Total Phenolic Compounds Research Articles

Machine learning-aided enhancement of white tea extraction efficiency using hybridized GMDH models in microwave-assisted extraction

White tea is valuable for having a high antioxidant content, which is considered to possess numerous beneficial effects on health. This study investigated the application of microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) for the extraction of total phenolic compounds from white tea. The experimental setup included four independent variables: microwave power (ranging from 100 to 300 W), extraction time (ranging from 10 to 40 min), temperature (ranging from 35 to 50 °C), and the ratio of food to solvent (ranging from 0.25 to 0.5 g/10 mL). The responses that were evaluated were IC50 (ppm) and total phenolic content (mg/g). The experimental design consisted of thirty runs conducted within the MAE system. The group method of data handling (GMDH) models were used to predict important efficiency measures (IC50 and total phenol content) in the extraction process. The models were assessed based on their ability to capture the relationships between input conditions and efficiency outputs. Three GMDH variants were compared: baseline GMDH, GMDH optimized with a genetic algorithm (GMDH-GA), and GMDH optimized with a harmony search algorithm (GMDH-HS). While all models achieved high predictive ability on a test set, GMDH-HS emerged as the superior performer. It achieved near-perfect agreement with observations (d-index > 0.998), minimal errors (NRMSE < 0.02), and effectively captured data variance (NSE > 0.99) for both outputs. Correlation diagrams and Taylor diagrams confirmed the superior performance of GMDH-HS in terms of linearity, correlation, and error minimization. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of hybridizing GMDH with a harmony search algorithm for complex modeling tasks, paving the way for improved efficiency and yield optimization in extraction processes.

Phytochemical Analysis, Total Phenolic Content, Hemolytic and Anti-hemolytic Activities of Centaurea iberica (Asteraceae)

Several plants contain chemical substances that have various biological activities, but they also probably cause harmful effects on cellular membranes. This work deals with the Centaurea iberica (Iberian starthistle) plant. The objective of this study is to identify the main chemical groups in the methanolic extract 80% of the plant, determine its total phenolic content, evaluate its toxic effect on human erythrocytes, and also assess its activity in the protection of normal and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) enzyme-deficient human erythrocytes membranes against oxidative hemolysis. Phytochemical analysis revealed that C. iberica extract contains several bioactive compounds. The results also showed that the plant extract contained good level of total phenolic compounds. The extract exhibited a low hemolytic effect. It also showed excellent activity in the protection of normal and G6PD-deficient human erythrocytes against oxidative hemolysis. KEYWORDS Erythrocytes, G6PD, Iberian starthistle, methanolic extract, toxic effect, oxidative hemolysis

Functional, Antioxidant, Antibacterial, and Antifungal Activity of Edible Flowers

Edible flowers have been used since ancient times, but their potential for improving human health has not been explored. This study aimed to evaluate the profile of bioactive compounds (organic acids, phenolics, and carotenoids) and the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of nine flower varieties with high concentrations of carotenoids or total phenolic compounds. Ninety-three edible flowers were analysed for physicochemical characteristics, total phenolic and carotenoid concentrations, and antioxidant activity (ABTS). Bioactive profiles were determined by rapid resolution liquid chromatography (RRLC), and antimicrobial activity was determined against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus mutans, and Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis. Chrysanthemum x hybrid orange, Helianthus annuus yellow, Tagetes patula orange, Canna indica red, and Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (orange1 and yellow) showed significant concentrations of total carotenoids. In contrast, Pelargonium hortorum orange2, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis red1, and Rosa x hybrid variety medium yellow showed high levels of total phenolics. The predominant compounds in these species were citric acid (991.4 mg/g DW in Hibiscus rosa-sinensis red1), 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (936.2 mg/100 g DW in P. hortorum orange2), kaempferol (971. 9 mg/100 g DW in T. patula orange), quercetin glucoside (958.8 in C. x hybrid), quercetin (919.3 mg/100 g DW in T. patula), α-carotene, and β-carotene in T. patula orange (989.5 and 601.2 mg/100 g DW, respectively). Regarding antimicrobial activity, T. patula orange and P. hortorum orange2 inhibited bacterial growth, while C. x hybrid orange and P. hortorum orange2 inhibited Candida albicans, and the latter inhibited Candida tropicalis. These results indicate the potential of edible flowers as a natural source of bioactive compounds and as a tool in the fight against antimicrobial resistance.

Oven-Dried Cupuaçu and Bacuri Fruit Pulps as Amazonian Food Resources

The Amazon is one of the largest and most diverse biomes on the planet. Cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum (Willd. ex Spreng.) Schum) and bacuri (Platonia insignis Mart.) are Amazonian fruit species appreciated for their sensory characteristics and promising availability of bioactive compounds. However, high moisture levels (&gt;80%) make these pulps susceptible to deterioration during storage. In this study, the oven-drying process was monitored to produce dry and more stable pulps. The process was monitored at 40 °C, 55 °C and 70 °C, and the bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacity were determined as quality indicators. In general, drying at 70 °C for 340 min produced dried cupuaçu and bacuri pulps with high levels of total phenolic compounds: 288 and 652 mg gallic acid equivalents/100 g, respectively. The hygroscopic evaluation suggested that both of the dried pulps should be stored at a relative humidity of &lt;40% to avoid rapid water adsorption and it is advised to carry out the oven-drying process until up to 12% moisture is reached for cupuaçu and 9% for bacuri to avoid unnecessary energy consumption. Thus, this study expands the potential of bacuri and cupuaçu pulps for application in food industries, contributing to the economic and social development of the Amazon region.

Phytochemical screening and toxicity assessment of compounds isolated from the leaves of Mangifera indica L. for the control of Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera; Noctuidae)

This study aimed to analyze the phytochemical composition and antioxidative capabilities of mango leaves (Mangifera indica L., Nam Dok Mai), indigenous to Sa Kaeo Province, Thailand. Various solvents with differing polarities, including n-hexane, DCM, ethyl acetate, and MeOH, were utilized for leaf extraction. The findings revealed the existence of eight groups of phytochemical compounds: alkaloids, flavonoids, coumarins, saponins, tannins, terpenoids, steroids, and cardiac glycosides. The MeOH crude extract exhibited the highest concentration of total phenolic compounds at 409.88 ±0.02 mg GAE/g. Furthermore, the MeOH crude extract demonstrated the strongest antioxidant activity, with an IC50 value of 0.52 ±0.02 μg/ml, as determined by the DPPH method. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was employed to identify gallic acid and mangiferin in the MeOH crude extract. Laboratory tests were conducted using the topical application method to evaluate the toxicity of the M. indica leaf crude extract on 2nd instar Spodoptera litura larvae. The MeOH crude extract exhibited high efficacy, with an LD50 value of 10.58 µg per larvae within 24 hours. Gallic acid and mangiferin were identified as the primary active ingredients, with LCD50 values of 1.19 µg per larvae and 1.90 µg per larvae, respectively, within 24 hours. Additionally, the impact on detoxification enzymes (24 hours post-treatment) was assessed in surviving 2nd instar S. litura larvae using the topical application method. The MeOH extract treatment resulted in 1.31-fold inhibition of carboxylesterase (CE), 1.31-fold inhibition of glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and 1.32-fold inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE).

Comparison of the Stability of a Camu Camu Extract Dried and Encapsulated by Means of High-Throughput Electrospraying Assisted by Pressurized Gas.

This study explores the impact on the stability of drying and the encapsulation of a camu camu extract (CCX) using the non-thermal, high-throughput electrospraying assisted by pressurized gas (EAPG) technique. The dried and encapsulated products by the EAPG processing techniques were compared in terms of total soluble phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, and storage stability. Whey protein concentrate (WPC) and zein (ZN) were selected as the protective excipients for encapsulation. Dried and encapsulated products were obtained in the form of microparticles, which were smaller and more spherical in the case of the encapsulates. No significant differences were observed in the total polyphenolic content (TSP), and only relatively small differences in the antioxidant capacity were measured among samples. The generated products were subjected to various storage conditions to assess their stability and the preservation of the TSP and the antioxidant properties, i.e., 0% relative humidity (RH) and 4 °C; 0% RH and 21 °C; 23% RH and 21 °C; 56% RH and 21 °C; and UV light exposure. The results indicated that ZN encapsulation notably enhanced the retention of total soluble polyphenols and the antioxidant activity compared to WPC and dried CCX, especially in the ratio of 2:1 (encapsulating polymer: dried CCX). This study demonstrates the potential of protein-based encapsulation, particularly using ZN, for stabilizing bioactive compounds against degradation mechanisms induced by humidity, temperature, or ultraviolet radiation exposure.

Mitigation strategy of saline stress in Fragaria vesca using natural and synthetic brassinosteroids as biostimulants.

Bassinosteroids (BRs) can induce plant defence responses and promote plant growth. In this work, we evaluated the effect of a natural (EP24) and a synthetic (BB16) brassinosteroid on strawberry (Fragaria vesca ) plants exposed to saline stress. Treated plants showed higher shoot dry weight and root growth compared to untreated control plants. In BR-treated plants, crown diameters increased 66% and 40%, leaf area 148% and 112%, relative water content in leaves 84% and 61%, and SPAD values 24% and 26%, in response to BB16 and EP24, respectively. A marked stomatal closure, increased leaflet lignification, and a decrease in cortex thickness, root diameter and stele radius were also observed in treated plants. Treatments also reduces stress-induced damage, as plants showed a 34% decrease in malondialdehyde content and a lower proline content compared to control plants. A 22% and 15% increase in ascorbate peroxidase and total phenolic compound activities was observed in response to BB16, and a 24% increase in total flavonoid compound in response to both BRs, under stress conditions. These results allow us to propose the use of BRs as an environmentally safe crop management strategy to overcome salinity situations that severely affect crop yield.

Photophysiological and Oxidative Responses of the Symbiotic Estuarine Anemone Anthopleura hermaphroditica to the Impact of UV Radiation and Salinity: Field and Laboratory Approaches.

The estuarine anemone Anthopleura hermaphroditica and its symbiont Philozoon anthopleurum are continuously exposed to intense fluctuations in solar radiation and salinity owing to tidal changes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the tidal cycle, solar radiation, and salinity fluctuations on the photosynthetic and cellular responses (lipid peroxidation, total phenolic compounds, and antioxidant activity) of the symbiont complex over a 24 h period in the Quempillén River Estuary. Additionally, laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the specific photobiological responses to photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), ultraviolet radiation (UVR), and salinity. Our field results showed that the photosynthetic parameters of the symbiont complex decreased with increasing ambient radiation; however, no relationship was observed with changes in salinity. Increased peroxidative damage, total phenolic compound levels, and antioxidant activity were mainly related to increased UVR and, to a lesser extent, PAR. During the dark period, only PAR-exposed organisms returned to the basal levels of photosynthesis and cell damage. Laboratory exposure confirmed the deleterious effects of UVR on the photosynthetic response. The present study suggests that the ability of A. hermaphroditica to acclimate to natural radiation stress is mediated by the concerted action of various physiological mechanisms that occur at different times of the day, under varying levels of environmental stress.

OPTIMIZATION ULTRASOUND-ASSISTED EXTRACTION USING CHOLINE CHLORIDE-BASED NATURAL DEEP EUTECTIC SOLVENT TO INCREASE PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS AND ANTIOXIDANTS FROM RHODOMYRTUS TOMENTOSA LEAVES

Objective: The main purpose of this study is to give recommendations for the ideal extraction conditions for improving the extraction yield and antioxidant activity of R. tomentosa leaves. Methods: First, the extraction total phenolic yields of five choline chloride-based Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADES) were evaluated. Then, Box Behnken designs of Response Surface Methodology (RSM) were conducted in order to optimize the extraction condition. The extraction variables investigated were extraction time, water content in NADES, and solid-to-liquid ratio. Meanwhile, total phenolic and 2,2′-azinbis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) free radicals scavenging activity were used as responses. Results: NADES with combination of choline chloride and propylene glycol with a molar ratio of 1:1 was found to be the best solvent for extracting phenolic compound. The total phenolic compound obtained was 29.6351 mg GAE/g dried leaves with ABTS scavenging activity about 96.84% under the optimum extraction condition (extraction time of 60 min, 25% water content in NADES, and solid-to-liquid ratio of 0.02 g/ml). Better results were shown compared to extracts with conventional solvents. Conclusion: In sum, the use of choline chloride-based NADES as extraction solvent under optimum condition was proven to be effective in increasing the extraction efficiency of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity from R. tomentosa leaves.

The Functional Carbonated Beverage Properties of Guabiroba Juice Using the Ice Fraction from Gravitational Block Freeze Concentration

The freeze concentration of liquid foods generates a by-product that has few academic studies and no industrial application: the ice fraction of each concentration stage. Sugar-free carbonated beverages were produced from the addition of 20% residual ice fraction (stage 1—I120 and stage 2—I220) of the gravitational block freeze concentration process, and the result was compared with a control beverage produced with 20% guabiroba juice (J20). The physicochemical properties, carotenoid content, total phenolic content (TPC), vitamin C, and antioxidant activity were analyzed for all samples. There was no significant difference between J20 and I220 for the total solid content and total soluble solids. For the total phenolic compounds (TPC), the I220 content was 151.3% higher than that of the original juice J20 and, for antioxidant activity, 295.8% higher for ABTS and 130.2% higher for DPPH. The I220 beverage presented 159% more vitamin C content than the beverage containing juice (J20). The same behavior was observed for each carotenoid content, with 168% more for the I220 sample. The total color difference revealed no difference visible to the naked eye for the three formulated beverages (∆E &lt; 3.0; p &lt; 0.05). The promising results of the bioactive compounds from guabiroba juice retained in the ice fraction can add value to this process waste in the formulation of new products due to the remaining functional appeal of the original fruit matrix.

Alteration in certain growth, biochemical, and anatomical indices of grapevine (Vitis vinifera) in response to the foliar application of auxin under water deficit.

Drought-induced stress represents one of the most economically detrimental natural phenomena impacting grapevine (Vitis vinifera ) development, yield, and fruit characteristics. Also, auxin is one of the most important plant growth regulators that can reduce damage caused by stress in plants. In this study, the impact of exogenously sprayed auxin (0, 50, and 200mgL-1 ) on growth, biochemical, and anatomical parameters was investigated in two grapevine varieties (cvs. 'Rashe' and 'Fakhri') under water deficit. According to our findings, water deficit led to a notable decrease in growth, protein content, and anatomical parameters; but significantly enhanced electrolyte leakage. Grapevines exposed to water deficit exhibited substantial increases in total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity. Applying 50mgL-1 napthalene acetic acid (NAA) reduced the effects of water deficit in both grapevine cultivars by decreasing electrolyte leakage (15% in 'Rashe' and 20% in 'Fakhri'), and accumulating protein content (22% 'Rashe' and 32% 'Fakhri'), total phenolic compounds (33%'Rashe' and 40% 'Fakhri'), and antioxidant capacity (11% 'Rashe' and 39% 'Fakhri'); anantomical parameters were also improved. However, application of 200mgL-1 NAA had adverse effects on growth and biochemical traits of grapevines, with a more pronounced impact on root growth and anatomical parameters compared to other NAA concentrations. In conclusion, the application of 50mgL-1 NAA enhanced grapevine growth, enabling them to better thrive under water deficit.

Stability of phenolic antioxidants in coffee leaf beverage during pasteurization

Coffee leaf beverage is prepared from pasteurized Robusta coffee leaves. This work aimed to study the stability of phenolic antioxidants in coffee leaf beverages during pasteurization. Robusta coffee leaves were dried using the smoking method. They contained 6.82 g gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/100 g of total phenolic compounds and 71.15% antioxidant activity. Dried coffee leaves were brewed and pasteurized under different conditions: two different temperatures (70°C and 90°C), two duration of times (15 mins and 30 mins) and two different pH conditions (adjusted and non-adjusted). The total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of pasteurized beverages ranged between 0.48-0.61 g GAE/L and 14.72-18.58%, respectively. Caffeoylquinic acids were stable during pasteurization at 90°C for 30 mins without pH adjustment. Our results indicate that pasteurized coffee leaf beverages may be a potent source of phenolic antioxidants.

The study of biochemical composition of grape and wine from Armenian selectionvariety Nrneni

Background: In Armenia, autochthonous, modern cultivars, and wild grape populations are highly diverse. Different types of wine can be produced due to the climatic zones. Grapes are a popular fruit all over the world, consisting of bioactive compounds and antioxidants, such as proanthocyanidins, anthocyanins, flavonols, organic and phenolic acids, and stilbenes. It is well known that grape varieties have different yields as well as quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the berry, which impact the quality of wine. Objective: Conduct an in-depth study of Indigenous grape varieties and clones is essential in the development of the best wine. Our focus is to specifically study Nrneni, an artificially selected Armenian grape variety. P.K. Ayvazyan, G.P.Ayvazyan created this variety by crossing a combination of Alikante Bouchet and Cabernet Sauvignion with Saperavi. The resulting product has pulp and juice that are an intense red color. Methods: In the Ararat Valley region, the grapes were hand-harvested at the end of September once they reached full technical maturity. The wine was made by the classic red winemaking method. Physicochemical analyses of grape and wine were carried out by OIV methods. Organic acids were separated and identified using liquid chromatography. A photocalorimetric method was used to determine the total phenolic compounds. Results: The chemical composition of red wine made from Nrneni grapes was assessed. In the process of wine production, storage, and maturation, grapes produce a variety of other substances, including organic acids, polysaccharides, and polyphenols, some of which contribute to the wine's sensory properties (such as flavor, color, and taste) and health benefits. Grapes are excellent sources of bioactive compounds, especially polyphenols. The total and extractable anthocyanin and flavonoid content of the Nrneni grape variety was determined. The conducted studies showed that Anthocyanins were present in high amounts of 2366.4 mg/kg. Flavonoids were present in 10183.0 mg/kg in the 2022 vintage, and 3159.9 mg/kg and 12563.7 mg/kg in the 2023 vintage. Extractable anthocyanin and flavonoid amounts were 1135.87 and 4684.18 mg/kg in 2022, 1540.32 and 5836.67 mg/kg in 2023 respectively. These indicators are also high in the wine: 502.18mg/l and 2971.15mg/l in 2022 vintage, while 975.7and 4208 mg/l in 2023 vintage. Theoretical varieties are present in 8.9 g/l and 2.02 g/l in 2022, and 6.5 g/l and 1.6 g/l in 2023. Licosaccharides, acetic acids, citric acids, and succinic acids are produced by alcoholic and malolactic fermentation. Conclusion: There is a wide range of bioactive compounds in red grapes and red wine that have been shown to have potential health benefits. According to studies, the Nrneni grape variety and the wine produced with these grapes have functional and oenological potential due to their high levels of biologically active substances, such as phenolic compounds and organic acids. Keywords: bioactive compounds, grape, organic acids, phenolic compounds, red wine.

A multicommuted flow system with a solid–liquid extraction chamber to extract and quantify total phenolic compounds from solid samples

Multicommutation significantly enhances the versatility of flow systems by integrating solenoid micro-pumps or valves. In this novel approach, the flow system was fitted with four solenoid micro-pumps to enhance mixing conditions, minimize reagent use and waste production, and quantify total phenolic compounds (TPC) via the Folin-Ciocalteu method. The extraction module was constructed with a 1000 µL pipette tip, a frit, and cotton used as a filter. The fluidized bed column was continuously agitated with a vibratory shaker, the extraction solution (ethanol 5 % (v/v)), and the solid samples (50 mg). The extraction of TPC was started by pumping the extraction solution through P1 (150 pulses). The analytical cycle was established by delivering the extraction solution and reagents through P1 (4 pulses), P3 (Folin-Ciocalteu 20 % (v/v); 1 pulse), and P4 (sodium carbonate 2 % (w/v); 1 pulse). These aliquots were rapidly mixed at the interfaces, initiating the first sampling cycle. This process was repeated seven times to create the sample zone and was directed towards detection at 740 nm by activating P2. Under optimized experimental conditions, a linear response was observed from 1 to 20 mg L-1 gallic acid, as described by the equation Absorbance = 0.023 + 0.028C (mg L-1), r = 0.997. At a 99.7 % confidence level, the detection limit, coefficient of variation (n = 11; 10 mg L-1), and sampling rate were determined to be 188 µg L-1, 0.1 %, and 100 determinations per hour, respectively. The consumption of reagents for each determination was estimated at 0.95 mg of sodium carbonate and 9.5 µL of Folin-Ciocalteu, resulting in 3.4 mL of waste generated. Phenolic compounds were quantified between 694 and 1760 mg in 100 g−1 food flour dry samples. Results obtained by the proposed process agreed with those obtained with batch extractions (95 % confidence level). Typical characteristics of systems that use solenoid micro-pumps are portability, cost-effectiveness, low energy consumption, improved mixing, and reproducibility in handling micro-volume solutions. The proposed procedure demonstrates its versatility and effectiveness by offering a practical alternative for extracting and quantifying total phenolic compounds in various solid matrices. This approach proves to be a superior option compared to existing methodologies.

Antioxidant potential and fatty acid composition of Lactarius sanguifluus

Edible mushrooms have been valued as a source of food and traditional medicines since ancient times. Mushrooms have drawn the attention of numerous researchers in recent decades since they contain a variety of bioactive compounds with antibacterial, antiallergic, antidiabetic, antitumoral, and antioxidant activities. As a member of the Russulaceae family Lactarius sanguifluus (Paulet) Fr. (1838) (also known as bloody milk cap) is an ectomycorrhizal edible mushroom distributed in Asia, the Mediterranean shores and mid-Europe. In this study it was aimed to identify the mushroom sample both by physical traits according to the current literature and by molecular techniques. The antioxidant capability of L. sanguifluus methanol extract was evaluated by stable radical scavenging activity and metal ion reducing capability methods. The content of total phenolic compounds and the fatty acid composition of the mushroom sample were also investigated. The mushroom sample was identified both by comparing the physical traits with the current literature and by comparing the sequence data of the ITS region of rDNA with GenBank. The methanol extract of the dried mushroom sample was used to perform the analysis to determine the antioxidant activity and content of total phenolic compounds. It was found that L. sanguifluus methanol extract contained 3.677±0.207 mg GAE/g DW phenolic compounds and exhibited radical scavenging activities as 211.652±0.537 mg TE/g DW against DPPH and 73.389±1.003 mg TE/g DW against ABTS. L. sanguifluus methanol extract also had metal ion reducing capabilities with ferric reducing and cupric reducing antioxidant capacities of 191.903±0.659 mg AAE/g DW and 379.598±7.527 mg TE/g DW, respectively. The GC-MS analysis of the hexane extract of the mushroom sample revealed that palmitic acid, linoleic acid, oleic acid and stearic acid were the predominant fatty acids found in L. sanguifluus.

Decorticated and non-decorticated BARI lentil varieties: An ample source of essential nutrients, minerals and bioactive compounds

BARI lentils play an important role in Bangladesh for providing essential nutrients to combat micronutrient malnutrition. Hence, the objective of the study was to explore the nutritional, mineral, and bioactive compounds analysis of the selected varieties under different milling conditions. Results exhibited that a significant number of bioactive compounds such as ascorbic acid (15.29 mg/100 g), ß-carotene (142.16 mg/100 g), total carotenoid (67.49 mg/100 g), anthocyanin (1.35 mg/100 g), and total phenolic compounds (20.72 mg GAE/100 g) were plentiful in non-decorticated lentil. In contrast, the non-significant amount of ascorbic acid (4.52 mg/100 g), ß-carotene (64.65 mg/100 g), total carotenoid (11.65 mg/100 g), anthocyanin (0.65 mg/100 g), and total phenolic compounds (11.68 mg GAE/100 g) was found in decorticated lentils. Non-decorticated lentils possessed the highest amount of crude protein (29.63 %), crude fiber (14.12 %), Ca (3.55 %), Mg (1.11 %), Fe (219.00 ppm), and Zn (32.62 ppm). A non-significant difference was noted between cooked decorticated and non-decorticated lentils during organoleptic taste by the sensory evaluators. Apart from this, the most instructive findings are, to utilize non-decorticated lentils that will contribute to minimizing the broken loss (cracked loss) and milling cost of the farmers without any presence of ochratoxin and patulin.

Subcritical water extraction on phenolic, flavonoid and antioxidant activity from Orthosiphon Stamineus leaves: Experimental and optimization

Orthosiphon stamineus is rich in phenolic and flavonoid compounds, contributing to its antioxidant properties. This study focuses optimizes the extraction of bioactive compounds from Orthosiphon stamineus leaves using subcritical water (SCW) extraction. Response surface methodology was employed, with temperature (120–180 °C), flow rate (2–8 mL min−1), and extraction time (5–15 min) as independent variables. Dependent variables included extract yield, total phenolic compounds (TPC), total flavonoid compounds (TFC), and antioxidant activity (AA). Optimal conditions were found at 148 °C, 5.1 mL min−1, and 10.5 min, resulting in a maximum yield of 317.6 mg g−1, TPC of 12.71 mg 100 g−1, TFC of 74.09 mg 100 g−1, and AA of 87.48 %. The research highlights the significant influence of temperature as the most crucial parameter, followed by flow rate and extraction time, in achieving the highest yield and bioactive compound content. This investigation holds potential implications for the food processing industry, showcasing the relevance of optimizing extraction conditions to enhance the nutritional and functional properties of natural ingredients like Orthosiphon stamineus in food products.

Metabolic profile of fatty acids, phenolic compounds, and methylxanthines of cocoa kernels (Theobroma cacao L.) from different cultivars produced in cabruca and full sun farming systems

The demand for high-quality cocoa beans has increased in line with the growing global demand for chocolate. The chemical composition of cocoa beans can vary according to their origin and growing conditions. In this context, this study evaluated the influence of the cultivar type (CCN51 and PS1319) and the cocoa management system (cabruca and full sun) on the chemical composition of unfermented cocoa kernels. The cultivation system influenced the fatty acid composition of cocoa kernels, with higher values of linoleic acid associated with the full sun system, although higher total lipid contents were obtained in the cabruca system. The cultivar influenced the content of saturated fatty acids (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), total unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) and the saturated/unsaturated ratio (S/U). Lower levels of total phenolic compounds, total anthocyanins and antioxidant properties were found in the full sun system, especially in the PS1319 cultivar. Higher levels of epicatechin and catechin were found in the cocoa kernel of the CCN51 cultivar. Theobromine and caffeine were not influenced by the treatments. Neither the PCA of total lipids and fatty acids, nor the PCA of antioxidant properties, phenolic compounds and methylxanthines indicated an isolated clustering between cultivar and cultivation system. The results showed that the factors under study influenced the chemical composition of the unfermented cocoa kernel. Furthermore, they indicated that the migration from traditional systems, such as cabruca, to full sun systems can reduce the total lipids and phenolic compounds content of the cocoa beans. When planning new plantations, the choice of genetic material should also be carefully considered to produce higher-quality cocoa butter and beans with a higher phenolic compound content.

Unlocking the potential of pequi (caryocar brasiliense camb.): Stability of phenolic compounds, carotenoid profile and vitamin a after drying

Among the fruit species of the Brazilian cerrado is pequi (Caryocar brasiliense Camb.), recognized for its nutritional properties and profile of bioactive compounds. However, it is necessary to evaluate techniques that promote its stability, reducing the moisture content without degrading the content of natural antioxidants. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the drying of pequi pulp in an oven at different temperatures (40 °C and 55 °C), as well as determine its kinetics and influence on the content of bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacity. The increase in temperature showed a reduction (∼50 %) of the drying time, from 720 min (40 °C) to 360 min (55 °C), with a final moisture content of approximately 39 %, which is the optimized condition of the process. (360 min – 55 °C). Drying at 55 °C showed better retention of carotenoids (β-carotene, α-carotene, and β-cryptoxanthin), especially β-carotene, an important precursor of vitamin A, with retention of approximately 57 %. The results for antioxidant capacity (ABTS and DPPH), total phenolic compounds, total phenolic acids and total flavonoids confirmed that a longer drying time resulted in greater degradation of bioactive compounds, even at lower temperatures. The profile of phenolic compounds of the sample subjected to drying under optimized conditions was identified by HPLC-DAD-ESI-MSn, which showed the presence of six phenolic acids, one isoprenoid plant hormone, nine flavonols, and one flavonoid. Optimizing pequi pulp drying in ovens, and controlling time and temperature, can significantly reduce energy expenditure. This practice not only meets the demands of the food industry but also increases the use of fruits from the cerrado, promoting the diversification and valorization of these products.

Exploring the Impact of Temperature and Solvent Ratio on Phenol and Flavonoid Levels in Alpinia galangal L. Extract Using Evaporative Vacuum Cooling

The objective of this research is to determine the impact of temperature gradients and solvent ratios in the evaporative vacuum cooling method on the yield of phenol and flavonoid content in galangal extract; ascertain the impact of these factors on the yield generated by galangal extract; and ascertain the mass balance analysis of materials are the objectives of this study. Throughout the extraction of galangal. The study's findings demonstrated that the evaporative vacuum cooling technique, conducted at 49 ºC and with a 1:1 solvent ratio of 1.4432±0.7317 mg GAE/g, produced the highest total phenol concentration. The three differences in the temperature of the evaporative vacuum produced the total phenol content cooling. The overall phenol content obtained decreases with increasing solvent ratio addition. Although the evaporative vacuum cooling treatment at 45 °C yielded the highest total flavonoid content (1.2418±0.2365 mg QE/g) at a 1:2 solvent ratio, the total flavonoid content varied between the three evaporative vacuum cooling temperature variations. The yield of total phenolic and flavonoid compounds was not significantly affected by temperature gradient adjustments or the ratio of galangal extract to solvent (Sig. &gt; 0.05) in any of the data samples pertaining to phenolic and flavonoid compounds. Keywords: Evaporative vacuum cooling, Flavonoids, Galangal, Phenol.