Total Oil Concentration Research Articles

Assessment of Changes in Water Quality of Enim River, Muara Enim, South Sumatera, Indonesia to Determine Environmental Designations

Enim river flows within several sub-districts in Muara Enim Regency, including Semendo Darat Laut, Semendo Darat Tengah, Semendo Darat Ulu, Tanjung Agung, Lawang Kidul, and Muara Enim. This study examines changes in the water quality of the Enim River due to domestic wastewater discharges and the presence of the coal mining industry and household industries. Water samples were taken from 4 sampling stations along the Enim River in 2018 and 2023. Data consisted of results of physical, chemical, and microbiological parameters. The status of river water quality was assessed from the pollution index. The results of Enim River surface water quality measurements showed that the parameters of total suspended solids, Dissolved Oxygen, iron (Fe), copper (Cu), oil, and grease concentrations had breached the criteria set for Class II water quality, referring to Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 82 of 2001. The results showed that there has been a change in the water quality status of Enim River from 2018 to 2023. The river water pollution index was (1.43-2.47) in 2018 and (1.49-3.85) in 2023 (lightly polluted). Comprehensive water treatment and preventive measures are necessary to manage and mitigate additional pollution in the Enim River.

Selective and Continuous Oil Removal from Oil-Water Mixtures Using a Superhydrophobic and Superoleophilic Stainless Steel Mesh Tube.

The development of continuous oil-water separation processes has applications in the treatment of industrial oily wastewater and effective management of oil spills. In this research, the performance of a superhydrophobic-superoleophilic (SHSO) membrane in oil-water separation is investigated through dynamic tests. We investigate the effects of the total flow rate and oil concentration on the separation efficiency using an as-fabricated SHSO mesh tube. To construct the SHSO membrane, a tubular stainless steel mesh is dip-coated into a solution, containing a long-chain alkyl silane (Dynasylan F8261) and functionalized silica nanoparticles (AEROSIL R812). The as-prepared SHSO mesh tube illustrates a water contact angle of 164° and an oil contact angle of zero for hexane. A maximum oil separation efficiency (SE) of 97% is obtained when the inlet oil-water mixture has the lowest flow rate (5 mL/min) with an oil concentration of 10 vol %, while the minimum oil SE (86%) is achieved for the scenario with the highest total flow rate (e.g., 15 mL/min) and the highest oil concentration (e.g., 50 vol %). The water SE of about 100% in the tests indicates that the water separation is not affected by the total flow rate and oil concentration, due to the superhydrophobic state of the fabricated mesh. The clear color of water and oil output streams also reveals the high SE of both phases in dynamic tests. The outlet oil flux increases from 314 to 790 (L/m2·h) by increasing the oil permeate flow rate from 0.5 to 7.5 (mL/min). The linear behavior of the cumulative amounts of collected oil and water with time demonstrates the high separation performance of a single SHSO mesh, implying no pore blocking during dynamic tests. The significant oil SE (97%) of the fabricated SHSO membrane with robust chemical stability shows its promising potential for industrial-scale oil-water separation applications.

Investigating Grain-on Malt Whiskey Production Using Naked Barley

The ability to produce malt whiskey using grain-on production methods may benefit American craft spirit producers who lack the capacity to separate grains from the wort prior to fermentation and distillation. Off-flavors thought to be derived from barley husk material have prevented distillers from producing whiskey made entirely from malt with grain-on production methods. In the present study, the impacts of using a huskless, naked barley to produce grain-on malt whiskey was investigated. New make spirit was produced at laboratory scale using malt from the covered barley variety Lightning and naked barley variety Buck. The level of esters, higher alcohols, and total polyphenols was measured in the new make spirit. Distillate made from naked barley malt (50% ABV) had a total fusel oil concentration of 2,767 mg/L while whiskey made from covered barley malt had a higher total fusel oil concentration of 3,128 mg/L. Ester levels between the two spirits were similar, with levels of ethyl acetate measuring 7.15 mg/L in the whiskey made from naked barley malt and 7.68 mg/L in the whiskey made from husked barley malt. No polyphenols were detected in either spirit. The new make spirit was also subjected to sensory analysis in the form of a triangle test and quantitative descriptive analysis. Panelists were able to detect a difference between the samples, and whiskey made from naked barley malt was perceived to have a reduction in cereal, feinty, and pungent character. Additionally, despite the naked barley being a GN producer, processing during malting reduced GN to a level associated with non-producing varieties.

COMPARATIVE QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF SOME CLASSES OF BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS IN SOME COFFEE SORTIMENTS AVAILABLE ON THE ROMANIAN MARKET

Five import coffee sortiments (Brazil & Vietnam mix, Cuba Serrano Lavado, Kenya AA, Panama Boquete SHB, Peru Perhusa HB) available on the local market were studied for determining the concentrations of, carotenoid, total phenolic and polyphenolic compounds, flavonoids and oil contents in ground roasted coffee and pH of the resulting infusions.Among the five coffee sortiments, Kenya AA and Cuba Serrano Lavado had the highest amount of carotenoids (288, respectively 259 mg/kg).Total phenolic compounds had the highest concentrations in Cuba Serrano Lavado (15,274 mg/kg), followed by Kenya AA and Peru HB, with over 14,000 mg/kg. Of these, flavonoids constituted only a small fraction, with the maximum value in Peru HB (1,374 mg/kg). Total oil concentrations were highly variable, with a maximum in Panama SHB (98,400 mg/kg) and minimum in Kenya AA (26,400 mg/kg).pH values were similar, acidic, for all coffees, ranging between 4.28-4.75.

Comparison of O3, UV/O3, and UV/O3/PS processes for marine oily wastewater treatment: Degradation performance, toxicity evaluation, and flocs analysis

Efficient on-site treatment technology is crucial for mitigating marine oily wastewater pollution. This work investigates the ozone (O3), ultraviolet (UV)/O3, UV/O3/persulfate (PS) processes for the treatment of marine oily wastewater, including degradation performance, acute toxicity evaluation, and oil flocs analysis in a benchtop circulating flow photoozonation reactor. Degradation performances have been studied by measuring the degradation rate of total oil concentrations, specific oil components (n-alkanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)), and total organic carbon (TOC). The results show that UV/O3/PS could significantly enhance the removal efficiency than the other two processes, with above 90% of removal efficiency in 30 min. Acute toxicity analysis further shows that the wastewater quality is significantly improved by four-fold of the EC50 of Vibrio fischeri, and the mortality of Artemia franciscana decreases from 100% to 0% after 48 h exposure. Further, the morphology and functional groups of flocs have been further characterized, showing that the floating flocs could be further degraded especially in UV/O3/PS process. Our study further raised discussions regarding the future on-site application of O3-based systems, based on the results generated from the treatment efficiency, toxicity, and flocs characterization. The regulation of the oxidation strength and optimization of the reaction systems could be a practical strategy for on-site marine oily wastewater treatment.

Preparation of Thymus vulgaris (L.) essential oil nanoemulsion and its chitosan encapsulation for controlling mosquito vectors

Here, we report a novel comparative assessment of preparation and characterization of thyme oil nanoemulsion and its chitosan encapsulation using high energy approach for the management of three major mosquito species viz., Anopheles stephensi (Liston,1901), Aedes aegypti (Linn., 1762) and Culex tritaeniorhynchus (Giles, 1901). The synthesized formulations were analysed for thermodynamic stability, indicating 1:0.5 (oil: surfactant) ratio to be the most stable of thyme oil nanoemulsion while 1:1 (nanoemulsion: chitosan solution) ratio of its chitosan encapsulation. These were further characterized by dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy which revealed the size and morphology of the droplets which measured 52.18 ± 4.53 nm for thyme oil nanoemulsion and 50.18 ± 2.32 nm for its chitosan encapsulation. All the droplets were well dispersed with distinct flower-shaped nanoemulsion and somewhat mitochondria like chitosan encapsulation. In-vitro release study of thyme essential oil from its nanoemulsion and chitosan encapsulation showed that 91.68% and 73.41% of the total oil concentration in water was released respectively to the environment after 48 h clearly depicting controlled release in the encapsulation. Assessment of insecticidal potential against selected mosquito species revealed that both the nanoemulsion and its chitosan encapsulation were effective on the major mosquito species. Maximum activity of thyme oil nanoemulsion was noticed against C. tritaeniorhynchus (LC50—22.58 ppm) after 24 h of exposure while it was observed that its chitosan encapsulation was most effective on A. stephensi (LC50—18.88 ppm) after 24 h of exposure. Consistent morphological alterations could be noticed in the larvae of mosquito species. Hence, these nanoemulsions and encapsulations could be further tested for their applications against other insect pests in agriculture.

Investigating the Effectiveness of Recycled Agricultural and Cement Manufacturing Waste Materials Used in Oil Sorption

This research investigates how sorbents made from recycled waste materials affect the properties of water used to remove residues flushed from oil tanks transported by rail. The mineral sorbent was added to water following the flushing process. Water temperatures were maintained at 21 °C and 70 °C for a contact period of 30 min. The experiments demonstrated that: when the sorbent is active, turbidity removal efficiency was about 64%; color removal efficiency of 56% was obtained; and total iron concentration removal was approximately 68%. The effect of the characteristics of the materials on the adsorption capacity was evaluated using the removed amount of oil per one gram of every sorbent. It was found that straw sorbent oil adsorption capacity was up to 33 mg/g, peat sorbent 37 mg/g, and mineral sorbent 1.83 mg/g. The following were also measured during the experiment: temperature, pH, chemical oxygen usage, total iron concentrations, suspended matter, and oil concentrations. The findings show that recycled sorbents obtained from waste materials are environmentally sustainable and can be reused to treat water that has been used to flush oil transported in rail tanks.

Influence of environmental growth temperature on tocopherol and sterol oil concentrations in olive fruit.

Tocopherols and sterols are minor components of virgin olive oils that contribute to oil quality. Based on observations at different geographical locations, it has been suggested that environmental temperature during fruit growth affects tocopherol and sterol oil concentrations in olive fruit. However, controlled experiments have not been conducted to directly assess their responses to temperature. In this study, a manipulative experiment using open-top chambers (OTCs) was performed in the field to evaluate the responses of these oil components to a moderate air temperature increase during oil accumulation in young trees of two olive cultivars (Arbequina, Coratina). The two temperature levels in the OTCs were a control about 1°C above ambient temperature (T0) and a heated treatment (T+) with a target temperature of 4°C above T0. Total tocopherol and sterol oil concentrations in olive fruit were generally higher in the T+ temperature treatment than in the control at the end of the oil accumulation period. The increase in total tocopherols in T+ appeared to be related to a decrease in fruit oil concentration with heating. Individual sterols showed both significant increases and decreases due to T+, and some differences in response occurred between the two cultivars. These findings provide evidence that growth temperature affects tocopherol and sterol oil concentrations in olive fruit at the end of the oil accumulation period. Cultivars should be carefully chosen for new olive-growing regions, and the results could be relevant for global warming scenarios in existing growing regions. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

Yield components and nutritional quality of soybean grain as a function of foliar fertilizers application time

Foliar fertilization aims to provide rapid-absorption nutrients to the plant, supplement soil fertilization, and fulfill the uptake peaks’ demand. This study’s objective was to verify the effect of foliar fertilizers application in stages R2 (full bloom) and R5 (beginning seed) on soybean grain quality, yield components, and grain yield. The experiment was conducted in three sites through Parana state (Brazil) in a 9 × 2 factorial design, with three replications per treatment. Total chlorophyll index, plant height, yield components (number of pods per plant, number of grains per pod, number of grains per plant and thousand-grain mass), protein and oil concentration in the grain, and final yield were evaluated. Plant height, total chlorophyll index, and grain quality were not affected by this study’s foliar fertilizers. Thousand-grain mass responded to the foliar products and the application times. However, no final grain yield effect was observed, possibly because those nutrients’ soil level was adequate.

Evaluation of Variety, Maturity, and Farm on the Concentrations of Monoterpene Diglycosides and Hop Volatile/Nonvolatile Composition in Five Humulus lupulus Cultivars.

Pentose-hexose monoterpene alcohol glycosides were isolated and semiquantitatively measured in dried Humulus lupulus cones using UHPLC-qTOF-MS/MS and HPLC fractionation followed by GC-MS. The samples evaluated included hop cones from five important dual-purpose cultivars (varieties) in the United States, from two locations (farms) per variety and from three distinct harvest time points (maturities) per location, as dictated by dry-matter (% w/w) at the time of harvest. Hop variety accounted for the biggest variation among the concentrations of pentose-hexose monoterpene alcohol glycosides as well as other volatile and nonvolatile chemical factors measured in the samples. This indicates that genetics plays a major role in hop flavor production. Interestingly, "maturity", or ripeness at the time of harvest, was the next most significant factor impacting the concentrations of pentose-hexose monoterpene alcohol glycosides along with most of the other volatile and nonvolatile factors (such as total oil concentration and composition). However, maturity notably had a bigger impact on some cultivars such as Sabro, Mosaic, Simcoe, and Citra. Surprisingly, farm (i.e., location, farming practices, etc.) accounted for the least amount of variation among the concentrations of the different analytical factors. These results highlight the importance of breeding/genetics as well as considering hop maturity/ripeness at the time of harvest on the production and subsequent development of analytical chemical factors associated with driving hoppy beer flavor. It is essential for future studies assessing the impact of different farming practices and locations (i.e., regionality, terroir, etc.) on the constituents in hops important for hoppy beer flavor to consider and account for the impact of hop maturity as well as genetics.

Analysis of Total Oil Concentration and Phythoplankton Community Structure in the Waters of Pelintung Industrial Area

This research was conducted in July 2020 in Pelintung Dumai Waters. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between total oil concentration and the abundance of phytoplankton. The method used is a survey method which is conducted at 4 stations. Based on the results of the study, the highest oil concentration was in the waters of the Pelintung industrial area (station III), namely 0.3245 ppm and the lowest concentration was in the mangrove forest area (station IV), namely 0.0738 ppm. There are 21 species of phytoplankton found in Pelintung waters. The highest abundance was found in the tourist area (station I) which was 166 ind / l and the lowest abundance was found in the mangrove forest area (station IV) which was 138 ind / l. The relationship between total oil concentration and phytoplankton abundance is negative, which means that every time there is an increase in total oil concentration, there is a decrease in the abundance of phytoplankton in Pelintung waters

Cleaning of oil-polluted bottom sediments of the boreal lake, Samotlor oil field, North Russia: case report.

Small lakes in areas of intensive crude oil production may be susceptible to oil pollution arising from accidental spills and leaks, eventually leading to the pollution of bottom sediments. Effective cleaning of aquatic bottom sediments remains a challenge. Flotation is a potentially simple and reliable approach for the cleanup of bottom sediments without their excavation from the water body. Full-scale testing of flotation-based technology using the specially designed airlift plant allowed the cleaning of bottom sediments of an unnamed boreal lake ('the lake') within the Samotlor oil field, North Russia, heavily polluted with crude oil several decades ago. The lake bottom sediments are dominated by peat and unevenly polluted with oil. The average oil content in the lake bottom sediments was 111 g kg-1. During the 1.5 months' field test in July-August 2018, the average total oil concentration in the bottom sediments of the lake was reduced to 1.99 g kg-1. Secondary water contamination was minimal; the content of oil hydrocarbons in the water after completion of work did not exceed 0.09 ± 0.04 mg L-1. This study demonstrates that flotation-based technology can be applied for in situ cleaning of oil-contaminated lake bottom sediments including those in boreal climates.

Microencapsulation of Mentha spicata essential oil by spray drying: Optimization, characterization, release kinetics of essential oil from microcapsules in food models

The aim of this study was to optimize microencapsulation conditions of spearmint essential oil (SEO) by spray drying, using a blend of inulin and gum Arabic as wall material. The oil retention, encapsulation efficacy, hygroscopicity, and carvone content were investigated with respect to three variables, including total solid content (x1), oil concentration (x2) and inlet air temperature (x3) via response surface methodology (RSM). The optimal conditions were (35 % solid wall, 4% essential oil concentration, and 110 °C inlet temperature) with maximum oil retention 91.0 %. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were confirmed that SEO was encapsulated without any chemical interaction. Release study of produced powder at the optimized process conditions was evaluated by four food simulants (distillated water, 10 % ethanol, 50 % ethanol, and 3% acetic acid). Mechanism of SEO release was demonstrated by first order, Korsmeyer-Peppas, Higuchi, and Peppas-Sahlin models. The Peppas-Sahlin model was found as the best approach for SEO release profile, and the release phenomenon was mostly governed by Fickian diffusion in four food models. Considering the successful encapsulation of SEO, the nature of the prebiotics wall, and its fast release, this powder can be used in the food and pharmaceutical industries.

Dynamics of oil and fatty acid accumulation during seed development in historical soybean varieties

Soybean seed oil concentration and fatty acid (FA) composition are relevant traits defining oil quality and economic value for industry. In spite of the importance of FA composition for soybean value, a detailed description of FA profile and accumulation during seed filling in contrasting soybean varieties and management conditions is currently lacking. This study aims to: i) evaluate whether genetic progress in soybean yield indirectly affected FA profile, ii) assess the influence of N fertilization on FA profile, iii) characterize the temporal dynamics of FA accumulation during seed filling, and iv) evaluate the relative contribution of FA accumulation rate vs. duration on final FA seed content. Seven soybean varieties released between 1980 and 2013 were field grown under control (0 kg N ha−1) and fertilized (670 kg N ha−1 added) treatments. In addition to seed yield, total seed oil and FA contents during seed filling were recorded by sampling seeds from the beginning of seed formation to maturity. Genetic progress was evident in seed yield with an increase of 31.3 kg ha year−1. Total oil concentration (g oil kg−1) slightly decreased across year of release for the control. Fatty acid concentration (g FA 100 g oil−1) profile was not associated with year of release but affected by varieties. Variation in total oil and FA contents (mg seed−1) across varieties and N treatments was mostly associated to longer filling but was also affected by accumulation rates. Interestingly, individual FA concentration at maturity was independent from FA content. Our results indicate past breeding efforts have not modified soybean FA profile. The fact that changes in FA contents were not translated in changes in FA concentration indicates that seed control of FA profile is narrow. Disentangling the physiological mechanism associated with FA homeostasis warrants further examination.

Accuracy of Genomic Prediction for Foliar Terpene Traits in Eucalyptus polybractea.

Unlike agricultural crops, most forest species have not had millennia of improvement through phenotypic selection, but can contribute energy and material resources and possibly help alleviate climate change. Yield gains similar to those achieved in agricultural crops over millennia could be made in forestry species with the use of genomic methods in a much shorter time frame. Here we compare various methods of genomic prediction for eight traits related to foliar terpene yield in Eucalyptus polybractea, a tree grown predominantly for the production of Eucalyptus oil. The genomic markers used in this study are derived from shallow whole genome sequencing of a population of 480 trees. We compare the traditional pedigree-based additive best linear unbiased predictors (ABLUP), genomic BLUP (GBLUP), BayesB genomic prediction model, and a form of GBLUP based on weighting markers according to their influence on traits (BLUP|GA). Predictive ability is assessed under varying marker densities of 10,000, 100,000 and 500,000 SNPs. Our results show that BayesB and BLUP|GA perform best across the eight traits. Predictive ability was higher for individual terpene traits, such as foliar α-pinene and 1,8-cineole concentration (0.59 and 0.73, respectively), than aggregate traits such as total foliar oil concentration (0.38). This is likely a function of the trait architecture and markers used. BLUP|GA was the best model for the two biomass related traits, height and 1 year change in height (0.25 and 0.19, respectively). Predictive ability increased with marker density for most traits, but with diminishing returns. The results of this study are a solid foundation for yield improvement of essential oil producing eucalypts. New markets such as biopolymers and terpene-derived biofuels could benefit from rapid yield increases in undomesticated oil-producing species.

Common effluent treatment plant (CETP): Reliability analysis and performance evaluation

Common effluent treatment plants (CETPs) have been installed and are in operation at numerous industrial clusters throughout India. They serve to reduce effluent treatment cost, provide better collective treatment, and reduce land cost for small-scale industrial facilities that cannot afford individual treatment plants. Optimum working conditions for treatment of effluent to be at par with discharge standards is a major mandate for any CETP. In this study, the reliability and removal efficiencies (REs) of a CETP in the industrial area of Maharashtra State in India were examined. An established methodology was adopted to determine the effectiveness of the CETP in terms of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), and oil and grease (O&G) concentrations. The CETP's compliance with respect to design standards and its operation were studied in detail. This paper highlights the results of RE and the coefficient of determination (R2) values obtained from the CETP data, estimates the pollutants removed at the highest and lowest rates over a period of time, and highlights the reasons for problem areas along with remedial measures. It was observed that, except O&G, all the parameters (BOD, COD, and TSS) showed fluctuations in removal efficiencies and their reliabilities. This situation can be improved by releasing effluent containing hydraulic and organic loading to the CETP as per standards and optimizing treatment processes, especially primary clari-flocculators and aeration tanks, both of which are important units of any CETP.

Exogenous proline improves osmoregulation, physiological functions, essential oil, and seed yield of fennel

Proline is an amino acid with pivotal role in plant responses to environmental constraints. Effects of its foliar application (20mM) on physiological functions of 12 fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) genotypes at the presence of different moisture conditions (non-stress control and drought stress) was studied in a 2-year field study. Drought led to notable increases in mean leaf polyphenol, proline and total soluble carbohydrates and essential oil concentrations, despite decreases in carotenoids and chlorophyll concentrations, leaf water potential, relative water content, plant above-ground dry mass and water use efficiency. Exogenous proline resulted in significant increases in mean carotenoids, polyphenol, chlorophyll, proline, total soluble carbohydrates and essential oil concentrations and relative water content, but it caused a decrease in leaf water potential. Proline amendment positively affected plant water relations, due mostly to enhancement in osmoregulation, as certain genotypes with greater mean leaf proline concentration and relative water content appeared to produce greater above-ground dry mass, when exposed to the external proline. Ameliorative effects of exogenous proline tended to be greater in drought-stressed plants, as it led to the enhancement of chlorophyll concentration and relative water content of fennel in drought conditions. Genotypes Urmia and Yazd were found to be able to withstand better against drought and benefit more from external proline. Our findings suggest that while indigenous proline is the most sensitive osmoticum in fennel’s response to drought, its external amendment may bring about improvements in water relations and osmoregulatory measure in this medicinal plant.

Fatty acid and phenolic profiles of almond grown in Serbia

Almond production is not typical for Serbia however the existence of natural populations and unexpectedly suitable agro-climatic conditions initiated this kind of study. Total oil content and concentrations of the fatty acids, total phenolic content and radical-scavenging activity were determined in the kernel oil of 20 local almond selections originating from North Serbia and cultivars ‘Marcona’, ‘Texas’ and ‘Troito’. Sixteen fatty acids were identified and quantified, with the most abundant being oleic acid and linoleic acid. Nine phenolic acids and nineteen flavonoids were quantified using UHPLC-DAD MS/MS. The predominant polyphenol was catechin, followed by chlorogenic acid and naringenin. Based on oleic acid/linoleic acid ratio, levels of unsaturated fatty acids and specific polyphenols, some selections were chosen for growing and could also be recommended for breeding programs. Our investigation demonstrated that this region could be a suitable for growing almonds with chemical compositions competitive with standard cultivars.

Influence of the Crude Oil and Water Compositions on the Quality of Synthetic Produced Water

Produced water originates from crude oil production. It is a mixture of organic and inorganic compounds, and its composition is highly oilfield-dependent. The present study was carried out to increase the understanding of the effects of the relationships between the crude oil properties and the composition of the aqueous phase on the quality of the produced water. Brines with different compositions and pH levels were mixed with five crude oils. Initially, the physicochemical properties and compositions of the crude oils were determined, and the qualities of samples of synthetic produced water were described by parameters such as the total oil concentration, total organic carbon content, pH, drop size distribution, and Sauter mean diameter. Analysis of the characterization data revealed that the crude oils fell into two categories: light and heavier oils. Most parameters such as density, viscosity, total acid number (TAN), and composition reflected this division. A similar pattern was sustained for the wat...

A water availability gradient reveals the deficit level required to affect traits in potted juvenile Eucalyptus globulus.

Drought leading to soil water deficit can have severe impacts on plants. Water deficit may lead to plant water stress and affect growth and chemical traits. Plant secondary metabolite (PSM) responses to water deficit vary between compounds and studies, with inconsistent reports of changes to PSM concentrations even within a single species. This disparity may result from experimental water deficit variation among studies, and so multiple water deficit treatments are used to fully assess PSM responses in a single species. Juvenile Eucalyptus globulus were grown for 8 weeks at one of ten water deficit levels based on evapotranspiration from control plants (100%). Treatments ranged from 90% of control evapotranspiration (mild water deficit) to 0% of control evapotranspiration (severe water deficit) in 10% steps. Plant biomass, foliar abscisic acid (ABA) levels, Ψ leaf , leaf C/N, selected terpenes and phenolics were quantified to assess responses to each level of water deficit relative to a control. Withholding ≥30% water resulted in higher foliar ABA levels and withholding ≥40% water reduced leaf water content. Ψ leaf became more negative when ≥60% water was withheld. Plant biomass was lower when ≥80% water was withheld, and no water for 8 weeks (0% water) resulted in plant death. The total oil concentration was lower and C/N was higher in dead and desiccated juvenile E. globulus leaves (0% water). Concentrations of individual phenolic and terpene compounds, along with condensed tannin and total phenolic concentrations, remained stable regardless of water deficit or plant stress level. These juvenile E. globulus became stressed with a moderate reduction in available water, and yet the persistent concentrations of most PSMs in highly stressed or dead plants suggests no PSM re-metabolization and continued ecological roles of foliar PSMs during drought.