Total Number Of Streams Research Articles

Demand and supply side effects of COVID-19 on music streaming

ABSTRACT Restrictions imposed to fight the Covid-19 pandemic dramatically changed life. This affected the entertainment industry with consequences on the demand (consumer behavior in terms of quantity and preferences) and supply side (quantity of published products). Suffering from revenue losses because of canceled live events due to Covid-19, the music industry heavily relied on streaming revenues so we investigate how the lockdowns and other restrictions affected demand and supply within the music streaming industry. Using daily Spotify streaming data, as well as the MusicBrainz encyclopedia, we empirically investigate changes in the number of streams per day, listening preferences (demand side), and the number of releases (supply side) for the United States, Germany, Brazil, and Indonesia. For the demand side, the results imply that lockdown measures led to a decrease in the total number of streams per day. This coincided with country-specific changes in music preferences such as a short-term increase in the consumption of happy music. On the supply side, a global increase in songs released with increasing lockdown measures was found. Although most effects mitigate over time, they lead to serious ongoing financial consequences for artists, record labels, and streaming services.

The Analysis of Hydro-Morphometric Characteristics of Qaladze Basin

The research attempts to identify the fundamental standard characteristics of the Qaladze River Basin's water drainage network. One of the permanent rivers in Pishdar district's east, Sulaymaniyah Governorate's northeast, and Kurdistan Region's east. The most notable topographic elements that constituted the morphometric characteristics throughout the Pleistocene era were the most prominent geomorphological processes, most notably stream orders, the most extensive streams, drainage density, bifurcation ratio, texture ratio, and meandering coefficient. In the main Qaladze basin (6) stream orders, total number of streams is up to (358) tributaries, and their full-lengths are (235.56 km). The drainage density was attained (2 km/km2). In contrast, the numerical drainage density was obtained (3,03 streams/km2), the bifurcation ratio ranged between (2-7.22), the texture ratio was implemented (5.21 km), the meandering coefficient was struck (1.2), the extraction and flood coefficient was accomplished (8.2), and the runoff speed reached (3.9 m/s).

Morphological characteristics of Kanthatmakur vagu Watershed of Warangal District: Using Geographical Information System (GIS)

The present study relates to the morphometric analysis of Kanthatmakur vagu watershed using GIS. The GIS platform facilitates the analysis of various morphometric parameters. This watershed has higher order of 5th order. The present study has area of about 440.4 Km2 with total length of basin is 45.5 Km. Total number of streams in the basin is 635, ranging from 10 to 319. The basin area exhibits dendritic drainage pattern with bifurcation ratio ranges from 0.1 to 9.2, with mean bifurcation ration of 3.4. Length of stream of all orders are 481.8 km. Length of overland slow is 0.55 km and perimeter of the basin found to be 119.7 km. Areal aspects such as drainage density is calculated as 1.1, drainage frequency is 1.4 and drainage texture calculated as 5.3. Infiltration number of the watershed is 0.8. The watershed has 0.3 form factor ratio, 0.5 elongation ration and 0.4 circularity ratio. Relief of the watershed is 261m and ratio of relief is 6.3. The characteristics of morphological analysis of the Kanthatmakur vagu watershed has peak flow, is an elongated and less probable to flooding as well as moderate to slightly steep slope. In the watershed infiltration is high and run off will be low.

Analysis of confluence angle of drainages and its relation to morphometric properties of drainage basins in the Zagros Simply Folded Belt, Iran

Quantitative analysis of drainage network properties plays an important role in the identification of active tectonics and their spatial variations. The purpose of this study is to analyze the drainage's confluence angle (α) in relation to tectonic activity and morphometric characteristics of drainage basins. A total of 23 drainage basins in the Zagros Simply Folded Belt were selected and then the values of α were calculated for 7829 drainage junctions. The relationship between α and other morphometric indexes such as basin area, perimeter, slope, asymmetry factor, shape, circularity, drainage density, ratio of the 1st-order streams to the total number of streams of all orders, and density of drainage's hierarchical anomaly were analyzed. Results show that mean of α increases as the order of stream junctions increases. Basins with higher values of elongation, the ratio of the 1st-order streams to the total number of streams of all orders, and density of drainage's hierarchical anomaly have higher α values. Results also show that the lateral and vertical growth of anticlines, axes of anticlines, trends of faults and drainage patterns influenced by folds growth strongly control the confluence angles of drainage channels in the studied basins.

Deriving a denudation index for terrestrial meteorite impact craters using drainages as proxies

Meteorite impact craters are morphologic features that can develop characteristic radial, centripetal, and concentric drainage patterns. With age, fluvial activity denudes this morphologic feature, thereby erasing the evidence of a prominent geologic event. Apart from morphology and age, the target lithology and climate also influence crater denudation. In this study, we derive an index, called the Denudation Index (DI), which is a measure of rim degradation caused by fluvial activity. DI was derived by summing the average of first order drainages that retains radial and centripetal patterns to the total number of streams. DI was obtained through the extraction of drainages from digital elevation models (DEM) for 71 craters formed since the Phanerozoic eon. The DI was correlated with the morphology, age, lithology and paleoclimate. Paleoclimatic data corresponding to each crater was generated by reconstructing the crater paleo-positions through GPlates and superimposing the same to the Scotese's Global Climate Model with an interval of 1 Ma. The study revealed that denudation is more prominent in a complex crater's formation on a crystalline target rock than in simple crater on a sedimentary target. Craters in the equatorial rainy climate are more denudating than other climates. Thus, this study provides a new, rather novel, method of expressing the denudation of a crater. Furthermore, this study shows that the drainage network is a unique signature that can be used for depicting the denudation of morphologic features, especially a prominent one like the meteorite impact crater.

Evaluation of Erosion-Prone Areas in Lamurde River Basin, Nigeria Using Morphometric Prioritization Method

Remote sensing and GIS techniques have been increasingly used in characterization of drainage basin and prioritization of erosion prone watershed. This study uses remote sensing and GIS to characterise drainage basin morphometry and prioritize soil erosion prone sub watershed in the Lamurde watershed in Taraba state Nigeria. The study adopted standard formulae and methods to compute the morphometric parameters. The Lamurde watershed was delineated to fifteen sub-watersheds with each coded as WS1 to WS15. The result of the findings reveals that Lamurde watershed has a dendritic to sub-dendritic drainage pattern with the smaller streams intersecting the main trunk at acute angles. The findings reveal that Lamurde is a ninth order stream with total area of 1,458.66 km2 and a perimeter of 395.93 km. The basin also has 258,493 total number of streams. The main soil types in the Lamurde basin are fluvisol, lithosol, ferric luvisols and humic nitosols. The surface soil texture of the area is mainly loamy type and particle size classes are fine loamy type. Depth of soil varies from shallow to very deep and having parent material derived from sandstones, mudstones and shales. The findings of the study reveals that watershed: WS7, WS8, WS5, WS11, WS15, WS14, WS2 and WS6 in ascending order are very highly vulnerable to soil erosion. Despite inherent limitation in the use of morphometric parameters to prioritize erosion prone sub watersheds, it is most suitable in the present circumstances because of inadequate information and lack of functional measurement station in the basin, since they have more stable and accessible data on which prioritization of the watersheds can be based on. This study contributes to the problem of dearth of information regarding the susceptibility to erosion in the Lamurde River Basin in Taraba State Nigeria. Based on this findings, these sub watersheds should be given higher priority on any soil conservation intervention measures in the study area. This will go a long way to help address the problem of soil erosion in the area.

Hydrogeomorphic assessment of badlands in part of the Mandakini River watershed, Chitrakoot, India

Badlands are a hydrogeomorphological feature with operative processes leading to intense erosion. This study utilizes the morphometric methods with the help of remote sensing data in a GIS environment to determine the characteristics of the badlands of Mandakini River watershed and their interpretation to explore the factors responsible for the formation of the typical landforms. Objective interpretation of morphometric data of badlands with the help of statistical Pearson’s correlation coefficient (PCC) and dendrogram cluster may be made to emphasize the controlling factors. The morphometric parameters like the total number of streams (Nu), bifurcation ratio (Rb), drainage density (Dd), drainage frequency (Fs), drainage texture (Dt), and infiltration number (If) and their correlation in the study area plays a significant role in the advancement of rills and gullies. In the present area, the total number of streams (Nu) is very significantly related with the lengths of the first-order (L1), the second-order (L2), and the third-order streams (L3) along with the total stream length of all orders (Lu) in the third-order and the fourth-order sub-watersheds. Bifurcation ratio (Rb) is strongly correlated with L1, L2, L3, L4, and drainage texture (Dt) in the fourth-order sub-watershed. These correlations insinuate a tectonic influence in the basin and show an ultrafine drainage texture that ultimately forms badland topography. The relation between Dd-Lg-C-If-Rn produces a self-enhancing system of badland development, which promotes erosion in the area under study. These correlations provide a well-figured observation of the sub-watershed that, due to the increase in infiltration number (If), the drainage density (Dd) also increases, which leads to enhancement of channel cutting and erosion rates (low Lg and C value). This correlation coefficient of Rn is moderately low, indicating a single storey type of badlands. The badlands seem to have formed owing to setting up of self-enhancing erosive system on paleo wetlands, as evidenced by the presence of calcretes. Calcretes have been related to the presence of wetlands’ conditions. These have been related to fall in water levels, therefore, indicating much higher water levels nearly close to ground surfaces before setting up badlands conditions. Thus, the badlands which have shallow calcretes horizons can be said to have been wetlands in the past.

GIS-based assessment of morphological and hydrological parameters of Wainganga River Basin, Central India

River basin planning is a systematic approach to the specific problems related to availability and access to water for various purposes, and to simultaneously ensure the ecological integrity of a river system. GIS-based assessment of morphological and hydrological process inflows, rainfall–runoff modeling and regression equations was discussed using geographical information systems and remote sensing techniques. The Wainganga River emerges from a spring in the plains of Madhya Pradesh and has a meandering flow. The river is mostly shallow and wide in this region. The depth of the river increases in the backwaters of the Sanjay Sarovar Dam. In observation, the total number of streams of 27 sub-basins is 9472; the diverse geology implies geohydrological heterogeneity at the river basin scale. This heterogeneity could be amenable to comprehensive river-basin planning of recharge, discharge and conservation. The monthly rainfall–runoff models (R–R models) so developed are R = 1.019 * P − 418.20 height in the Bhimkund catchment area, and the lowest is R = 0.532 * P + 194.60 in Bamni catchment. The present study depicts the process of evaluating various morphological and hydrological parameters of the Wainganga River by applying remote sensing, geographical information system and global positioning system techniques. The data can be used for basin management, hydrological, and utilized in restoration and conservation of natural resource studies in the future.

Morphometry of drainage basins and stream networks as an indicator of active fold growth (Gorm anticline, Fars Province, Iran)

The Zagros Folded belt, as one of the most tectonically active areas in the world, contains NW–SE trending whaleback anticlines that are growing vertically and laterally. Morphometric indices are widely used in tectonic geomorphological research because of their low cost and relative ease of application. Drainage basins and their networks adapt to tectonically induced changes in surface slope, and hence their qualitative and quantitative analysis can reveal aspects of active anticlinal growth. This study evaluates the morphometric properties of drainage basins and their networks developed on the fold limbs, using this quantitative data to detect lateral propagation of the Gorm anticline in the Zagros Simply Folded Belt (ZSFB). The Gorm anticline was considered to be suitable for this approach because of the variability of drainage basins and their networks along the axis of the anticline and also transversely across its forelimb and backlimb. The morphometric properties of stream networks including drainage density (Dd), drainage frequency (Df), ratio of 1st-order streams to the total number of streams of all orders (N1/N), length of 1st-order streams (L1), spacing ratio (R)of main streams on flanks, and drainage patterns were analyzed in three zones of the anticline (southeastern (SE), central, and northwestern (NW)). Also, the morphometric indices of drainage basins such as basin area (Ba), shape (Bs), asymmetry factor (AF), hypsometric integral (HI), a new proposed crescentness index (CI), and sinuosity of anticline divide (SAD) were evaluated. Results show that an increase in N1/N ratio and L1 from the center towards both the southeastern and northwestern fold noses suggests lateral growth of the anticline towards the southeast and northwest. The SE and NW zones are characterized by the smaller, elongated and crescent-shaped basins, lower elevations, lower dip slopes, higher hypsometric integral, and lower sinuosity of anticline ridge. These results collectively suggest that the southeastern and northwestern fold noses are younger, less eroded and laterally growing. The formation of crescent-shaped basins with asymmetric forked drainages developed in the SE and NW zones are considered to be useful indicators of lateral growth of the Gorm anticline. Although higher values of Ba, SAD, Df and S indexes in the central part of the fold can be attributed to the older relative age of this area, the activity of the Nezamabad Fault and the exposure of some weak rocks also play some roles in explaining the increase the values of parameters. Overall, the N1/N, L1, CI, SAD indexes, as well as the fan-shaped and asymmetric forked drainage pattern are the most useful tectonic geomorphological criteria to detect lateral propagation of anticlines.

Gis based morphometric analysis of a forest watershed in lower Shivaliks of Punjab using high resolution satellite data

Management of natural resources particularly soil and water is very important. The watershed is considered to be the ideal unit for management of natural resources. Remote sensing and GIS, being efficient, accurate and time saving techniques have found great relevance for management of natural assets. In the present study, remote sensing and GIS have been used to evaluate the morphometric parameters of the Dada watershed located in the lower Shivaliks of Punjab. The high resolution ALOS PALSAR digital elevation model having spatial resolution of 12.5 m has been used for calculating various morphometric parameters such as linear, aerial and relief aspects of the watershed morphometry. Morphometric parameters such as stream order, stream length, drainage density, stream frequency, circulatory ratio, form factor, bifurcation ratio, elongation ratio, compactness coefficient etc. have been evaluated. The total area and perimeter of the study watershed is 1491.1 ha and 29.1 km, respectively. The results of the study revealed that the Dada watershed is 5th order watershed. It was observed that total number of streams in the study watershed is 377 out of which 216 are of 1st order, 94 are of 2nd order, 60 are of 3rd order, 6 are of 4th order and 1 is of 5th order. The total lengths of all stream is 71.98 km and mean stream length is 190.92 m. Drainage density of the watershed is 4.83 km/km2. Drainage texture and length of overland flow are 30.45 no./km and 2.414 km, respectively. The watershed is having stream frequency of 25.28 no./km2 and mean bifurcation ratio of 4.97. The watershed has form factor of 0.27, circulatory ratio of 0.22 and the elongation ratio of 0.586. The present study is constructive discourse to comprehend the hydrological behaviour of the watershed. It would be useful for planning and implementation of soil and water conservation measures in the Dada watershed.

A study of the morphometric analysis and cycle of erosion in Waingangā Basin, India

The stages of landscape brought by Wainganga river cycle of erosion are precisely characterized and determined by progressive returns of maximum relief ratio (above 70%), maximum amount of slope (40–100%), high dissection index (above 30%) high hypsometric integral (above 60%), high percentage of unconsumed upland (above 30%), and low circularity index. A total number of streams are 9472 in which 6502 are first-order, 2190 are second-order, 605 are third-order, 153 are fourth-order, 17 are fifth-order, and 4 are sixth-order streams. Bifurcation values range from 2.97 to 9.00 and the average bifurcation value is 3.97. The elongation ratios are 0.12. The values reveal that the basin is strongly elongated and it is composed of highly permeable homogenous geologic materials. The drainage density of the river basin is 0.66. With the advancement of the cyclic landscape, the trend of hypsometric integrals, relief ratio, amount of slope, dissection index, and percentage of unconsumed upland trends to decrease to a minimum, while circularity index increases. The penultimate stage of the landscape finally achieves maximum circularity with minimum returns of other variables progressively. The study recommends that the river basin needs a hydrogeological and geophysical study in the future for proper water management and choice of artificial recharge structures for recharge of groundwater in the area under consideration.

A review of CO2 and associated carbon dynamics in headwater streams: A global perspective

AbstractTerrestrial carbon export via inland aquatic systems is a key process in the global carbon cycle. It includes loss of carbon to the atmosphere via outgassing from rivers, lakes, or reservoirs and carbon fixation in the water column as well as in sediments. This review focuses on headwater streams that are important because their stream biogeochemistry directly reflects carbon input from soils and groundwaters. Major drivers of carbon dioxide partial pressures (pCO2) in streams and mechanisms of terrestrial dissolved inorganic, organic and particulate organic carbon (DIC, DOC, and POC) influxes are summarized in this work. Our analysis indicates that the global river average pCO2 of 3100 ppmV is more often exceeded by contributions from small streams when compared to rivers with larger catchments (> 500 km2). Because of their large proportion in global river networks (> 96% of the total number of streams), headwaters contribute large—but still poorly quantified—amounts of CO2 to the atmosphere. Conservative estimates imply that globally 36% (i.e., 0.93 Pg C yr−1) of total CO2 outgassing from rivers and streams originate from headwaters. We also discuss challenges in determination of CO2 sources, concentrations, and fluxes. To overcome uncertainties of CO2 sources and its outgassing from headwater streams on the global scale, new investigations are needed that should include groundwater data. Such studies would also benefit from applications of integral CO2 outgassing isotope approaches and multiscale geophysical imaging techniques.

GIS applications in morphometric analysis of Koshalya-Jhajhara watershed in northwestern India

The present paper deals with morphometric analysis of Koshalya-Jhajhara (K-J) watershed, tributaries of Ghaggar in northwestern India. The area forms a rugged topography having elevation range from 399 m to 1810 m MSL. Aster DEM and SOI toposheets have been used to calculate various parameters using Geographic Information System (GIS). Linear, areal and relief aspects for morphometric analysis were calculated using GIS. Total number of streams in the watershed are 991 out of which 543 are of 1st order, 259 are of 2nd order, 124 are of 3rd order, 58 are of 4th order and only 7 are of 5th order. The order of stream determines the chances of flood in the stream. Higher the stream order more the probabilities of flood. The present paper indicates that K-J watershed is of 5th order and less elongated in shape having lower peak flows of longer duration with dendritic pattern and having fine drainage texture. Bifurcation ratio varies from 3 to 5 which indicate that geological structures don’t have dominant influence on drainage pattern. High slope is witnessed in NE part and low slope in SW part with very low gradient ratio. Variables like stream frequency and drainage density determines the volume of the water discharge and its speed of flow in the river channels. Higher the stream frequency and drainage density more will be the probability of floods. These variables also effects temporal variations in the speed at which the water flows in the stream when flood reaches its peak.

Morphometric Analysis of a Phulambri River Drainage Basin (Gp8 Watershed), Aurangabad District (Maharashtra) using Geographical Information System

Geographical information system (GIS) has emerged as a professional tool in demarcation of drainage pattern and ground water potential and its planning. GIS and image processing techniques can be utilized for the identification of morphological characteristics and investigating properties of basin. The morphometric parameters of basin can deal with linear, areal and relief features. The present study deals mainly with the geometry, more importance being given on the evaluation of morphometric parameters such as stream order (Nu), stream length (Lu), bifurcation ratio (Rb), drainage density (D), stream frequency (Fs), texture ratio (T), elongation ratio (Re), circularity ratio (Rc), and form factor ratio (Rf) etc. Study area is Phulambri river basin located in Aurangabad district of Maharashtra state in India. The GIS based Morphometric analysis of this drainage basin revealed that the Girja-Purna is 6th order drainage basin and drainage pattern mainly in dendritic type thereby indicates homogeneity in texture and lack of structural control. Total number of streams is 1616, in which 895 are first order, 391 are second order, 196 are third order and 97 are fourth order streams and 36 of the fifth order and 1 of the sixth order. The length of stream segment is maximum for first order stream and decreases as the stream order increases. The drainage density (Dd) of study area is 0.030 km/km 2 .

Macrophyte species composition in streams of Latvia under different flow and substrate conditions

INTRODUCTION Streams are heterogeneous environments with differences in physical and chemical parameters. Different studies worldwide obviously indicate that the knowledge of the macrophyte species composition and abundance provides important information on the aquatic ecosystem (e.g., Best, 1995; Dawson & Szoszkiewicz, 1999; Baatrup-Pedersen et al., 2003). Macrophytes are a key component in the functioning of streams where they grow in relatively high abundance (Clarke, 2002). The physical stream environment has a major impact upon the development and growth of submersed macrophytes (Baatrup-Pedersen & Riis, 1999). In shallow, low-energy streams where macrophytes are able to grow abundantly, plants greatly influence the functioning of the ecosystem (Sand-Jensen et al., 1989). Substrate and flow velocity are the two most important factors influencing the distribution of macrophytes in streams. And vice versa, the growth of macrophytes has important impacts upon flow resistance, flow velocities, and sediment dynamics. Macrophytes grow abundatly under such current velocity and in sediments where they can be best rooted and withstand the erosive force of the water during periodic scour events (Chambers et al., 1991). Velocity is an important controlling factor of substrate stability and composition of macrophytes. Several researchers have argued that flow velocity is the main factor in controlling macrophyte composition and biomass in streams (Westlake, 1967; Nilsson, 1987; Chambers et al., 1991; Riis & Biggs, 2003; Haslam, 2006). Flow velocity has often been found to affect the distribution of macrophytes in streams (e.g., Riis et al., 2000; Demars & Harper, 2005). River surveys have indicated that many macrophyte species are associated with sediment of particular particle size (Holmes, 1983; Haslam, 2006). Substrate stability is a significant controlling factor because a stable substrate allows rooting and establishment of macrophyte communities. Mobile substrates prevent this, resulting in a limited potential for plant community development (Riis & Biggs, 2003; Haslam, 2006). Despite the apparent importance of water movement in regulating macrophyte communities in lowland rivers, the nature of the processes and the factors controlling their dynamics are not well understood (Franklin et al., 2008). For an assessment of the ecological status of a stream using macrophytes a certain minimum plant quantity is required. The variability of macrophyte richness is linked to physical factors in the environment, which make an important contribution to the pattern of macrophyte distribution (Abou-Hamdan et al., 2005). Since there are still numerous unaffected streams in Latvia, knowledge of the riverine vegetation in Latvia could be of regional importance on a European scale; for example, Baatrup-Pedersen et al. (2008) found a high similarity of species-based predictions in Denmark before intensive land use started there around 1900 with vegetation in Latvian and Lithuanian streams. The aim of the study was to examine the role of different environmental factors in the formation of macrophyte vegetation in middle-sized lowland streams in Latvia, focusing on the importance of flow velocity and substrate type of streams. The objectives were to investigate the macrophyte vegetation at 131 stream sites throughout the country, and to supplement each survey with a description of environmental factors (substrate type, flow velocity, shading, stream width, and water depth). MATERIAL AND METHODS Study area The study area covers the whole territory of Latvia. There is a dense network of streams in Latvia. The total number of streams is up to 12 500, of which only 17 exceed 100 km (Klavins et al., 1999). The streams are classified as lowland streams with averagely low flow velocities and modest hydrological variability. However, spring flow velocities may be high and summer velocities low. …

Community Streaming With Interactive Visual Overlays: System and Optimization

Community streaming is an enhanced form of joint content viewing where a sense of community is reinforced by the addition of interactive visual overlays, controlled in real-time by viewers, on top of a shared video stream. As a concrete example, we describe a community video system called ECHO, where personalized avatars are overlaid on top of a real-time encoded video stream of an Internet game for multicast consumption. Recognizing that only the visual overlays are generated live, we propose schemes that encode and schedule the live and non-live portions of the overlaid video separately in order to exploit the difference in delay sensitivity of the two, leading to video streams that contain two sub-streams with different delay constraints. We show that, in the known channel case, a low complexity ldquoearliest deadline firstrdquo packet scheduling algorithm minimizes receiver buffer delay. We also analyze the case where multiple streams are multiplexed, which allows us to quantify the potential gains of allowing different delay constraints for different sub-streams. We show that a ldquowater fillingrdquo strategy maximizes the total number of streams that can be supported. Simulation results show that the bandwidth necessary to maintain low-latency for visual overlays is reduced by about 40% when our proposed sub-stream approach is used. For multiplexing of multiple streams, our approach can increase the number of supported streams (e.g., a 30% increase when around ten streams are multiplexed).