Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons Values Research Articles

Remediation of spent engine oil-contaminated soil through biostimulation and bioaugmentation with sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and indigenous hydrocarbonoclastic bacterial isolates.

Pollution caused by spent engine oil has become a major global ecological concern as it constitutes a big threat to plants, animals, microorganisms and the soil ecosystem. This study was undertaken to examine the remediation of spent engine oil-contaminated soil through biostimulation and bioaugmentation with sodium dodecyl sulphate and indigenous hydrocarbonoclastic bacterial isolates. Twelve mesocosms were organized into four groups designated G1, G2, G3 and G4 and each filled with 2.5kg of soil samples. Each group was composed of three mesocosms to produce a triplicate setup. G1 contained pristine soil which served as a positive control. G2 contained a total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) of 913.333mg/kg in the untreated oil-polluted soil which served as a negative control. G3 contained a TPH of 913.333mg/kg in the polluted soil inoculated with indigenous hydrocarbonoclastic bacterial isolates. G4 contained a TPH of 913.333mg/kg in the polluted soil mixed with bacterial consortium and sodium dodecyl sulphate. The level of pollution was 36.5% in the triplicate setup G2, G3 and G4. Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy was used to determine the degree of hydrocarbon degradation. The initial TPH value of 913.33mg/kg was reduced by 84.44% (142mg/kg) in soil inoculated with indigenous hydrocarbonoclastic bacterial isolates and by 88.28% (106.66mg/kg) in biostimulated soil. Result of this study show that soil stimulation involving bacterial consortium and sodium dodecyl sulphate was more efficient than bioaugmentation strategy alone used in the remediation of spent engine oil-polluted soil.

Survivability and growth performance of using Rhizophora mangrove life stages in the revegetation of mangrove forest

Mangrove forests play critical environmental, social and economic roles; however, these forests have been threatened globally for decades. In Nigeria, oil spills in mangroves are among the leading causes of mangrove degradation in the Niger Delta. This study analyses the survivability and growth performance of three Rhizophora racemosa mangrove life stages, propagules, sprouted propagules, and seedlings planted on a remediated mangrove forest. Three sites were used for the study; before planting, the total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) and nutrient concentration (Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Sulphur) in the sediments of each site were analysed. Surface and subsurface composite sediment samples were analysed for TPH, while sub-surface sediment samples were analysed for nutrient concentration. A total of 100 propagules, 46 sprouted propagules, and 141 seedlings were planted in three sites. Monitoring for growth and survivability started after one month, and plants were monitored for one year. Growth monitoring (Increase in height and leave count) was limited to 20 tagged propagules, 5 tagged sprouted propagules, and 25 tagged seedlings, while survivability monitoring was done for the entire plant. The average TPH values at all sites were 192 mg/kg for surface samples and 145 mg/kg for subsurface samples. Nutrient concentration values slightly varied at all sites. A one-way ANOVA showed no significant difference in the TPH values (p = .205) and nutrient concentration values (p = .411) across the three sites. Sprouted propagules had the best growth rate and showed a significant height difference (p = .02) from propagules. Seedlings had a better growth rate than propagules after one year. Survival rates for sprouted propagule were 100%, while seedlings had a 95% survival rate, and propagule had a survival rate of 87% after one year of monitoring.

Spatial distribution of total petroleum hydrocarbons in the seawater and sediment of Southeast coast of India.

The spatial distribution of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) were analysed in the seawater and sediment samples collected from 27 locations along the Southeast coast of India. A first-time assessment was carried out on the distribution of TPH in both water and sediments for the entire coastline of Tamil Nadu. The concentration of TPH in seawater showed large spatial variation ranging from below detection level (BDL) to 47.5μg/L and 0.01 to 53.12μg/L in the surface and bottom waters, respectively. TPH levels exceeded the regulatory limits specified by FAO, China's Marine Monitoring Standards and the European Community in the seawater samples of Thoothukudi harbour (S2 station). The results showed that seawaters of southern stations were comparatively more polluted with TPH. TPH values in sediment were between 2.33 and 30.07μg/g, and their levels remained below the Marine Sediment Quality Standard (500μg/g). The spatial profile of TPH in sediments were contrasting to that observed for seawater. Higher TPH values were observed in sediments of the northern region than southern. TPH contents are strongly correlated with clay (R2 = 0.776; P < 0.001) and silt (R2 = 0.648; P < 0.001); conversely, there is a significant negative correlation between TPH and sand (R2 = 0.753; P < 0.001). ANOVA analysis demonstrated a significant difference (F = 11.75; p < 0.01) between the TPH concentrations of water and sediments. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (nMDS) was performed to determine the similarity among sampling stations that formed five crusted groups. Sediment along the southeast coast can be categorised as slightly polluted with respect to TPH as per the ATSDR standards.

Study on Amendment of Rapeseed Meal, Soybean Meal, and NPK Fertilizer as Biostimulants in Bioremediation of Diesel-Contaminated Soil by Autochthonous Microorganisms

ABSTRACT The adverse impact of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) can be mitigated through bioremediation. However, the efficiency of bioremediation is often compromised due to its slow speed. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the promoting effect of organic and inorganic biostimulants on the bioremediation rate of autochthonous microorganisms. The study examined the impact of rapeseed meal (biostimulation-BS1), soybean meal (BS2), and NPK fertilizer (BS3), as biostimulants on pH, bacterial and fungal count, enzymatic activities, and also TPH values of diesel-contaminated soil. The results revealed that amending the soil with rapeseed meal, soybean meal, and NPK fertilizer resulted in a significant increase in dehydrogenase and catalase activities, with 9.96, 7.7, and 6.75-fold and 2.52, 2.4, and 2.52-fold enhancement, respectively, compared to natural attenuation (NA-as control) which contains diesel-contaminated soil without any organic or inorganic amendments. Moreover, the pH value of the BS1 (6.4) and BS2 (6.77) groups was almost neutral. The growth of heterotrophic and hydrocarbon-utilizing bacteria and fungi was significantly improved with organic matter amendment (P < .05). The TPH removal efficiencies in natural attenuation, BS1, BS2, BS3, and rapeseed meal+ soybean meal+ NPK fertilizer (BS4) groups were 49.22%, 71.65%, 90.55%, 65.77%, and 55.25%, respectively. Molecular identification revealed that three hydrocarbon-utilizing bacteria belonged to various genera, including Nocardiopsis, Streptomyces, and Mammaliicoccus. Overall, this study suggests that amending organic compounds to contaminated soil is an effective, cost-effective, and eco-friendly strategy to improve the bioremediation rate of autochthonous microorganisms.

Comparative Study of Heavy Metals and Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon Concentrations in Remediated and Non-Remediated Crude Oil Contaminated Soil

Abstract: The discharge of crude oil products to the environment (soil, water and air) has great negative impacts on the ecosystem. Most of these effects are from heavy metals, total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) among others. The aim of this research is to assess the effectiveness of the remediation on impacted soil through comparative analysis, and provide a recent data base on the pollution status of the soil. A stratified and random method of sample collection was adopted. From the three locations in Nkelleoken community, the result from the remediated soil showed that the greater amount of almost all the metals are bounded to F4 and F5 which are non-bioavailable to plants. Meanwhile the one from non- remediated soil is the opposite. The total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) results from the non-remediated soil samples were comparatively larger than that of the remediated soil (from 418.30±42.13 to 502.68 mg/kg). Whereas the TPH values from remediated site ranged from 193.65±37.20 to 207.0.4±70.14. Compared to the WHO standard (100-300 mg/kg) the TPH in the remediated soil were below the background limit. Microplasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy and Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon Analyzer were used for the quantification of the inorganic and organic pollutants.

Pollution level and health risk assessment of the total petroleum hydrocarbon in marine environment and aquatic products: a case of China.

To evaluate the pollution level and health risk of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH), seawater, sediments, and aquatic organisms were sampled from the southern sea area of Zhejiang Province (Yangtze River Delta, China) between 2017 and 2019. TPH was widely present in the aquatic environment and products, and its concentration was highly variable. The average value of pollution index (PI) exceeded 1 from 2017 to 2018, and 45.46-69.19% of seawater samples and 56.87-50.00% of sediment samples were polluted. The results showed significant differences in the TPH concentration in various species of aquatic organisms. The average TPH value in aquatic organisms could be ranked in the order as follows: bivalve > shrimp > crab > fish, further reflecting that the ability to accumulate and metabolize TPH existed differently among aquatic organisms within the same pond aquaculture environment. It was relatively safe to eat aquatic products since the exposure risk index was found to be far below the threshold value in this study. Therefore, it would be prudent to undertake regular monitoring of TPH to ensure effective ecosystem functioning and seafood safety in the southern Zhejiang ocean.

Bacterial strains diversity in contaminated soils and their potential for bioremediation of total petroleum hydrocarbons in south west of Iran.

The main purpose of this research was investigating of bioremediation potential oily contaminated soils using native bacterial strains in an oil field. In this research, total bacterial consortium were identified in oily soils with sandy loam texture as case and non-contaminated soils as controls during six months. The dominant strains present on contaminated soil were identified by DNA extraction using 16S rDNA gene sequencing via NGS technique and compared with bacteria present in non-contaminated soil as control samples. Furthermore, quantitative variations of bacterial count along with total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) removal was performed in oily (case) samples to investigate the relation between TPH removal and changes in bacterial density. The TPH values were determined with gas chromatography equipped with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID). The dominant identified bacteria in oily soil were as follows: Halomonas, Moraxellaceae, Thalassobacillus, Zhihengliuella and Enterobacteriaceae which varied significantly from those identified in control soil. The bacterial diversity was higher in contaminated soil and a TPH removal of 50.9% was observed over a period of six months monitoring. Indigenous bacteria in oil-contaminated soils of an oilfield in south west of Iran were found to be able to degrade Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons. Our results showed that bioremediation of oil-contaminated soils can be implemented without need to amplification of heterogeneous bacteria. Considering sandy loam texture of soil samples, the identified strains of bacteria could be introduced as sufficient consortium for biodegradation of this soils with similar texture.

UJI EFEKTIVITAS KOTORAN SAPI DALAM REMEDIASI TANAH TOP SOIL YANG TERCEMAR OLI

Oil waste that enters the soil will cause damage to the soil. Bioremediation is an alternative to hazardous waste treatment which is relatively more economical, easy and environmentally friendly. This technology utilizes microbial activity to treat polluted soil. Cow dung is an organic material that contains many microbes and also contains good nutrition for microbial growth. Cow dung contains several microorganisms such as bacteria (Bacillus sp, Lactobacillus sp and Corynebacterium sp), fungi (Trichoderma sp and Aspergillus sp), protozoan and yeast species (Candida sp and Saccharomyces sp). Cow dung in this study acts as a bioactivator and a source of nutrients for microbes in degrading Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) in oil-contaminated soil. This study aims to determine the effect of adding cow dung on bioremediation of oil-contaminated soil. This study consisted of six (6) treatments, namely the concentration of cow dung with variations in concentrations of 0 gr, 20 gr, 40 gr, 60 gr, 80 gr, and 100 gr on each soil of 300 gr and processing time for 30 days and analyzed 2 times a day. In this study, measurements of pH and TPH values ​​were carried out. The results of the analysis showed that the addition of cow dung with a concentration of 100 gr on 300 gr of soil was able to reduce the TPH value from 3.6% to 0.2%, with the effectiveness of reducing TPH by 86.66% within 30 days. Based on the results of the analysis using the Simple Linear Regression Test, it was stated that the bioremediation time and the addition of the concentration of cow dung had an effect on the decrease in the TPH value.

Imprints of COVID-19 lockdowns on total petroleum hydrocarbon levels in Asia's largest brackish water lagoon

India successfully executed one of the strictest lockdowns in the world during the height of the COVID-19 pandemic in early 2020, which provided unique opportunities to analyze the second-largest populous country's anthropogenic footprint on its natural systems. India's first Ramsar site and the world's second-largest brackish water system Chilika lagoon experienced a substantial decline (64%) in the total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPHC) level in water, which was attributed to the massive declines or, at times, an abrupt complete halt of motorized boat operations for fishing and tourism. Using the TPHC values during the lockdown period, our study recommends a TPHC baseline threshold of 2.02 μg L−1 and 0.91 μg g−1 for Chilika waters and sediment, respectively. These baseline values can be used to quantify oil pollution and to formulate policy and management action plans for Chilika lagoon as well as for other similar ecosystems by local environmental agencies.

Physicochemical Indices of Phyto Remediated Hydrocarbon Polluted Soil and the Effect of Bio-nutrient Amendment

Aim: To assess the Physicochemical indices of Phytoremediated Crude Oil polluted amended soil using grass plant Cyperus esculentus (Cyp) and Phyllanthus amarus (Phy).&#x0D; Study Design: The study employs experimental design, statistical analysis of the data and interpretation.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: Rivers State University demonstration farmland in Nkpolu- Oroworukwo, Mile 3 Diobu area of Port Harcourt, was used for this study. The piece of land is situated at Longitude 4°48’18.50” N and Latitude 6ᵒ58’39.12” E measuring 5.4864 m x 5.1816 m with a total area of 28.4283 square meter. Phytoremediation process monitoring lasted for 240 days; analyses were carried out monthly at 30 days’ interval.&#x0D; Methodology: The study was carried out on Crude Oil Polluted soil (PS) amended with bio-nutrient supplements (Spent Mushroom Substrate (SMS) and selected fungi (Aspergillus niger(AN) andMucor racemosus (MR)) used to stimulate and augment the indigenous microbial population present in a crude oil polluted soil thereby enhancing hydrocarbon reduction in pari per sue with phytoremediation (uptake of Crude oil by test plants) over a period of 240 days. Ten (10) experimental plots (two Control (Unpolluted and polluted soil without amendment) and eight polluted amended/treated plots) employing Randomized Block Design (each having dimensions: 100 x 50 x 30 cm LxBxH); formed and mapped out on agricultural soil and left fallow for 6 days before contamination on the seventh day; after which it was allowed for 21 days for proper contamination and exposure to natural environmental factors (to mimic soil crude oil spill site); thereafter nutrients/organics (biostimulating agents) and bioaugmenting organisms were applied. Baseline studies were carried out on soil profile before and after contamination, major parameters monitored and assayed were Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) uptake by plant roots and stem, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and TPH reduction in soil. Other physicochemical properties analyzed in the soil from different plots were pH, Electrical Conductivity, Moisture Content, Total Nitrogen, Available Phosphorus, Potassium, Total Organic Carbon, Plant Height, Iron, Lead and Zinc at regular intervals; days 1, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210 &amp; 240. The rate of phytoremediation was estimated from percentage (%) uptake of Total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) in plant roots and stem from day 1 -240; while percentage (%) reduction of TPH and PAHs in soil was estimated from day 1 to the residual at day 240.&#x0D; Results: The test plants decreased significant amount of crude oil as revealed in TPH uptake in their roots and Stem. Mean amount and percentage Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) uptake by Cyperus esculentus roots and stem were; 152.33±50.34mg/kg, 12.57±4.16% and 201.13±8.80mg/kg, 13.27±0.58% respectively; while that of Phyllanthus amarusroots and stem were 141.50±35.62mg/kg, 11.68±2.94% and 174.44±19.98mg/kg, 11.51±1.32% respectively; revealing higher Uptake of TPH in plant stem than roots. From the initial TPH contamination value of 5503.00mg/kg, it was observed that plots planted with Cyperus esculentus (TPH 5492.75±76.36mg/kg) showed higher reduction of TPH from soil than those planted with Phyllanthus amarus(TPH 5449.72±18.27mg/kg); while PAHs degradation/reduction showed a reverse trend with plots planted with Phyllanthus amarus (PAHs 28.72±2.74mg/kg; 60.46±5.77%) higher than plots planted with Cyperus esculentus&#x0D; s (PAHs 25.77±2.12mg/kg, 54.24±4.47%).&#x0D; Conclusion: Plots planted with Cyperus esculentus showed higher reduction of TPH from soil than those planted with Phyllanthus amarus while PAHs degradation/reduction in plots planted with Phyllanthus amarus was higher than plots planted with Cyperus esculentus. TPH uptake was higher in plant stems than roots; more so, plots amended with nutrient supplements showed significant higher percentage reduction in hydrocarbon in the polluted soil than unamended polluted soil. It is therefore recommended that Cyperus esculentus is a suitable plant species for phytoremediation of crude oil contaminated soil with high TPH value while Phyllanthus amarusis the best option in phytoremediation of polluted soil with high PAHs value, both in combination with bio-nutrient supplement.

Determination of Oil Spill Chemical Concentrations in Nearshore Matrices

ABSTRACT Marine oil spill incidents create concerns about human health risks, particularly in nearshore locations such as beaches used for recreation. To improve the timeliness of risk estimates during an oil spill, we need to expand modelling capacity for oil spill chemicals (OSCs) from predictions for chemical bulk measurements such as Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) to predictions of individual concentrations of the more toxic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH)s. The objective of this study is to establish a relationship for TPH and PAH nearshore sampling concentration values with the oil mass landing and TPH hindcast from a 3D Hydrodynamic Fate and Transport Model (3D-FTM) for a past oil spill. The overall goal is to use this information to expand current modeling capacities to predict concentration distributions for individual PAHs as a starting point for health risk assessment. During Phase I of this study, historic sampling data for various matrices (weathered oil, seawater and sediments) were used to evaluate PAH concentration distributions within time-space specific categories. The categories corresponded to samples collected prior to nearshore oiling, post nearshore oiling and at no time impacted by oil as predicted by historic oil spill trajectories. For matrices within each category, concentration frequency distributions and concentration patterns were generated for a subset of PAHs. Results show differences in PAH concentration patterns within each matrix and for each category. Concentration frequency distributions for most PAHs in each category were log-normally distributed. Phase II is ongoing. Here we analyze PAH and TPH concentrations measured from surface weathered oil slick samples collected at the time of the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil spill. Preliminary results show that concentrations for a subset of PAHs in weathered oil slicks correlate well with TPH concentrations (R2=0.76). We are collocating the historic environmental sampling data with the output from the Oil-Connectivity Modelling System (Oil-CMS). The relationship between measured and model predicted TPH is explored by comparing values for samples that coincide in time and space with the model's particles. A subsequent step is to use output of the oil-CMS in combination with the physical and chemical properties for each PAH to predict concentration distributions for individual PAHs. The overarching goal is to improve risk estimates and, therefore, better guide public health decision-making.

The Use of Bioremediation Technology on Oil-Contaminated Soil

The demand of oil not only has contributed the economy and foreign exchange of a country, it has also caused environmental pollution. The negative impact caused by the oil spills were due to the hydrocarbon compound or Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) contaminates the environment. Oil contamination, despite of low concentration of hydrocarbon, affects the smell and taste of the groundwater. One of the alternatives to overcome environmental contamination from oil that is environmental-friendly is with bioremediation technology. The rehabilitation efforts of the oil-contaminated environment biologically with the bioremediation technology has an advantage as it is more environmental-friendly and the operational cost is more affordable than physics and chemical recovery techniques. This research utilizes study of literature and SWOT analysis to comprehend the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of the use bioremediation. The outcome of analysis illustrated that bioremediation could reduce the TPH value as the bacteria could decompose the oil where it generally is difficult to be degraded. However, there is also potential use of microorganism utilized on bioremediation to mutate thus creating a new and unknown product that could harm the environment. The implementation of bioremediation technology examined by sustainable indicators still have weaknesses and threats that could be further examined so that the use of bioremediation could be implemented as one of the ways to have a sustainable oil spill cleanup.

A Comparative Analysis of Bioremediation of Hydrocarbon Polluted Soil in the Island Forest Ecosystem and the Low land Forest Ecosystem in the Niger Delta through Enhanced Natural Attenuation Process (ENAP)

The Niger Delta region has witnessed environmental pollution arising from oil activities over the years of oil exploration and production. Soil fertility in both the Lowland Forest Ecological Zone and Island Forest Ecological Zone were investigated to establish the consequences of oil pollution on the soil and remedial actions to restore back quality and fertility of the soil. A suitable cost effective and environmentally friendly technology to handle the pollutions in the Niger Delta region can be found in Remediation by Enhanced Natural Attenuation Process (ENAP) which facilitates the activities of microorganisms to biodegrade the hydrocarbon impacted soil. The study compared the bio-physicochemical parameters of the oil spill polluted soil with particular reference to areas of oil production of the two Ecological Systems with those of the unaffected soil as well as their response to bioremediation interventions using ENAP. The results demonstrated significant decrease in the values of the key indicator parameter, the Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH). But for the unenhanced process, the result showed low level of reduction of TPH values for the polluted soils. A degradation trend was demonstrated with time leading to significant TPH reductions and improved key soil fertility indices. The result showed that the level of the nutrient status of soil in the region can be improved through the natural attenuation process.

The quality of public sources of drinking water in oil-bearing communities in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria

Background: Studies carried out in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria have demonstrated a link between oil exploration and poor-quality drinking water. However, many of these studies have been limited by small coverage and focus on few parameters. This study thus aimed at a comprehensive assessment of the quality of public sources of drinking water in three gas flaring and three non-gas flaring communities in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Methods: A total of 13 samples were collected from the major sources of drinking water in six communities in Rivers, Bayelsa and Delta States, Nigeria. These were stored and transported in line with International standards to a certified environmental laboratory where physical, chemical, bacteriological and petro-chemical assessments were conducted for 27 parameters. Results: Some samples had a pH below the normal range for drinking water, with median pH value of 4.63. All chemical parameters assessed fell below the normal acceptable range with exception of magnesium which exceeded the acceptable range. There were11 samples (91.7%) with microbial contamination; total and faecal coliform demonstrated at values ranging between 15 and 90 most probably number (MPN)/100 ml for total coliform and 9 to 23 MPN/100 ml for faecal coliforms. Oil, grease and total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) were identified in water samples from all communities. Values for oil and grease ranged between <0.001 and 0.015 mg/l, while TPH values were between <0.001 and 0.046 mg/l. There was no significant difference between median values in gas flaring and non-gas flaring communities. Conclusion: Distortion of physico-chemical properties, and hydrocarbon and faecal contamination of drinking water are a major challenge in oil-bearing communities in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria irrespective of gas flaring status. This calls for urgent interventions to improve the quality of drinking water for the people of the Niger Delta.

The impact of the Russian oil industry on surface water quality (a case study of the Agan River catchment, West Siberia)

Water quality in the Agan River catchment (West Siberia, Russia) was assessed based on data obtained between 1993 and 2017 at 25 monitoring stations. The purpose of the research was to assess the impact of oil field development on the quality of surface waters. Monitoring stations were located in the oil fields characterized by various levels of impact, from “moderate” (number of wells 1 per 1 km2). Comparisons with the thresholds indicated that metal (Ni, Hg Pb, Zn, Cu, Mn and Fe) concentrations exceeded the standard limits for fisheries in 10.8%, 14.5%, 22.3%, 24.7%, 54.7%, 88.6% and 99.2% of samples, respectively. The high contents of Mn, Fe and Cu can be generally regarded as the natural results of intensive leaching of elements from acid soils. The total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) value exceeds the threshold in 34.6% of samples. The water quality was estimated using the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment Water Quality Index (CCME WQI). The water quality of the Agan River catchment was classified as “poor” and “marginal”. The TPH values displayed a significant positive correlation with the density of wells and with the percentage of oil-contaminated lands. Positive correlations were found between Cl− and the density of wells, the frequency of accidents and the area of contaminated lands. Trends of pollution are sensitive to changes of accident rate. The decrease in accident rate for the last decade resulted in declines in TPH and Cl concentrations.

The Impact Of Oil Spill To The Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (Tph) Concentration In Fishes At North Coastal Of Karawang Regency, West Java Province

The coastal area is one of the areas that is quite vulnerable to the threat of pollution caused by human activities, including pollution caused by oil spills (hydrocarbons) in the sea. The incident can be caused by several factors including the explosion, leakage of petroleum pipelines on the seabed, leakage of tanks or petroleum tankers at sea and disposal of waste petroleum products into the environment. Oil spills continuously can cause environmental contamination and pollution both aquatic and terrestrial. If the petroleum hydrocarbons enter sea waters, some of them will be absorbed by aquatic organisms because the nature of the petroleum hydrocarbons is difficult to decompose in waters. The intentional and unintentional entry of hazardous and toxic substances into marine ecosystems such as petroleum hydrocarbons and chemical solvents resulting from industrial wastes has become a serious problem for human health and the environment. The purpose of this study was to determine the concentration of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) contained in fish in coastal waters of Karawang Regency, West Java Province. This research was conducted in September-November 2019 by taking several fish samples at Ciparage Jaya Fish Auction Place, Betok Mati and Sungai Buntu Rive with a total sample of 24 fish, and taking seawater samples in the three study sites. TPH analysis was carried out at the Integrated Chemistry Laboratory, Bogor Agricultural University. TPH values in fish at Ciparage-1, Ciparage-2, Betok Mati and Sungai Buntu stations, in general, have different mean values but are almost uniform, each at 6.82; 6.82; 7.45 and 5.12 mg/kg. Based on the average TPH concentration in fish, it can be said that the average TPH in fish at Betok Mati station is relatively higher compared to other stations. TPH values in all fish samples exceed the safe threshold, which is a maximum of 0.002 mg/kg. Based on the results of the Bioaccumulation factor (BAF) analysis showed that the average TPH in fish was 6.55 mg/kg and the average TPH in the waters was 11.23 mg/l, so the BAF value was 58.35 which means that the absorption rate of TPH by fish organisms against the concentration of TPH in the waters of 58.35%. The analysis shows that the value of Ecological Hazard Assessment (EHA) is 3743.33 which means that the level of influence of the hazard on ecosystems and organisms is 3743.33. This value exceeds the recommended threshold according to the European Union, which is a maximum of 0.002 mg/l.

Biodegradation of total petroleum hydrocarbons in contaminated soils using indigenous bacterial consortium

Background: Biodegradation of hydrocarbon compounds is a great environmental concern due to their toxic nature and ubiquitous occurrence. In this study, biodegradation potential of oily soils was investigated in an oil field using indigenous bacterial consortium. Methods: The bacterial strains present in the contaminated and non-contaminated soils were identified via DNA extraction using 16S rDNA gene sequencing during six months. Furthermore, total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) were removed from oil-contaminated soils. The TPH values were determined using a gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID). Results: The bacterial consortium identified in oil-contaminated soils (case) belonged to the families Halomonadaceae (91.5%) and Bacillaceae (8.5%), which was significantly different from those identified in non-contaminated soils (control) belonging to the families Enterobacteriaceae (84.6%), Paenibacillaceae (6%), and Bacillaceae (9.4%). It was revealed that the diversity of bacterial strains was less in oil-contaminated soils and varied significantly between case and control samples. Indigenous bacterial consortium was used in oil-contaminated soils without need for amplification of heterogeneous bacteria and the results showed that the identified bacterial strains could be introduced as a sufficient consortium for biodegradation of oil-contaminated soils with similar texture, which is one of the innovative aspects of this research. Conclusion: An oil-contaminated soil sample with TPH concentration of 1640 mg/kg was subjected to bioremediation during 6 months using indigenous bacterial consortium and a TPH removal efficiency of 28.1% was obtained.

Human health risk assessment of TPHs in brackish water prawn (Nematopalaemon hastatus, AURIVILLUS, 1898)

Edible aquatic brackish water shellfish (Nematopalaemon hastatus) obtained from the coastal waters of Ondo state, Nigeria was analyzed between 2017 and 2018 for the concentration of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPHs). TPHs level in the sampled species was measured using gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC/FID). Possible human health risks associated with the ingestion of the sampled species were determined by estimated dietary intake (EDI) and health risk index (HRI). The TPH level observed in the biota species (Nematopalaemon hastatus) varied across the period of study. The highest concentration was recorded in February (3401.55 mg/kg) while the lowest was recorded in April (1995.99 mg/kg). The TPH values of the analyzed fish species exceeded the threshold value of 50 mg/kg for fish. Petroleum aliphatic hydrocarbons attained higher concentration in n-Hentriacontane, n-Tridecane, n-Nonane, n-Tetradecane, n-Triacontane, n-Tetracosane and n-Octacosane with mean concentration values of (2242.02, 189.60, 40.90, 40.72, 25.79, 15.40 and 8.73 mg/kg) respectively. The EDI and HRI had their peak dose and index value (1.19 and 2.37) in February and lowest dose an index value (0.70 and 1.39) in April respectively. In addition, the HRI exceeded the safety limit of one (1). The findings from this study reveal a significant carcinogenic health risk connected with the consumption of the sea species. Thus, the species is therefore considered unfit and unsafe for consumption.

Interaction of alcaligenes sp, bacillus sp, and household waste compost for biodegradation of hydrocarbon in soil-contaminated lubricant oil

The purpose of this research is to obtained the best interaction between bacteria and compost in the process of hydrocarbon bioremediation in soil-contamination lubricant oil. Alcaligenes sp. and Bacillus sp. from our previous study is applied in this study.We used 3%, 6% and 9% household waste compost as the biostimulant sources. Biodegradation process is indicated by total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) value and the quality of bioremediated soil is checked by pH value. TPH and pH value is measured in days of 15th and 30rd. This study showsthat interaction of Alcaligenes sp and Bacillus sp consortium and 6% household waste compost gave the best TPH value (27.62%) in biodegradation process after 15 days. However, on days of 30rd, the best result is shown by the interaction of Alcaligenes sp and 9% household waste compose. The TPH value after 30 days of incubation is 30.54%. The soil’s pH is decrease from 7.98 to 5.79 respectively. It is concluded that interaction of Alcaligenes sp and household waste compost can increase degradation rate of hydrocarbon in soil-contaminated lubricant oil.

The quality of public sources of drinking water in oil-bearing communities in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria.

Background: Studies carried out in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria have demonstrated a link between oil exploration and poor-quality drinking water. However, many of these studies have been limited by small coverage and focus on few parameters. This study thus aimed at a comprehensive assessment of the quality of public sources of drinking water in three gas flaring and three non-gas flaring communities in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Methods: A total of 13 samples were collected from the major sources of drinking water in six communities in Rivers, Bayelsa and Delta States, Nigeria. These were stored and transported in line with International standards to a certified environmental laboratory where physical, chemical, bacteriological and petro-chemical assessments were conducted for 27 parameters. Results: Some samples had a pH below the normal range for drinking water, with median pH value of 4.63. All chemical parameters assessed fell below the normal acceptable range with exception of magnesium which exceeded the acceptable range. There were11 samples (91.7%) with microbial contamination; total and faecal coliform demonstrated at values ranging between 15 and 90 most probably number (MPN)/100 ml for total coliform and 9 to 23 MPN/100 ml for faecal coliforms. Oil, grease and total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) were identified in water samples from all communities. Values for oil and grease ranged between <0.001 and 0.015 mg/l, while TPH values were between <0.001 and 0.046 mg/l. There was no significant difference between median values in gas flaring and non-gas flaring communities. Conclusion: Distortion of physico-chemical properties, and hydrocarbon and faecal contamination of drinking water are a major challenge in oil-bearing communities in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria irrespective of gas flaring status. This calls for urgent interventions to improve the quality of drinking water for the people of the Niger Delta.