TPC) And Flavonoid Content Research Articles

Evaluation of antioxidant activity of selected wild fruits and vegetables from Zambia

Natural antioxidants present in herbs, spices, fruits, and vegetables can inhibit and prevent the deleterious effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and, hence are essential in the regulation of oxidative stress which is implicated as a precursor for several pathological conditions, including cardiovascular, neurodegenerative disorders, premature ageing and cancer including diabetes and hypertension. In this report, phytochemical screening of alkaloids, phenol/tannins, flavonoids, phyto-steroids, terpenoids, glycosides, saponins and the antioxidant activity of two traditional vegetables (Cucurbita moschata, CM and, Bidens pilosa, BP) and three edible wild fruits (Tamarindus indica, TI, Adansonia digitata, AD, and Kigelia africana, KA) commonly consumed in Zambia was investigated. Plant materials were macerated in either methanol or ethanol. Resultant crude extracts were analyzed for phytochemicals, total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid content (TFC) respectively. Antioxidant activity (AA) was determined by the reduction of stable radicals 2,4,6-tripyridyl-s-triazine (TPTZ) in ferric ion-reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP), 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl in the DPPH assay and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in the H2O2 radical scavenging assay, respectively. The TPC ranged from (0.53 ± 0.01 to 23.74 ± 0.02 mg GAE/g), and TFC ranged from (0.02 ± 0.00 to 15.03 ± 0.45 mg QE/g). Antioxidant activity with FRAP ranged from (3.59 ± 0.16 to 35.76 ± 0.33 mmol Fe (II)/g), % DPPH inhibition at 100 µg/mL of crude extract ranged from (25.53 ± 0.36 to 77.74 ± 0.48 µg/mL) and % H2O2 inhibition at 100 µg/mL of crude extract ranged from (24.70 ± 0.03 to 64.73 ± 0.02 µg/mL) respectively. For DPPH, the IC50 values of the ethanolic extracts of AD, KA, TI, BP and CM were 149.03, 199.21, 145.33, 35.24 and 172.09, while the methanolic extract values were 121.46, 127.80, 124.84, 35.78 and 65.88 µg/mL respectively. For H2O2, the IC50 values of the ethanolic extracts of AD, KA, TI, BP and CM were 151.34, 209.25, 118.033, 120.44 and 140.07, the methanolic values were 91.80, 158.18, 105.18, 102.21 and 50.26 µg/mL, respectively. The vegetables, BP and CM displayed higher TP/TF content and antioxidant activity than fruits. However, all the samples investigated in this study showed good antioxidant activity (correlation coefficient, R2 > 0.5) and their inclusion in a diet may offer protection from oxidative stress.

Acute toxicity, secondary metabolites, and antioxidant activity of Macaranga tanarius from post-coal mining and non-mining areas in East Kalimantan, Indonesia.

Coal plays a crucial role in Indonesia's foreign exchange and East Kalimantan's revenue sharing, yet its environmental impacts, including soil acidification, raises concerns. Reclamation measures involve revegetation with pioneer plants such as Macaranga sp., known for their medicinal properties. However, the pharmacological properties of these plants are influenced by secondary metabolites, which depend on soil parameters such as pH and nutrient levels. The aim of this study was to evaluate the acute toxicity, secondary metabolites, and antioxidant activities of Macaranga tanarius leaf extracts from post-coal mining area (MTPCMA) and non-mining area (MTNMA) alongside soil parameters. Acute toxicity of M. tanarius leaf extracts and soils were assessed using the brine shrimp lethality test (BSLT). Phytochemical screening was done using thin-layer chromatography (TLC), determining total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid content (TFC). The DPPH radical scavenging assay was used to assess the antioxidant activity. A comparative analysis between MTPCMA and MTNMA was conducted using Student t-test. The data showed no significant difference in toxicity between MTPCMA and MTNMA leaf extracts (LC50 of 100-1000 µg/mL) (p=0.062), and soils from both areas were non-toxic (LC50 of >1000 µg/mL). Although heavy metal concentrations were higher in PCMA than in NMA soil (p<0.001), secondary metabolite compounds and TFC in both extracts were not significantly different (p=0.076). Both extracts contained flavonoids and polyphenols with antioxidant activity and terpenoids without antioxidant activities. The DPPH radical scavenging test suggested insignificant antioxidant activity between MTPCMA and MTNMA extracts (p=0.237). In conclusion, non-toxic soils in post-mining land and insignificant differences between MTPCMA and MTNMA extracts suggest good soil nutrient availability, highlighting the success of land recovery after 10 years of revegetation with M. tanarius.

Pharmacognostic Evaluation and Antioxidant Activities of Tetracera indica (Christm. and Panz.) Merr

The community uses Tetracera indica (Christm. and Panz.) Merr extensively as a traditional medicine. This plant was the main source of raw materials for herbal medicinal products, so identification was needed to ensure its authenticity through pharmacognosy evaluation. The present study evaluated macros- and microscopic characteristics, performed phytochemical analysis, and performed total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid content (TFC) analysis. The organoleptic and macroscopic studies were carried out through sensory organs. The microscopic characteristics of leaf powder and twigs identification using chloral hydrate and distilled water. Numerous chemical reagents, TLC methods and LC-MS/MS analysis were employed in the phytochemical study. Research employed DPPH and FRAP tests to assess the antioxidant activity. Furthermore, quercetin was used as a marker of antioxidant activity. The morphological marker of the leaf T. indica showed the surface of the leaves is rough bristles, shape elliptic-oblong, margin serratus and phyllotaxy alternate. The stem is lignosus, and the rough stem surface is slightly peeling. The lower leaf surface had paracytic stomata and uniseriate trichomes with tapering ends. Raphide crystals and cork cells were detected in the powder analysis of the twigs. The ethyl acetate extract's twig had the highest TPC and TFC values. Ethyl acetate extract from Tetracera indica twigs has potent antioxidant activity with IC50 = 99.84±0.011 µg/ml (DPPH) and 4296.67±0.024 mol/g (FRAP). The study showed that Tetracera indica contains possible active components that could be developed as novel antioxidants. The result of this study might provide early verification and identification to obtain quality medicinal raw materials.

NADES-Based Extracts of Selected Medicinal Herbs as Promising Formulations for Cosmetic Usage

As a functional extraction medium, natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) can dissolve various plant metabolites. Those solvents provide untapped potential for creating novel green extracts with distinctive phytochemical signatures and unique biological activities. This is particularly relevant given the rising need for eco-friendly and sustainable skin care products. The main aim of this work was to optimize the most efficient natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) for extracting bioactives from 18 medicinal herbs applicable to the cosmetic industry. Selection of the most potent herbs involved assessing their conventional extracts for tyrosinase inhibition, antioxidant activity, and keratinocyte cytotoxicity. Moreover, we analyzed the phenolic profile using ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (UHPLC/MS) and spectrophotometric assays such as total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid content (TFC). Using the COSMO-RS method, we modeled the solubility of 12 phenolics in 64 virtual NADESs and selected the 7 most promising ones for further experimental validation. NADESs, including betaine-urea, betaine-proline, and betaine-lysine, were computationally chosen and demonstrated the highest levels of TPC and antioxidative capacity, as confirmed by in vitro assays. The proposed combination of NADES herbal extracts represents a promising natural constituent for the cosmetic industry.

Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity of Hydroethanolic and Aqueous Extracts of the Inflorescences of Allium sphaerocephalon L.

The objective of this effort is to quantify the amounts of phenolics and the in vitro antioxidant capacities of Allium sphaerocephalon L. flowers’ hydroethanolic (EOH) and aqueous (AQE) extracts. The two extracts' total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid content (TFC) were determined spectrophotometrically. Results showed the extraction yield obtained by EOH and AQE were 18.30% and 11.80%, respectively. The EOH gave higher amounts of TPC (12.73±0.91µg GAE/mg DW) and TFC (7.67±0.24µg QE/mg DW) than AQE (TPC = 9.71±0.53µg GAE/mg DW and TFC= 5.68±0.90µg QE/ mg DW). Five techniques were used to train antioxidant activity. The EOH extract had high activity in DPPH radical scavenging capacities and β-carotene bleaching assay, while the AQE extract had high activity in metal chelating ions and reducing power assay. However, both extracts had no different significance in cupric-reducing capacity. A moderate quantity of flavonoids and polyphenols, as well as a satisfactory level of antioxidant activity, were observed in both preparations derived from the flowers of A. sphaerocephalon L., where this activity is not all fully related to the amount of phenolic compounds.

DETERMINATION OF TOTAL PHENOLIC AND FLAVONOID CONTENT AND EVALUATION OF ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES OF CUSCUTA REFLEXA

Background: The aim of the study was to identify functional groups and antioxidant activity of the Cuscuta reflexa (C. reflexa) stems extract. Due to the reach of medicinal components, it has been using among Indian subcontinent people to treat various chronic diseases for ancient era. However, there are lacks of study on antioxidant activities of C. reflexa with its potential therapeutic compounds, therefore this study motivated to investigate more on its stems extract for further explore. Methods: Soxhlet extraction method was employed to extract phenolic compounds from C. reflexa stems. The effect of extraction time (1-4 h) and concentration of ethanol (45%, 60%, 75% and 90%) on the percentage of yield, total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid content (TFC) was investigated. The functional groups of phenolic compounds were characterized by using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry (FTIR). DPPH and ABTS•+ radical scavengers were used to evaluate antioxidant activity. Results: Data showed the highest percentage of yield (10.22±0.14% w/w), TPC (64.11±0.17%, mg GAE/g d.w.) and TFC (41.08±0.34%, mg QE/g d.w.) at 3 h with 75% ethanol. FTIR results revealed the presence of functional groups associated phenolic compounds which are the band at 1260 cm−1 illustrations the C–O groups of polyols existence and C – O –C of ester for presence of quercetin which represent the hydroxy flavonoids in the extract. DPPH and ABTS•+ radical scavengers were showed very potent antioxidant activity with IC50 295.12±1.33 and 245.43±0.78 μg/mL. Conclusion: Phenolic and flavonoids enriched C. reflexa extract may play a potential role as a natural nutritional and therapeutic source in Bangladesh. Peer Review History: Received: 27 October 2023; Revised: 19 November; Accepted: 28 December, Available online: 15 January 2024 Academic Editor: Dr. Ali Abdullah Al-yahawi, Al-Razi university, Department of Pharmacy, Yemen, alyahawipharm@yahoo.com Received file: Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.0/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.0/10 Reviewers: Dr. Sangeetha Arullappan, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Malaysia, sangeetha@utar.edu.my Prof. Ali Gamal Ahmed Al-kaf, Sana'a university, Yemen, alialkaf21@gmail.com

Comparative study between homemade and commercial hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) extracts regarding their phenolic profile and antioxidant activity

Crataegus species (hawthorn) have been commonly used in traditional medicine, especially for the treatment of congestive heart failure. Many studies confirmed that they are rich in polyphenols, thus exhibiting strong antioxidant activity, which contribute to the beneficial effects of hawthorn on the cardiovascular system. In the market, there are many herbal medicinal products based on hawthorn, which consumption as adjuvant therapy in heart-related issues is supported by European Medicines Agency. Since there is a global trend of making homemade herbal preparations, this study aimed to compare whether there is a difference in polyphenol profile and antioxidant potential between homemade and commercial ethanol extracts of hawthorn. Polyphenol profile was evaluated by determination of total phenolic and flavonoid contents, and by quantitative analysis of selected polyphenols by liquid chromatography? mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry. Antioxidant potential was examined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, ferric ion reducing antioxidant power and lipid peroxidation inhibition assays. The results of this study suggest that homemade ethanol extracts of hawthorn flowers, leaves and fruits are just as good source of polyphenols and antioxidants as commercial ones, and their utilization should be supported. Furthermore, hawthorn extracts made of leaves and flowers are better source of bioactive polyphenols and have higher antioxidant activity compared with the same of fruits, regardless of the method of preparation.

Chemical Profiling, in-vitro biological evaluation and molecular docking studies of Ruellia tweediana: An unexplored plant

Many Ruellia species have been utilized in traditional medicine and despite the prevalent use of Ruellia tweediana in folk medicine, its antioxidant potential and polyphenol content have not been investigated. Therefore, the present study aimed to explore the medicinal value of R. tweediana by evaluating its total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid contents (TFC), GC–MS analysis, antioxidant, antibacterial, and enzyme inhibition activities. The TPC and TFC of the extract/fractions were assessed using the Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminum trichloride methods, respectively. To determine the antioxidant capacity, five different assays were used: DPPH, ABTS, CUPRAC, FRAP, and metal chelating assays. The inhibition activity against α-glucosidase, α-amylase, cholinesterases, and lipoxygenase enzymes was also analyzed. Furthermore, GC–MS was performed for chemical screening of non-polar fraction. The methanol extract showed the maximum TPC (167.34 ± 2.23 mg GAE/g) and TFC (120.43 ± 1.71 mg RE/g) values among all the tested samples. GC–MS screening of the n-hexane fraction showed the presence of 40 different phytoconstituents. The results demonstrated the highest scavenging potential of the methanol extract against DPPH (167.79 ± 2.75 mg TE/g) and ABTS (255.32 ± 2.91 mg TE/g) radicals, as well as the metal-reducing capacity measured by CUPRAC (321.34 ± 3.09 mg TE/g), FRAP (311.32 ± 2.91 mg TE/g), and metal chelating assay (246.78 ± 10.34 mg EDTAE/g). Notably, the n-hexane fraction revealed the highest α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibition activity (186.8 ± 2.84 and 179.7 ± 4.32 mg ACAE/g, respectively) while methanol extract showed highest acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibition activity (198.6 ± 3.31 and 184.3 ± 2.92 mg GALE/g, respectively). The GC–MS identified Lupeol showed best binding affinity with all docked enzymes as compared to standard compounds. The presence of bioactive phytoconstituents showed by GC–MS underscores the medicinal importance of R. tweediana, making it a promising candidate for natural medicine.

FARKLI KURUTMA TEKNİKLERİNİN HURMA ERİĞİ MEYVELERİNİN (DIOSPYROS LOTUS L.) BİYOAKTİF, RENK, ANTİBAKTERİYEL VE DUYUSAL ÖZELLİKLERİ ÜZERİNE ETKİSİ

In this study, the effects of hot air drying (HD), vacuum drying (VD) and freeze drying (FD) processes on total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid contents (TFC), antioxidant capacity (AC), color and antibacterial properties and sensory evaluation of date plum (DP) fruit were determined. Total phenolic, total flavonoid and antioxidant capacity values of dried and fresh samples were determined as 13.86-7.45 mg GAE/g, 7.17-4.09 mg CE/g and 86.60-54.98%, respectively. The highest inhibition levels against Bacillus cereus (24.50 mm) and Salmonella Typhimurium (24.67 mm), Yersinia enterocolitica (25.75 mm) and Staphylococcus aureus (25.17 mm) were determined for HD and VD, respectively. In terms of sensory evaluation, FD drying was scored similarly to fresh samples (P&amp;gt;0.05). Overall, FD drying could be applied for longer preservation of DP fruits in terms of bioactive properties, color and sensory evaluation.

In vitro antioxidant and anticholinesterase activity of Aegle marmelos fruit: implications for Alzheimer’s disease treatment

AbstractBackgroundIncreased antioxidant and anticholinesterase activity are key pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In various Ayurvedic formulations Aegle marmelos (AM) belonging to family Rutaceae have traditionally been used as a brain tonic. However, there was no scientific validate proof of it. Hence, the present study was aimed to identify bioactive extract/fraction/constituent of AM fruit having potential to treat AD.MethodFour different crude extracts of AM fruits by using different solvents on basis of increasing polarity‐such as petroleum ether, chloroform, methanol and distilled water‐by successive Soxhlet extraction were prepared and evaluated for in‐vitro antioxidant and anticholinesterase inhibition assay by using DPPH and Ellman’s assay respectively. Most bioactive extract was further subjected to fractionation by using solvent‐solvent partioning followed by flash chromatography for further sub fractionation of most bioactive fraction. Total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid content (TFC) was also calculatedResultComparative evaluation of all four prepared extracts for in‐vitro antioxidant and anticholinesterase inhibition assays showed that the methanol extract (ME) was most bioactive. Furthermore, bioactivity‐guided fractionation of this bioactive ME revealed that Dichloromethane (DCM) fraction evinced highest antioxidant and anticholinesterase activity with IC50 value 74.56±1.43 µg/ml and 47.65±2.76 µg/ml due to presence of higher phenolic and flavonoid content. However, further sub‐fractionation of DCM fraction showed significantly higher IC50 values thus decreased activity.ConclusionThis preliminary study clearly suggested that the DCM fraction from the ME of A. marmelos may prove to be potential candidate for the treatment of AD may be due to synergistic effect of phenolic and flavonoid content present in it. However, to validate the neuroprotective effect of DCM fraction of AM fruit against AD further exploration at cellular and molecular level is required to underlying its pharmacological mechanism as well as identification of the active phytoconstituents responsible for anti‐Alzheimer’s effect.

세포벽 분해 효소 처리 및 Saccharomyces cerevisiae 발효가 녹차 잎의 항산화 및 항균 활성에 미치는 영향

This study was conducted to suggest an extraction method for preparing the extract from green tea leaves that possess enhanced antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Different ethanol concentrations were tested to recover phenolics and flavonoids, and 50% ethanol was the best under heat treatment (121°C, 15 min). The ethanol extract exhibited excellent DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity and growth inhibition against B. cereus, B. licheniformis, S. aureus subsp. aureus, and A. hydrophila subsp. hydrophila. To enhance the antioxidant and antibacterial activities, cell-wall degrading enzymes (2.5% cellulose + 2.5% pectinase, v/w dry sample) treatment and Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation were applied singly or in combination. The enzymatic treatment of green tea leaves notably increased extraction yield. However, the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of the extract were lower than those of the control (heat-treated 50% ethanol extract). In contrast, the yeast fermentation alone did not affect the yield, but enhanced antioxidant and antibacterial activities, contributing to the increase in the extract’s total phenolic and flavonoid contents.

Insights on the Nutraceutical Properties of Different Specialty Teas Grown and Processed in a German Tea Garden.

European countries have recently started experimenting with growing and producing their own teas in small quantities, mainly for the specialty tea sector. To characterize European teas, this study investigated a set of five tea types obtained from different Camellia sinensis varieties/cultivars, representing various oxidation grades (green, white, yellow, oolong, black), all grown and processed in the only tea garden in Europe (in Germany) that focuses on all five types. Hot and cold brews were studied by measuring the total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid contents (TFC), the antioxidant capacity and UV-Vis spectra, also with the objective of discriminating between the different tea types and the different plant varieties. The dried leaves were analyzed to measure the content of essential and toxic elements and by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy to determine a chemical fingerprint for identifying the tea varieties and types. The average levels of TPC (hot brew = 5.82 ± 2.06; cold brew = 5.4 ± 2.46 mM GAEq), TFC (hot brew = 0.87 ± 0.309; cold brew = 0.87 ± 0.413 mM CAEq), and antioxidant capacity (ORAC assay-hot brew = 20.9 ± 605; cold brew = 21.8 ± 8.0 mM TXEq, ABTS assay-hot brew = 15.2 ± 5.09; cold brew = 15.1 ± 5.8 mM TXEq, FRAP assay-hot brew = 9.2 ± 3.84; cold brew = 10.4 ± 5.23 mM AAEq) observed compared well with those from other parts of the world such as China, Africa, and Taiwan. The hazard quotient <1 and the hazard index of 0.14 indicate that there is no non-carcinogenic risk from consumption of these teas. The obtained information is essential for elucidating the characteristics and the impact of tea processing and tea variety on the health benefits of these tea products coming from a single European tea garden. This multifaceted approach would help tea growers in Europe increase their knowledge on the health attributes of the teas they grow, ultimately leading to optimization of the nutraceutical properties of these teas.

Effect of Fermentation Time on Antioxidants Activity and Sensory Evaluation of the Kombucha Tea Beverage Prepared with Hibiscus and Tamarind

A fermented beverage called kombucha is made by fermenting green or black tea with sugar and adding the SCOBY symbiotic bacteria under aerobic conditions. Hibiscus and tamarind drinks are traditional drinks that are distinguished in their functional and sensory characteristics. Therefore, in this research, work has been done to transform hibiscus and tamarind drinks from traditional and functional drinks into fermented drinks with new functional and therapeutic properties as well as sensory distinctiveness in taste and color. Also, the study estimated the pH, total phenolic and flavonoid content, as well as DPPH and sensory evaluation in the novel drinks and compared them with traditional kombucha tea. In addition, the study determined the proper fermentation time with incubated yeast (SCOBY). The measurements of day seven and fourteen fermentation were taken for Kombucha tea, Kombucha tea with hibiscus, and Kombucha tea with tamarind then compared with black tea. Caffeine in black tea was more than in Kombucha tea and others may be due to the black tea contained the highest total phenolic and flavonoids which were 164.53 and 12.91 μg/mL, respectively. Moreover, the radical scavenging ability of the hibiscus and tamarind seems to point out at act as functional foods. Fermented hibiscus beverage has the best sensory evaluation among all resulting beverages. The juice showed a difference in color according to the drink and the fermentation period, in addition to the different colors of the SCOBY With different beverages. So, it could be recommended that the fortification of the Kombucha tea beverage with hibiscus and tamarind enhances its nutritional qualities and phytochemical compositions.

Evaluating the antimicrobial activity, antioxidant potential and GC-MS based chemical characterization of Cannabis sativa found in Pakistan

Introduction: Cannabis is a dioecious plant belonging to the family Cannabaecae.Objective: The present work was conducted to study the antimicrobial activity, antioxidant potential andGC-MS-based metabolite profiling of Cannabis.Methods: The antimicrobial activity of Cannabis extract was assessed through disc-diffusion method. Theanti-oxidant potential of CEO was checked through DPPH assay and FRAP assay. We also assessed the totalphenolic (TPC) and flavonoid content (TFC) of the extract. The phytocompounds present in the Cannabisextract were characterized by using GC-MS.Results: The antimicrobial assay revealed significant activity against Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus aureusand Klebsiella pneumoniae, whereas moderate antioxidant activity was shown by Cannabis extract, having76.54% inhibition in DPPH assay and 56.10% inhibition in FRAP assay. TPC and TFC were 26.77 mg GAE/gD.E. and 34.45 mg QE/g D.W, respectively. The chemical characterization of Cannabis extract by GC-MSshows the presence of cannabinoids, terpenes, aliphatic compounds, alkanes and sesquiterpenes.

Total Phenolic, Flavonoid content, and Antioxidant properties of Fermented Honey-Garlic in Hyperlipidemia Rats

Hyperlipidemia and oxidative stress have been associated with disease progressions such as cardiovascular disorders, degenerative diseases, and metabolic diseases with various complications. Increasing lipid peroxidation can be detected by measuring the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), Superoxide dismutase (SOD), and Glutathione (GSH). This study aims to analyze the total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid content (TFC) and the effect of fermented honey-garlic (FHG) on oxidative stress parameters MDA, SOD, and GSH in hyperlipidemic rats. TPC was calculated using the Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetric method at 405nm using gallic acid as the standard. TFC was determined using a colorimetric test with AlCl3 at 433nm using quercetin as a standard. Wistar male rats were treated with a high cholesterol diet to induce hyperlipidemia (&gt;100mg/dl), then treated with oral FHG at different doses, 2.5; 5; and 10ml/kg/day for 14 days. The positive control group was treated with simvastatin (10mg/kg/day) for 14 days orally. Serum was taken to analyse MDA, SOD, and GSH. The DPPH free radical scavenging experiment was used to calculate the antioxidant potential of the FHG at 525 nm. The results showed that FHG has a TFC value of 4.7mg QE/g and a TPC value of 6.4mg QE/g, with IC50 values of 49.34g/mL. FHG also demonstrated outstanding antioxidant capabilities indicated by significantly increase SOD levels but not MDA and GSH levels. The reduction of oxidative stress in rats treated with FGH is facilitated by antioxidant activity.

Phenolic Profiles, Antihyperglycemic, Anti-Diabetic, and Antioxidant Properties of Egyptian Sonchus oleraceus Leaves Extract: An In Vivo Study.

This study aimed to investigate the phenolic and antioxidant properties of Egyptian Sonchus oleraceus leaves extract (SOE) while comparing the antihyperglycemic efficacy of SOE with that of conventional medicines (glibenclamide) in vivo as a substitution for insulin-deficient patients. Total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid contents (TFC) in SOE contributed around 127.66 ± 0.56 mg GAE/gm as gallic acid equivalent (GAE) and 74.80 ± 0.55 mg QE/gm as quercetin equivalent (QE). SOE also showed significant DPPH scavenging activity at 43.46%. The presence of five phenolic and six flavonoid compounds in SOE was discovered by HPLC analysis. For the in vivo assay, 42 rats were distributed into six groups (7 Wister albino rats each). The standard control group was fed a basal diet. While the 35 rats were induced with a single dose of 100 mg kg-1 body weight (b.w.) alloxan, then treated orally with glibenclamide (GLI) at 10 mg kg-1, 100, 200, and 300 mg kg-1 SOE (positive control group) for 56 days of routine gastric oral gavages and compared to the effects of GLI, the treatment of SOE 200 and 300 mg kg-1 in diabetic rats for two months dramatically decreased blood glucose, total lipid, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC) while boosting high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC) levels and improving liver and kidney functions. The histological assay revealed that the SOE 300 mg kg-1 treatment significantly improved the pancreas tissues, implying the potential application of Egyptian SOE as a diabetes treatment.

Phytochemical Screening on Phenolic, Flavonoid Contents, and Antioxidant Activities of Six Indigenous Plants Used in Traditional Thai Medicine.

The antioxidant activity of a traditional Thai formula has been studied and compared to each plant. The formula comprised the roots of Caesalpinia digyna Rottler, Huberantha cerasoides (Roxb.) Benth), Oxyceros horridus Lour, Antidesma ghaesembilla Gaerth, Combretum quadrangulare Kurz, and Ziziphus cambodiana Pierre. The stem was also studied in comparison. The ethanolic extract from each plant part and the mixed plants mimicking the traditional formula were prepared and investigated for antioxidant capability in vitro via DPPH radical scavenging and ferric-reducing antioxidant power assays. The phytochemical constituents were determined by chemical screening, total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid contents (TFC), and high-performance liquid chromatography. The relationship between antioxidant activity and the contributed phytochemicals was determined using correlation analysis and principal component analysis (PCA). Results showed that extracts from both parts of the plant formula showed the highest antioxidant activity compared to a single plant extract. Among the six plants, C. digyna exhibited the highest TPC and antioxidant activity. TPC had a strong positive correlation with antioxidant activity. PCA revealed that gallic acid contributed to the antioxidant activity. In conclusion, the ethanolic extracts of the traditional formula and C. digyna have the potential for further chemical characterization and study related to antioxidant activity.

Some factors affecting the bioactive substances of lactogenic tea

This study aims to perform the phytochemical screening composition for galactagogue herbs and determining the total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid contents (TFC). Terpenes, saponins, tannins, alkaloids, phenolics, and flavonoids were found in water extracts of banana inflorescence (Musa sapientum L), white holy basil leaves (Ocimum sanctum L.), rhizomes of Thai ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe), and powdered lactogenic product. The results show that the TPC were greater than the TFC for all fresh parts of banana inflorescences. Following the M1 method, fresh banana floret gave the greatest TPC, superior to those with M2 or M3, while the TFC with M1 and M2 methods applied to banana floret was significantly greater than that of banana bracts or banana cores. After harvest and dehydration of the banana inflorescence, TPC and TFC after one-day storage were higher than those at five-days of storage. Meanwhile, TPC and TFC on both fresh and dehydrated white holy basil tended to decrease due to heat intolerance, deterioration, and brewing. In contrast, TPC and TFC of Thai ginger increased on dehydration. The maceration with press-shear force interaction (PAI) pretreatment, and with PAI combined with moist heat, strongly increase the bioactive contents. SEM imaging demonstrated that PAI with moist heat tended to enlarge the micro-pore volume and simultaneously increased pores, resulting in more adsorption of these compounds.

Cyperus rotundus L. rhizome extract modulates immune system and induces apoptotic in 4T1-tumor bearing mice

Context: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a type of breast cancer with the highest aggressiveness and malignancy characteristics. Aims: To evaluate the possible anticancer potential of Cyperus rotundus rhizome extract (CRE) against 4T1-tumor-bearing mice. Methods: C. rotundus rhizome was extracted using maceration methods with ethanol. C. rotundus extract (CRE) was then determined the total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid content (TFC) using colorimetric analysis. The cytotoxic activity of CRE against 4T1 cells was carried out operating WST-1 assay, and the IC50 value was then used for in vivo study. The 4T1-tumor-bearing mice were treated with CRE at 72.5, 145, and 290 mg/kg body weight (BW) for two weeks or treated with cisplatin once a week for two weeks (4 mg/kg BW). The analysis of IL-2 cytokines production and the activation of CD4 and CD8 T cells was assessed using flow cytometry analysis. Histopathological analysis with hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining was applied to determine the outcome of CRE on breast cancer tissue. Results: CRE indicated a higher TPC (76.97 mg GAE/g) value than TFC (29.37 mg QE/g). This study demonstrated a significant reduction of IL-2 cytokines and CD4 T cell activation in treated groups than in the cancer group (p&lt;0.05) and showed a good prognosis, further confirmed by histopathological data. The breast tissue of 4T1-tumor-bearing mice in treated groups showed apoptotic cells compared to the cancer group, which has more viable cells. Conclusions: The high phenolic content in CRE can modulate mice's immune systems and induce cancer cell apoptosis.

Phytochemical Analysis, In Vitro Biological Activities, and Computer-Aided Analysis of Potentilla nepalensis Hook Compounds as Potential Melanoma Inhibitors Based on Molecular Docking, MD Simulations, and ADMET.

Potentilla nepalensis Hook is a perennial Himalayan medicinal herb of the Rosaceae family. The present study aimed to evaluate biological activities such as the antioxidant, antibacterial, and anticancer activities of roots and shoots of P. nepalensis and its synergistic antibacterial activity with antibacterial drugs. Folin-Ciocalteau and aluminium chloride methods were used for the calculation of total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid content (TFC). A DPPH radical scavenging assay and broth dilution method were used for the determination of the antioxidant and antibacterial activity of the root and shoot extracts of P. nepalensis. Cytotoxic activity was determined using a colorimetric MTT assay. Further, phytochemical characterization of the root and shoot extracts was performed using the Gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometry (GC-MS) method. The TPC and TFC were found to be higher in the methanolic root extract of P. nepalensis. The methanolic shoot extract of P. nepalensis showed good antioxidant activity, while then-hexane root extract of P. nepalensis showed strong cytotoxic activity against tested SK-MEL-28 cells. Subsequently, in silico molecular docking studies of the identified bioactive compounds predicted potential anticancer properties. This study can lead to the production of new herbal medicines for various diseases employing P. nepalensis, leading to the creation of new medications.