya province, Turkey. Fruit and mixed parts obtained from this species were ground and a 15g sample was used to prepare methanolic extracts. Powdered plant samples were extracted with 100mL methanol in a mechanical shaker. The obtained extracts were filtered and concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure and were subsequently stored at -20 degrees C. Antioxidant components, namely total phenolic and flavonoid content, were detected for each extract using spectrophotometric methods. Antioxidant capacity was evaluated by various assays including phosphomolybdenum, DPPH free radical scavenging capacity, metal chelating activity, and ferric and cupric ion reducing power. The fatty acid profiles of plant parts were also determined by using gas chromatography. The total phenolic content of fruit (36.21mgGAE/g) was higher than that of mixed materials (13.79mgGAE/g). The methanolic extract of mixed material had higher amounts of flavonoid than fruit extract. The free radical scavenging activity of extracts was expressed as IC50 value (microg/mL) (amount required to inhibit DPPH radical formation by 50%). The lower IC50 value reflects better free radical scavenging action. The radical scavenging activity of the samples was compared with BHT, it showed the mixed material to be almost two times more potent than the fruit extract. However, BHT is an excellent free radical scavenger with an IC50 of 34.061 microg/mL. The ferric and cupric reducing power potentials of the extracts were expressed as EC50 value (the effective concentration at which the absorbance was 0.5). Fruit extract exhibited strong ferric reducing power with an EC50 of 871.25 microg/mL. The metal chelating activity of the extracts increased with concentration. Chelating effect was 83.60% for fruit extract at 1mg/mL concentration. Oil content of fruit and mixed parts were detected as 6.71 and 6.14%, respectively. A total of 32 fatty acids were found in the oil. Essential fatty acids (linoleic and a-linolenic acid) were identified as the most abundant fatty acids in the oil. These results demonstrated that this plant species can be considered as an alternative to synthetic antioxidants. Likewise, the oil obtained from the plant can be used as a source of essential fatty acids for food and pharmacological applications.

Effects of storage temperature and duration on physiological responses of pomegranate fruit

Pomegranate fruit (cv. ‘Bhagwa’ and ‘Ruby’) harvested at commercial maturity were stored at 5±0.3°C, 7±0.5°C and 10±0.4°C with 92±3% relative humidity (RH), and at 22°C (65±5.5% RH) for 16 weeks during which fruit respiration, physico-chemical attributes, antioxidant capacities and incidence of physiological disorders were measured at 4-week intervals. Results showed that the physiological responses and quality of fruit were affected by storage condition, with the maximum levels of respiration occurring at higher temperature and extended storage duration. Fruit color and antioxidant capacity varied slightly among storage temperatures, with total soluble solids and titratable acidity decreasing gradually over time at different temperatures. Although storage at 5°C significantly reduced the total phenolic content of fruit when stored beyond 8 weeks, levels of antioxidant activity in the fruit were not affected. Weight loss was particularly high in fruit stored at 22°C for 4 weeks, ranging between 20 and 25% for both cultivars. Furthermore, the severity and occurrence of physiological disorders were lower in fruit stored at low temperature but increased with extended storage duration. Considering that fruit stored at 5°C and 92% RH had significantly reduced weight loss, low incidence of physiological disorders and best results in maintaining flavor attributes (TSS and TA, TSS:TA ratio), it is recommended that the investigated cultivars be stored at 5°C and >92% RH for 8–12 weeks.

Composition of Sugars, Organic Acids, and Total Phenolics in 25 Wild or Cultivated Berry Species

Sugars, organic acids, and total phenolic content in fruit of 25 wild and cultivated berry species were identified and quantified with high-performance liquid chromatograph. The composition of sugars, organic acids, and total phenolic compounds in various species of Vaccinium, Rubus, Ribes, and Fragaria genus was evaluated. Additonally, total phenolics of less known berry species of the Morus, Amelanchier, Sorbus, Sambucus, Rosa, Lycium, Actinidia, and Aronia genus were determined in wild growing as well as in cultivated fruits. Significant differences in the concentration of sugars and organic acids were detected among the berry species. Glucose and fructose were the most abundant sugars in berry fruits and the major organic acids were malic and citric acid. However, in kiwi fruit, sucrose represented as much as 71.9% of total sugars. Sorbitol has been detected and quantified in chokeberry, rowanberry, and eastern shadbush fruit. The highest content of total analyzed sugars was determined in rowanberry fruit, followed by dog rose, eastern shadbush, hardy kiwifruit, American cranberry, chokeberry, and jostaberry fruit. Rowanberry stands out as the fruit with the highest content of total analyzed organic acids, followed by jostaberry, lingonberry, red gooseberry, hardy kiwifruit, and black currant. The berries of white gooseberry, black currant, red currant, and white currant had the lowest sugar/organic acid ratio and were thus perceptively the sourest species analyzed. On the other hand, the species with highest sugar/organic acid ratio were goji berry, eastern shadbush, black mulberry, and wild grown blackberry. The highest amounts of total phenols were quantified in chokeberry fruit. Wild strawberry, raspberry, and blackberry had 2- to 5-fold more total phenolics compared to cultivated plants. The fruit of analyzed berry species contained different levels of sugars, organic acids, and total phenolics. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that wild grown species generally contain more phenolics than cultivated ones. This information is interesting for nutritionists as well as berry growers and breeders who can promote the cultivation of species and new cultivars with higher phenolic content.

Brief postharvest exposure to pulsed light stimulates coloration and anthocyanin accumulation in fig fruit (Ficus carica L.)

The poor coloration of nethouse-grown fig fruit (Ficus carica L.) due to insufficient sunlight stimulation reduces marketability and health value. This study examined the possibility of improving the color of harvested ‘Brown Turkey’ figs through the use of pulsed light (PL) emitted by a high-energy xenon flash lamp. The exposure of poorly colored figs to PL for just 10–90s enhanced their red coloration in a dose-dependent manner, but extending the treatment to 300s did not provide additional benefit. After 5 days of storage in the dark at 20°C, the anthocyanin content of the skin of fruit exposed to 90–300s PL was 20 times higher than that observed for the untreated control and approached the level typical of the cultivar. In parallel, these PL treatments caused an increase in the fruit total phenolic content that could not be attributed solely to anthocyanins, suggesting that production of other phenolic compounds might be also stimulated by PL. Cool white fluorescent light was far less efficient than PL in its ability to stimulate fig color, with 5h of fluorescent illumination equivalent to 10–30s of PL exposure. Postharvest PL treatment seems to be a feasible means of compensating for insufficient sunlight stimulation of color development in figs and possibly other fruit as well.

Phytochemical characterization of several hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) species sampled from the Eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey

Background:We evaluated the total phenolic content, antioxidant capacity as well as antioxidant activity of five Crataegus species (A1, A2, Y1, Y2, Y4 accessions of Crataegus aronia var. aronia; B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9, Y5 accessions of C. aronia var. dentata; B10 accession of C. aronia var. minuta; Y3 accession of Crataegus orientalis var. orientalis and A3 accession of Crataegus monogyna subsp. azarella).Materials and Methods:Antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of fruits were determined by β-carotene bleaching and Folin–Ciocalteu assays. Antioxidant capacity was determined by using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay.Results:C. monogyna subsp. azarella had the highest total phenol, antioxidant activity and antioxidant capacity of 55.2 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g dry weight (DW), 81.9% and 31.2%, respectively. C. aronia var. aronia was found to have the lowest total phenolic content (35.7 mg GAE/g DW). The antioxidant activities of fruit extracts increased in the order of C. orientalis var. orientalis < C. aronia var. minuta < C. aronia var. dentata < C. aronia var. aronia < C. monogyna subsp. azarella according to β-carotene/linoleic acid assay. In recent years, C. aronia var. dentata has gained importance as a commercial species in this region. B3 and B7 accessions had fruit weight more than 14 g, and considerable total phenol content, antioxidant activity and antioxidant capacity.Conclusion:This investigation shows the potential value of hawthorn fruit species as a good source of natural antioxidants and that consumption of hawthorn fruit or its products may contribute substantial amounts of antioxidants to the diet.

Antiradical Activity and Total Phenolic Contents of Wild and Cultivated Myrtle (Myrtus communis L.) Fruits

Myrtle is a typical Mediterranean ecosystem plant. White fruited types are more common compared to black fruited ones in Turkey. Myrtle fruits and leaves are considered commercial commodity and are sold in different regions of the country for using as antiseptic, disinfectant and hypoglycemic agent. Myrtle leaves are mainly used for myrtle oil production in Turkey (1). Fruits of wild and cultivated plants with both black and white in color were used as plant materials. Total phenolic contents which were expressed as gallic acid equivalents in milligrams per 100 gram of fresh fruit weight (mg GAE/100g FW) were measured with Folin Ciocalteu method (4) while antioxidant activity (EC50) was assessed by DPPH method (3). Antiradical activity was calculated by formulae of 1/EC50 (2). Total phenolic content and antioxidant activity were higher in wild plants when compared to cultivated ones. Black colored fruits have higher antioxidant activity than white colored ones. Cultivated plants have greater fruits than wild ecotypes. Total phenolic content (GAE/100g FW) ranged from 506,8 to 527,1 for black colored and from 380,6 to 4l8,1 for white colored myrtle fruits of cultivated and wild plants, respectively. Antiradical activity was highly correlated with total phenolic content of fruits. Antiradical activity (1/EC50) of black colored fruits were higher than white colored ones ranging from 3.17 and 3.09 to 2.99 and 2.67 for wild and cultivated plants, respectively. Black colored myrtle fruits with high antiradical activity and total phenolic content can be a promising fruit for fresh and dried fruit consumption in Turkey.

ANTIOXIDANT COMPOUNDS IN SKIN AND PULP OF FRUITS CHANGE AMONG GENOTYPES AND MATURITY STAGES IN HIGHBUSH BLUEBERRY (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) GROWN IN SOUTHERN CHILE

We evaluated the genotype and maturity effects on antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds of whole, skin and pulp fruits from three highbush blueberry cultivare (cv. Brigitta, cv. Bluegold and cv. Legacy) grown in southern Chile. Total antioxidant activity (TAA) in ripe fruits varied among the cultivare in the order Legacy > Brigitta > Bluegold. We found that TAA in unripe green and fully ripe fruits was high and similar between them, whereas the lowest levels were found in intermediate ripe fruits. The same trend was observed for fruit total phenolic content. This could be attributed to the higher concentrations of phenolic acids (mainly chlorogenic acid) and flavonols (mainly rutin) at immature fruit stages; whereas the high TAA in mature fruits could be explained by the elevated amounts of anthocyanin. All antioxidant compounds were mostly located in the skin. High amounts of delphinidin aglycone were found. HPLC-DAD/MS revealed that the main contents of skin anthocyanins are petunidin-3-glucoside and petunidin-3-arabinnoside followed by malvidin-3-galactoside. It is noticeable that highbush blueberry fruits grown in southern Chile have exceptionally higher antioxidant activity and anthocyanins contents compared with those cultivated in the northern hemisphere.

Effects of preharvest application of antagonistic yeast combined with chitosan on decay and quality of harvested table grape fruit

AbstractBACKGROUND: Decay caused by fungal pathogens is responsible for significant economic loss of grape fruit in vineyards worldwide. However, postharvest treatment is not advisable for this fruit owing to its thin waxy pericarp and succulent flesh, which are easily damaged. Therefore preharvest treatment even at 1 day before harvest has been considered as a promising method to control postharvest decay of table grape fruit in storage. Integrative effects of preharvest application of Cryptococcus laurentii combined with low‐concentration chitosan on decay and quality of table grape fruit during storage were investigated in this study.RESULTS: Spraying of antagonistic yeast combined with chitosan before harvest significantly reduced natural decay of fruit stored at 0 °C. Preharvest treatment stabilised polyphenol oxidase activity, increased peroxidase and phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase activities and decreased superoxide dismutase activity compared with control fruit. There was a higher ratio of soluble solid content to titratable acidity in treated fruit than in control fruit during storage. In addition, preharvest treatment affected the total phenolic content in fruit during storage.CONCLUSION: The results suggest that integrative application of C. laurentii and low‐concentration chitosan before harvest may be a promising technology to control decay of table grape fruit in storage. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry

Effect of Carbon Dioxide-Enriched Atmosphere during Cold Storage on Limiting Antioxidant Losses and Maintaining Quality of ‘Barhy’ Date Fruits

Mature ‘Barhy’ date fruits (Phoenix dactylifera L.) were stored under different storage temperatures (0, 2, 4, 6°C) under modified atmosphere (MA) conditions with 0.03, 5, 10, or 20% carbon dioxide concentrations (balance air). Fruit total phenolic content (TPC), flavonoids content, carotenoids content, total sugar %, SSC %, and fruit skin color (L*a*b*c* and h*) were determined. Total phenolic content (TPC) was determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method, and antioxidant capacity was determined using ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). A clear integration was observed between modified atmosphere and cold storage treatments regarding maintaining fruit quality during the storage period. Fruits stored under low temperature conditions (0°C) or relatively high CO2 concentration (20% CO2) did not show any chilling or CO2 injury symptoms. Fruits kept under MA conditions with 20% CO2 at cold storage (0°C) showed brightest yellow color, and highest storage ability among all stored fruits. All MA conditions investigated extended date storability by maintaining fruit quality. The effect of MA conditions on maintaining fruit quality was magnified when fruits were stored under cold temperature. Fruit quality was maintained for 173 days when stored in 20% CO2 at 0°C, whereas it did not exceed 60 days when stored under common air composition (containing 0.03% CO2) at 0°C. Treatments with high CO2 concentrations (20% CO2) under cold storage conditions (0°C) maintained fruit total phenolic content, SSC%, total sugar content, and total tannins.

Changes in Antioxidant Activity, Total Phenolics and Ascorbic Acid Content during Fruit Ripening in Korean Cultivars of Rubus coreanus

Rubus coreanus is a perennial shrub distributed in the southern part of Korea. Its unripe fruit has been used in traditional herbal medicine for the treatment of diabetes mellitus and sexual disinclination. The fruit of R. coreanus was also found to have antioxidant activity. While there are some data on the constituents and biological activities of R. coreanus fruits, there are no studies on the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of R. coreanus fruits during ripening. Therefore, changes in the overall antioxidant properties of R. coreanus fruit during ripening are studied. Correlations between total phenolic content and ascorbic acid were also examined. R. coreanus fruits of three clones (S-13, S-14, and S-16), grown in the Korea Forest Institute (Suwon) were utilized. The antioxidant activities of the fruit 5 days after fruit set of three clones (S13, S14, and S16) were 59.9, 75.8, and 81.2% at the concentration of 125µg/ml. Total phenolic content in fruit of 5 days after fruit set of three clones (S13, S14, and S16) were 260.5, 254.3, and 235.5µg/g, respectively. When fruits were 5 days old, vitamin C content were 572.4, 541.2, 574.4µg/g for S13, S14 and S16, respectively. Total phenolic content of R. coreanus fruits (S-13, S14, and S16) was correlated with antioxidant activity (R 2=0.87, 0.97, 0.94).