Total Number Of White Blood Cells Research Articles

Leukocyte Response to Campylobacter Intra-Abdominal Infection in One Day Old Leghorn Chickens

Using a previously characterized and described abdominal model to define the avian immune response to Salmonella intra-abdominal challenge in chickens, we have adapted this technique for the study of chickens' immune response to a Campylobacter intra-abdominal challenge. The intra-abdominal Campylobacter infection model facilitates the characterization of peripheral blood leukocyte dynamics and abdominal cell infiltrates. Day-of-hatch Leghorn chickens were injected intra-abdominally (IA) with Campylobacter jejuni [(CJ)1 × 108 colony-forming units (CFUs)]. Changes in peripheral blood leukocyte numbers and abdominal cell infiltrates were monitored at 0, 4, 8, and 24 h post-injection. Peripheral blood leukocyte numbers were also determined for 2 h post-injection. For mortality studies, birds were injected intra-abdominally with 1 × 108 CFUs CJ and mortalities were recorded for 72 h post-injection. In the peripheral blood of CJ-injected chicks, total white blood cell (WBC) numbers began increasing by 2 h post-injection, peaking at 4 h post-injection with the predominant cell type being polymorphonuclear leukocytes (heterophils). Total WBCs declined after 8 h and this decline continued at 24 h, with total WBC numbers approaching control values. The injection of CJ into the abdominal cavity caused a rapid rise in abdominal cell infiltrates with the predominant infiltrating leukocytes being heterophils. Peak abdominal heterophil infiltrates were observed at 8 h post-injection, declining only slightly by 24 h post-injection. Mortality in the CJ challenge groups reached 37%. Mortality in the Salmonella enteritidis positive control groups were greater than 50%. The data suggest that Campylobacter infection does stimulate the innate immune response in chickens when administered IA, however, the immune response and infection is not characterized with the high levels of mortality observed with a Salmonella infection. These data provide a basis for a more definitive characterization of chickens' immune response to Campylobacter and a model to evaluate intervention strategies to prevent the infection and colonization of poultry.

Five-Year Results of Spontaneous Isolated Superior Mesenteric Artery Dissection from Two Teaching Hospitals in China

To present 5-year results of management on spontaneous isolated superior mesenteric artery dissection (SISMAD) from 2 teaching hospitals in China. The clinical data of 41 patients with SISMAD were retrospectively collected from 2 teaching hospitals between December 2016 and December 2021. Therapeutic methods mainly included open surgery, endovascular management, and conservative therapy. Patients' demographics, total number of WBC (White blood cell, WBC), the percentage of NEUT (Neutrophil), the level of CRP (C-reactive protein, CRP), duration of abdominal pain on admission, YOO classification of SISMAD, angle of superior mesenteric artery to abdominal aorta (ASA), length of hospital stays, and vascular remodeling rate of SMA between endovascular and conservative groups were analyzed. A total of 41 patients with SISMAD were finally included in this study. Their average age was 53.4±7.1years old, ranging from 35 to 68years old. Among these patients, 1 patient suffered emergent open surgery because of the intestinal necrosis. The other 40 patients were treated conservatively at first, but 13 of them were transitioned into endovascular management due to persistent abdominal pain. Regarding the imaging analysis, IIS and IVS types of YOO classification were more in the endovascular group (13 patients) than the conservative group (27 patients). The length of hospital stays (P=0.003) and the vascular remodeling rate of SMA were significantly different between 2 groups (P=0.002), while the time of abdominal pain on admission, the infection markers (WBC, CRP, NEUT) and ASA were not significantly different between the 2 groups. In SISMAD, patients without any signs of peritonitis and intestinal necrosis may be treated conservatively firstly, and then transitioned into endovascular management if abdominal pain is not improved within 48hr. IIS and IVS types of YOO classification should be alerted of this potential transition. But the optimal timing of transition required more clinical studies.

Study of the Immunomodulatory Properties of Pistacia khinjuk Extract on Rats

Medicinal herbs are widely used as immunostimulants and immunomodulators in treating various ailments around the world. Many herbs used regularly have not been thoroughly studied for their immune-modifying properties. The immunostimulatory effect of the methanol extract of Pistacia Shinjuku was tested in male rats. The experiment consisted of seven groups of animals, each with eight healthy adult mice. Control group (G1): normal saline (0.5 mL) was taken for 14 days. Group 2 (G2) received intraperitoneal cyclosporine (CSA) (5 mg/kg/BW) for 14 days Group 3 (G3): interferon alfa-2a subcutaneous injection 34.5 mg/kg/BW) in two doses week for 14 days. Group 4 (G4) (methanol extract of P. khinjuk, 3 g/kg/body weight) for 14 days, Group 5 (G5): methanol extract of P. khinjuk, 1.5 g/kg/body weight) for 14 days. Group 6 (G6): methanol extract of P. khinjuk 3 g/kg/body weight) for 14 days after cyclosporine injection. Group 7 (G7): methanol extract of P. khinjuk 1.5 g/kg/body weight) for 14 days after cyclosporine injection. On day 15, whole blood was collected in clean ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)-vacutainer. Total white blood cells (WBCs) count, differential count, In addition to measuring the level of (IgM, IgG) in the blood serum. According to the results, the group treated with CsA showed an immunosuppressive effect with a significant decrease (P > 0.05) in the total number of WBC, differential count, antibody concentration, and cytokine level (TNF-α, CCL5 NF-κB), but increased the level of TGF-β as compared with other groups. At the same time, there were immunostimulatory effects in groups treated with extract Group 4, 5, 6, and 7, with a significant increase (p > 0.05) in the total number of WBC, Differential count and antibody concentration, and Cytokine level (TNF-α, CCL5, NF-κB). The decreased level of TGF-β, as compared to the CsA-treated Group. In conclusion, P. khinjuk possesses immunomodulatory and antioxidant properties against the adverse effects of cyclosporine in rats.

White Blood Cells, Platelets, Red Blood Cells and Gas Bubbles in SCUBA Diving: Is There a Relationship?

(1) Background: SCUBA diving can influence changes of several hematological parameters (HP) but the changes of HP in the decompression phases are still unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate any possible relationship between HP and predisposition to inert gas bubble formation after a single recreational dive. (2) Methods: Blood, obtained from 32 expert SCUBA divers, was tested for differences in white blood cells (WBC), granulocytes (GRAN), lymphocytes (LYM), and monocytes (MONO), red blood cells (RBC), and platelets (PLT) between bubblers (B) and non-bubblers (NB). (3) Results: We found inter-subject differences in bubble formation (considering the same diving profile performed by the divers) and a statistically significant higher number of total WBC, GRAN and LYM in NB as compared to the B divers in the pre and in the post diving sample, while no statistical differences were found for MONO and PLT. In addition, we did not find any statistically significant difference between NB and B in RBC. (4) Conclusions: Our results, even if in absence of investigated anti-inflammatory markers, could indicate a relationship between low WBC numbers and bubble formation. This aspect may explain a possible cause of inter-subject differences in bubble formation in divers performing the same dive profile.

Evaluation the Genotoxicity of PHB Nanoparticle by Micronucleus Assay

Determining the toxicity of substances in vivo is one of the most important tests that judge whether ornot they are used in the pharmaceutical field. In the present study, the genetic toxicity of treatment dosesof Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), PHB nanoparticles, Cefotaxime and complex of PHB nanoparticlesandcefotaxime was evaluated. The effect of these substances on the number and percentage of white bloodcells (WBCs) in mice was also tested (in vivo). Micronucleus assay was used to assess genotoxicity ofabove materials in vivo, as well as the technique of WBCs chamber was used to estimate the total numberof WBCs in mice administrated with above substances. The differential count of WBCs was measuredby staining the smears with leishman stain. The present study demonstrated that there were no significantdifferences (P>0.05) in the number of micronucleus cells in the mice injected with treatment doses of PHBnanoparticles, Cefotaxime and complex of PHB nanoparticlesand cefotaximewhen compared with miceinjected with normal saline. Similar finding was obtained in terms of counting of total WBCs and differentialcount in mice injected with treatment doses of PHB, PHB nanoparticles, Cefotaxime and complex of PHBnanoparticlesand cefotaxime when compared with WBCs total count and differential count in mice injectedwith normal saline (P>0.05). It can be concluded that there is no toxic effect of treatment doses of PHB, PHBnanoparticles, Cefotaxime and complex of PHB nanoparticlesand cefotaxime on mice.

Effect of ionizing radiation on the occupational health of radiologists

Objective To analyze peripheral blood hemogram, lymphocyte micronucleus and chromosomal aberrations of radiologists, so as to provide basis for occupational protection and health monitoring of radiologists. Methods Lymphocyte micronucleus, chromosome and blood hemogram analysis were performed on 127 radiologists who received health examinations in 2015, 2017 and 2019, and they were assigned to the radiation group. In addition, 133 medical staff with no history of radiation exposure were selected as the control group. Results The micronucleus rate and chromosome aberration rate of the radiation group were higher than those of the control group, and the white blood cell and platelet counts were lower than those of the control group, both of which were statistically significant ( P < 0.05). The total number of white blood cells in peripheral blood of 127 radiologists decreased gradually with the increase of exposure time to ionizing radiation, and the chromosome aberration rate increased gradually, all of which had statistical significance ( P < 0.05). The rate of chromosomal aberration was higher in radiologists with damage work age of more than 20 years than in the low-work age group, and there was no statistical significance between different damage work age ( P > 0.05). The chromosome aberration rate of nuclear medicine and interventional therapy was higher than that of other types, with statistical significance ( P < 0.05). Conclusion Long-term exposure to low-dose ionizing radiation can reduce the total number of white blood cells and increase the chromosome aberration rate of radiologists. It is necessary to strengthen the protective measures for radiologists to reduce the degree of ionizing radiation damage, especially to strengthen the occupational protection for radiologists in nuclear medicine and interventional therapy. 摘要： 目的 分析放射工作者外周血象、淋巴细胞微核及染色体畸变情况, 为放射工作者职业防护和健康监测提供依 据。 方法 对 2015 年、2017 年和 2019 年连续 3 次接受健康检查的 127 名放射工作者进行淋巴细胞微核、染色体及血 象分析, 将其设为放射组。另外选取 133 名无射线接触史的医务人员设为对照组; 结果 放射组中淋巴细胞微核率和 染色体畸变率高于对照组, 白细胞和血小板计数低于对照组, 均具有统计学意义 ( P < 0.05)。127 名放射工作者外周血 白细胞总数随着接触电离辐射时间的增长逐渐降低, 染色体畸变率逐渐增加, 均具有统计学意义 ( P < 0.05)。损害工龄 大于 20 年的放射工作者染色体畸变率高于低工龄组, 不同损害工龄之间比较无统计学意义 ( P > 0.05)。核医学与介入 治疗工种染色体畸变率高于其他工种, 具有统计学意义 ( P < 0.05)。 结论 长时间接触低剂量电离辐射可使放射工作 者白细胞总数降低和淋巴细胞染色体畸变率增加, 应加强放射工作者防护措施以备降低电离辐射损伤程度, 特别要加 强核医学和介入治疗放射工作人员的职业防护。

White blood cells detection and classification based on regional convolutional neural networks

White blood cells (WBC) are important parts of our immune system and they protect our body against infections by eliminating viruses, bacteria, parasites and fungi. There are five types of WBC. These are called Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Eosinophils, Basophils and Neutrophils. The number of WBC types and the total number of WBCs provide important information about our health status. Diseases such as leukemia, AIDS, autoimmune diseases, immune deficiencies, blood diseases can be diagnosed based on the number of WBCs. In this study, a computer-aided automated system that can easily identify and locate WBC types in blood images has been proposed. Current blood test devices usually detect WBCs with traditional image processing methods such as preprocessing, segmentation, feature extraction, feature selection and classification. Deep learning methodology is superior to traditional image processing methods in literature. In addition, traditional methods require the appearance of the whole object to be able to recognize objects. Contrary to traditional methods, convolutional neural networks (CNN), a deep learning architecture, can extract features from a part of an object and perform object recognition. In this case, a CNN-based system shows a higher performance in recognizing partially visible cells for reasons such as overlap or only partial visibility of the image. Therefore, it has been the motivation of this study to increase the performance of existing blood test devices with deep learning method. Blood cells have been identified and classified by Regional Based Convolutional Neural Networks. Designed architectures have been trained and tested by combining BCCD data set and LISC data set. Regional Convolutional Neural Networks (R – CNN) has been used as a methodology. In this way, different cell types within the same image have been classified simultaneously with a detector. While training CNN which is the basis of R – CNN architecture; AlexNet, VGG16, GoogLeNet, ResNet50 architectures have been tested with full learning and transfer learning. At the end of the study, the system has showed 100% success in determining WBC cells. ResNet50, one of the CNN architectures, has showed the best performance with transfer learning. Cell types of Lymphocyte were determined with 99.52% accuracy rate, Monocyte with 98.40% accuracy rate, Basophil with 98.48% accuracy rate, Eosinophil with 96.16% accuracy rate and Neutrophil with 95.04% accuracy rate.

Chitosan promotes immune responses, ameliorating total mature white blood cell numbers, but increases glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and glutamic pyruvic transaminase, and ameliorates lactate dehydrogenase levels in leukemia mice in vivo.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of chitosan (a naturally derived polymer) on the immune responses and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels in WEHI-3 cell-generated leukemia mice. Mice were divided into control, WEHI-3 control, acetic acid (vehicle)-treated, and 5 and 20 mg/kg chitosan-treated groups. Mice were subsequently weighed, blood was collected, and liver and spleen samples were isolated and weighed. Blood samples were measured for cell markers, the spleen underwent phagocytosis and natural killer (NK) cell activity examination, and cell proliferation was analyzed by flow cytometry. Chitosan did not significantly affect the weights of body, liver and spleen at 5 and 20 mg/kg treatment. Chitosan increased the percentage of CD3 (T cells marker), decreased the levels of CD19 (B-cell marker) and CD11b at 5 mg/kg treatment, and decreased the levels of Mac-3 at 5 and 20 mg/kg treatment. Chitosan significantly increased macrophage phagocytosis of PBMCs, but did not significantly affect macrophage phagocytosis in the peritoneal cavity. Chitosan treatment did not significantly affect the cytotoxic activity of NK cells, and also did not affect T- and B-cell proliferation. Chitosan significantly increased total white blood cell numbers, and GOT and GPT activities were both significantly increased. However, chitosan did not significantly affect LDH activity in leukemia mice. Chitosan may aid in future studies on improving immune responses in the treatment of leukemia.

A 12‐month follow‐up study on the preventive effect of oral lansoprazole on acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

The objective of this study was to evaluate the preventive effects of oral administration of lansoprazole on acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Patients with COPD in groups C and D in the stable phase were stratified into a group with neither gastroesophageal reflux nor lansoprazole therapy (group A) and a group subjected to oral lansoprazole therapy (group B1 ) and a group not subjected to oral lansoprazole therapy (group B2 ). The frequency scale for the symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease (FSSG) questionnaire, COPD assessment test (CAT) questionnaire, pulmonary function test and the 6-minute walk test were applied; in addition, arterial blood gas, white blood cell (WBC), hs-CRP, liver function and the levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α and GM-CSF in sputum were monitored during follow-up. In the 12-month follow-up period, the frequency of exacerbation in group B2 was statistically higher than that in groups A and B1 (P<0.05). After a 3-month follow-up, the score of groups A and B1 in the FSSG questionnaire was significantly lower than that of group B2 (P<0.05). After the 1-year follow-up, the CAT score, FEV1 , 6-min walk test, the total number of WBC, hs-CRP, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, pH of the arterial blood, PaO2 , PaCO2 and the levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α and GM-CSF in the sputum were statistically different in group B2 compared with groups A and B1 (P<0.05). Oral lansoprazole therapy decreased the frequency of acute exacerbation of COPD by alleviating gastroesophageal reflux and lowering the levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α and GM-CSF in the sputum.

Effect of Haemoproteus columbae infection on the hemogram of the Pigeons (Columba livia domestica).

It has been reported that parasites affect the health and productivity of birds, initiate excessive preening which interrupts feeding, as the birds spend much time preening rather than being involved in other essential life activities. Haemoproteuscolumbae occurs in pigeons widely in tropical and subtropical regions. The present investigation was concentrated on the effect of H. columbae infection on the hemogram and changes in the number of white blood cells in infected pigeons. Blood samples taked from 100 pigeons in Shahrekord. Blood smears stained and observed for H.columbae infection. Packed cell volume (PCV) and total white blood cells (WBC) count and differential WBC count determinate for every smears. This study show that PCV increased in infected pigeons by H. columbae than non infected pigeons. There were increasing in the number of total WBC in the infected pigeons by H. columbae than non infected pigeons. Also there were significant differences between the number of lymphocytes and eosinophils in the infected pigeons by H. columbae than non infected pigeons. This study and same studies show the part of the effects of blood parasites on the hemogram, but there were many questions about the effects of blood parasites such as H. columbae on the other parameters of host's blood, so we advise to focus on the other hematological parameters in the future studies.

Effects of periodontal therapy on white blood cell count and levels of transforming growth factor beta in serum of subjects with severe periodontitis.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of nonsurgical periodontal therapy on white blood cell (WBC) count and levels of transforming growth factor beta (TGF&mdash;&#946;) in serum from subjects with severe periodontitis. Serum from 28 subjects with periodontitis (mean age: 34.36±6.24; 32% men) and 27 healthy controls (mean age: 33.18±6.42; 33% men) were collected prior to therapy. Blood samples were obtained from 23 subjects who completed therapy (9&mdash;12 months). A well&mdash;controlled periodontal treatment protocol was established in three stages: mechanical periodontal therapy (scaling and root planning), reinstrumentation of dental sites, and supportive periodontal therapy. Periodontal and systemic parameters such as the total number of WBCs and TGF&mdash;&#946; levels, accessed by enzyme&mdash;linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), were included. After therapy, all clinical periodontal parameters decreased (p&lt;0.0001). There were no statistical differences in WBC count between experimental and control groups before or after therapy. However, after therapy, the mean value of lymphocytes in patients with localized aggressive periodontitis (LAgP) was statistically higher than that of patients with generalized chronic periodontitis (GCP) (p&lt;0.0357). Additionally, TGF&mdash;&#946; levels in LAgP and GCP patients were higher compared to controls before therapy (p&lt;0.05 and p&lt;0.01, respectively). In LAgP patients, periodontal therapy was associated with increased number of lymphocytes.

Automated white blood cell counts in cerebrospinal fluid using the body fluid mode on the platform Sysmex XE-5000

Background. The Sysmex XE-5000 offers automated quantification of red blood cells and white blood cells (WBCs) in body fluids, with differentiation of polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) and mononuclear cells (MNCs). Methods. We evaluated automated WBC counting in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) using the body fluid mode on the Sysmex XE-5000, comparing it with flow cytometry as the reference method, and also with manual counting by microscopy. Experimental analysis for linearity and limit of detection was performed by diluting isolated WBCs in cell-free CSF. To study the ability to discriminate between PMNs and MNCs, samples were spiked using MNCs separated from peripheral blood. Comparison of WBC counts between a counting chamber and the XE-5000 was performed for 198 CSF samples. Results. In the experimental set-up, within-run (CV 19%) and between-day imprecision (CV 15.3%) in quantitating total number of WBC on XE-5000 was acceptable for WBC counts ≥ 25 × 106/L. Compared with expected cell counts, mean bias was + 2.6% for flow cytometry, + 5.5% for XE-5000 and − 73.2% for manual counting. Differentiation between PMNs and MNCs was in concordance with flow cytometry. In comparisons of clinical CSF samples, overall agreement between the XE-5000 and manual counting was observed in 81% of the samples, but mean difference in WBC differentiation was higher for PMN (51.1 × 106/L) than for MNC (7.95 × 106/L). Conclusion. Despite limited precision at low WBC counts, XE-5000 could be a favourable alternative to the labour-intensive, time-consuming and less reliable manual counting and cuts turnaround times in routine CSF-based diagnosis.

INFLUENCE OF AGE ON THE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF PIGLETS TO ESCHERICHIA COLI O138:F18

The ex vivo and in vivo studies were undertaken to examine age-effect on the susceptibility of pigsto E. coli F18-diarrhea. The ex vivo experiment was conducted with 2 and 4 weeks old pigs based on theporcine intestinal organ culture (PIOC) model. The in vivo experiment was performed with 2 and 3weeks old pigs fed milk replacer and inoculated with E. coli F18. E. coli F18 inoculation to the intestinalcultures resulted in higher (P<0.01) counts of E. coli associated to the intestinal tissue, but suchdifference was not observed between the 2 and 4 weeks old pigs. Faecal dry matter (DM) decreased(P=0.01), whereas the proportion of pigs with diarrhea and faecal haemolytic E. coli counts increased(P<0.05) following inoculation, however, the difference between the ages was not observed in the invivo study. The interaction (P=0.01) between age and sampling day was observed for the number of totalwhite blood cells (WBC). The proportion of neutrophils decreased (P=0.01), whereas the lymphocytes,red blood cells (RBC), hemoglobin (Hb) and hematocrit (Hct) increased (P<0.01) after inoculation, butthe differences between age groups were not observed regarding these variables. In conclusion, age (2versus 3 or 4 weeks) did not influence the susceptibility of piglet to E. coli F18-diarrhea.

Lead exposure affects inflammatory mediators, total and differential white blood cells in sensitized guinea pigs during and after sensitization

Background: Serum inflammatory mediators and white blood cells (WBC) counts in the blood of sensitized and lead exposed guinea pigs were evaluated. Methods: Guinea pigs were randomly allocated into control (C), sensitized (S) and sensitized groups exposed to three lead concentrations (0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 M) during (DS) and after sensitization (PS), (n = 6 for each group). Animals were sensitized by intra-peritoneal injection and aerosol inhalation of ovalbumin (OA). Serum total protein, PLA2, IgE, histamine, total and differential WBC counts of blood were evaluated. Results: Serum PLA2, total protein, IgE, histamine, total and differential WBC counts in all three sensitized groups were significantly increased, but the percentage of lymphocyte was decreased compared to control group (p < 0.05 to p < 0.001). Serum total protein and total WBC number in all animals exposed to lead as well as the eosinophil and histamine in animals exposed to highest lead concentration and IgE in sensitized groups exposed to lead after sensitization were significantly higher, but the lymphocyte in animals exposed to two higher lead concentrations was lower than non exposed sensitized group (p < 0.05 to p < 0.001). The changes in all parameters in lead exposed animals after sensitization were higher than those during sensitization which was statistically significant for total WBC count in the animals exposed to low lead concentration (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Inhaled lead can increase serum total protein, PLA2, IgE and histamine levels, total and most differential WBC counts in sensitized animal which was more pronounced in animals exposed to lead after compared to those during sensitization.

Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System for White Blood Cell Classification

Dean, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, SNS College of Technology, CoimbatoreABSTRACTThis paper describes the practical application of Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (A NFIS) framework forclassification of white blood cells. Differential count of the several types of white blood cells (WBC) in bone marrowsmears is applied to assist find infection, anemia and leukemia or to observe the process of treatment. In this paperwe represent a fuzzy Inference system approach to discover edge inside color bone marrow microscopic pictures, toget a solution for iteration level for image processing. In this paper, we investigate whether selective informationabout the nucleus only is sufficient to classify white blood cells. This is essential because partitioning of nucleusis very much simpler than the partitioning of the total cell, particularly in the bone marrow where the whiteblood cell density is really high.Keyword: Anfis, white Blood Cells, Fuzzy Logic, Neural Network, Segmentation, ClassificationINTRODUCTIONThe traditional method for an expert is to use a microscope to select an area of interest in a bone marrow slide,detect a white blood cell, classify the cell based on his knowledge and experience, increase the count of thecorresponding cell class, and repeat the cycle until all cells in the area of interest are counted. Research and studyabout leukocyte or white blood cell are realized a is an important issue in Hematology for a long time[2].It also recognized as a one of many challenging and complicate investigation in medical image processing andrelated field both cell component segmentation and cell classification for blood cell counting. White blood cell isthe most important cell in an immune system and can be found generally in the whole body [1]. Its function is toeliminate a foreign body in blood circulation system. In general, an increasing or decreasing in a number of totalwhite blood cells from normal level can be used statistically as an efficient primary indicator for an infection,inflammatory or disease in a human body. This figure can also be used for medical cure or follow up treatment anddrug. From the reason described above , the counting of white blood cell in order to specify a cell type and gainan amount of white blood cell in blood sample is necessary and very important. A normal stained blood sampleslide will typically compose of red blood cell, white blood cell and plasma as a background. Each WBC cell hasnaturally different in both size and shape of nucleus. Some complications usually found during manual blood cellcounting are mostly due to an unclear boundary between membrane both cytoplasm and plasma or cytoplasmand nucleus[4]. Although the blood cell counting is realized as an important tank in blood componentdiagnosis, however this is a very time consuming process and quite inherent biasing from an expertise skilland experience, person by person. These cause an implicit result intentionally [13].An automatic blood cell counter by using computer vision technique can help to perform this medical test rapidlyand accurately. Most available commercial automatic white blood cell analysis composed of three main stepsincluding cell component segmentation, feature extraction and cell type classification [9]. Among those describedprocessing steps, blood cell segmentation plays an important role as the first essential step of blood cell countingprocess to separate a composition of white blood cell into nucleus region and cytoplasm region. A correction andaccuracy of the following cell classification is affected from this segmentation .Several segmentation techniqueswere introduced and applied into white blood cell images and organ cell [3].Hea

Preventive effects of hydroalcoholic extract of saffron on hematological parameters of experimental asthmatic rats.

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the respiratory airways distinguished by edema and infiltration of inflammatory immune cells. To test our hypothesis about the anti-inflammatory effect of saffron, we examined effects of Crocus sativus (C. sativus) extract as a prophylactic anti-inflammatory agent in sensitized rats. To induce experimental asthma, rats were sensitized with injection and inhalation of ovalbumin (OA). Forty male Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups (n=8 for each): control, sensitized (asthma), and sensitized and pretreated with three different concentrations of extract, 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg, 2 times a week (group asthma+50EX, group asthma+100EX, and group asthma+200EX). After 32 days, total white blood cells (WBC) counts, red blood cells (RBC), and platelet counts in blood were examined. Total WBC number and eosinophil and neutrophil percentage in blood were increased, but lymphocyte decreased in sensitized animals compared with those of control group (p<0.05 to p<0.001). We observed also elevated levels in RBC and platelet counts after sensitization in the asthma group. Pretreatment of sensitized rats in all concentrations decreased WBC count which was significant in first two concentrations (p<0.01 compared with group asthma). All concentrations of extract decreased eosinophil percentage significantly (p<0.001 compared with group asthma), however, for neutrophil percentage this improvement was not significant. Lymphocyte percentage increased in group asthma+100EX compared with group asthma (p<0.05). Moreover, in all concentrations, the extract reduced RBC and platelet count in pretreated sensitized rats compared with group asthma (p<0.01 to p<0.001). Our findings indicated that the extract of C. sativus could be useful to prevent asthma as an anti-inflammatory treatment.

923 – Safe administration of clozapine in hospitalized psychiatric patients

Clozapine is indicated for the management of severely ill schizophrenic patients who fail to respond adequately to standard drug treatment for schizophrenia. Agranulocytosis is a life-threatening adverse effect which can occur during administration of clozapine, and frequency estimation is between 0,5 and 2 % of patients. This research was conducted in 136 patients treated with Clozapine, from a total number of 528 patients hospitalized in the Psychiatric Hospital of Sarajevo in one year period. Fifty patients (36,26%) from total were females, and 86 patients (63,74%) were male. Average age was 43,43 years, hospitalized approximately 4,55 times in this hospital, they were treated with Clozapine in mono- or combined therapy with middle dosage of 162,32 mg per day. In most of the cases (68,75%) concomitant therapy was associated to Haloperidole. According to recommendations of manufacturers and algorithms, laboratory blood monitoring and differential blood monitoring were performed. In this trial there were no cases what so ever that would include differation of total White Blood Cells number or granulocytes of patients hospitalized and treated with Clozapine in one year period.

The effect of the extract of Crocus sativus and its constituent safranal, on lung pathology and lung inflammation of ovalbumin sensitized guinea-pigs

Different pharmacological effects of Crocus sativus have been demonstrated on guinea pig tracheal chains in previous studies. In the present study, the prophylactic effect of the extract of C. sativus and its constituent, safranal on lung pathology and total and differential white blood cells (WBC) of sensitized guinea pigs was examined.Guinea pigs were sensitized with injection and inhalation of ovalbumin (OA). One group of sensitized guinea pigs were given drinking water alone (group S) and three groups were given drinking water containing three concentrations of safranal (S+SA1, S+SA2 and S+SA3 groups), three groups, drinking water containing three concentrations of extract (S+CS1, S+CS2 and S+CS3 groups) and one group drinking water containing one concentration of dexamethasone (S+D group) (n=6, for all groups). The lung pathology was evaluated in control, non treated and treated sensitized groups. Total and differential WBC counts of lung lavage were also examined.All pathological indices in group S showed significant increased compared to control group (p<0.05 for lung congestion and p<0.001 for other groups). Total WBC number (p<0.001), eosinophyl percentage (p<0.001) in lung lavage and serum histamine levels (p<0.01) were also increased in sensitized animals compared to those of controls. Treatment of S animals with dexamethasone, all concentrations of the extract and safranal significantly improved lung pathological changes, most types of WBC and serum histamine levels compared to group S (p<0.05–0.001). Treatment of S group with first concentration of safranal also decreased total WBC. Treatment with safranal was more effective in improvement of most pathological changes, total and differential WBC count as well as serum histamine level (p<0.05–0.001).These results showed a preventive effect of the extract of C. sativus and its constituent safranal on lung inflammation of sensitized guinea pigs. The results also showed that the effect of the plant is perhaps due to its constituent safranal.

Diallyl Disulfide Reduced Dose-Dependently the Number of Lymphocyte Subsets and Monocytes in Rats

Diallyl disulfide (DADS) is a major sulfur compound of garlic, and exerts anti-inflammatory, immune-modulatory, and enhancing sympathetic activity effects. However, it still remains unclear how DADS affects the distribution of white blood cell subsets, which is essential to execute effective immune responses and partially regulated by adrenal glucocorticoids. Therefore, we examined the dose-dependent effects of DADS administration on the circulating number of white blood cells (WBCs) and lymphocyte subsets, and plasma corticosterone concentration in rats. Male 10-wk-old Sprague Dawley rats were divided into the DADS-free and DADS-orally administered (dose=10, 20, and 40 mg/kg BW) groups. Blood samples were collected from the tail vein at 0, 1, 2, 4, and 6 h after the administration. DADS administration decreased dose- and time-dependently the circulating number of total WBCs, total lymphocytes, and monocytes. Within the lymphocyte subsets, the circulating number of T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes was significantly reduced 4 h after DADS administration in a dose-dependent manner, although that of natural killer (NK) cells was not affected. On the other hand, although DADS administration did not significantly change the circulating number of neutrophils, the circulating number of eosinophils and basophils showed a decreasing tendency after DADS administration. In contrast, plasma corticosterone concentration was increased 2 h after DADS administration in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that DADS administration reduces the circulating number of monocytes and lymphocytes, including especially acquired immune cells, via the action of corticosterone, and the effects are induced in a dose-dependent manner.

Different Recovery Responses from Dietary Zinc-Deficiency in the Distribution of Rat Granulocytes

The purpose of this study was to elucidate the effects of the recovery from dietary zinc-deficiency on the number of total white blood cells (WBCs), neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils, and plasma zinc and corticosterone concentrations in weanling male Sprague Dawley rats. Rats (n=34) of the zinc-deficient diet (0.6 mg zinc/kg diet) and control diet (35.2 mg zinc/kg diet) groups were fed for 4 wk, and then rats of both groups were fed with the control diet for 3 wk. Zinc-deficiency increased duration-dependently and clearly the number of total WBCs, neutrophils and eosinophils, and the increased numbers of these cells recovered to the control levels in week 2 of the recovery. On the other hand, the number of basophils increased by the zinc-deficiency recovered to the control levels in week 1 of the recovery. Zinc-deficiency significantly decreased plasma zinc concentrations by 85%, and markedly increased plasma corticosterone concentrations by 317%, as compared with the control group. In the recovery period, plasma zinc and corticosterone concentrations recovered to the control levels in week 2 of the recovery. These results suggest that zinc-deficiency and its recovery responses in the number of granulocytes and total WBCs are reversible, and their recovery rates depend on the subsets of granulocytes in rats.