Total Number Of Resorptions Research Articles

Investigation of possible teratogenic effects in the offspring of mice exposed to methylphenidate during pregnancy

Methylphenidate (MPH) is a central nervous system stimulant drug that increases concentration and energy level. The safety of MPH use during pregnancy is not well established. Considering the high rate of unplanned pregnancy among young women, potential for accidental exposure to MPH in early pregnancy is high. This study aimed to investigate if MPH administered during pregnancy would induce maternotoxicity, teratogenicity in mice, or both. Pregnant Swiss mice were treated with MPH (5 mg/kg, subcutaneously) or 0.9% saline (control group) from the 5th to the 17th day of pregnancy. In the MPH-treated group, a significant increase in the total number of resorptions with a consequent increase in post-implantation loss and a decrease in fetal viability were detected (all P < 0.05). A total of 91.43% of resorptions were classified as early resorptions. The group treated with MPH presented significant external (polydactyly P < 0.01), skeletal (incomplete ossification of the skull P < 0.01) and visceral (dilated ventricles P < 0.05) malformations. Behavioural effects (motor activity, memory of habituation and anxiety) were not observed in both male and female offspring evaluated at postnatal days 22, 35 and 75. The results suggest that MPH is an embryotoxic and teratogenic drug.

The effects of BIS-GMA and TEG-DMA on female mouse fertility

The current study evaluated the effect of bisphenol A glycerolate dimethacrylate (BIS-GMA) and triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (TEG-DMA) on female mouse fertility. Adult female mice were exposed to BIS-GMA or TEG-DMA (0, 25 and 100 microg/kg) intragastrically daily for 28 d and then mated with sexually mature untreated male mice and after mating their fertility was assessed. In females exposed to BIS-GMA at both doses significant increases in the total number of resorptions out of the total number of implantations were observed, with a significant increase in the number of animals with resorptions at the higher dose. Significant reductions in body weights and significant increases in ovary weights were also observed. Exposure to TEG-DMA at a dose of 100 microg/kg resulted in significant reductions in pregnancy rates and a significant increase in the total number of embryonal resorptions. Significant reductions in body and uterine weights were also observed in females exposed to TEG-DMA. The results suggest that both BIS-GMA and TEG-DMA have reproductive toxic effects in female mice.

The resin monomer triethylene glycol dimethacrylate exhibits reproductive toxicity in male mice

The present study evaluated the effect of triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) on mouse fertility. Adult male mice were administered TEGDMA (0, 25 and 100 microg kg(-1)) intragastrically daily for 28 days and then allowed to mate for 10 days with sexually mature untreated female mice; fertility was assessed after a further 10 days. Females mated by males that had been treated with TEGDMA had a significant reduction in pregnancy rate, as well as a significant increase in the total number of resorptions as a percentage of the total number of implantations. Furthermore, the number of animals in which resorption occured was increased significantly. Males treated with TEGDMA exhibited a significant reduction in bodyweight, testis weight and the weight of the seminal vesicles and preputial glands. Testicular and epididymal sperm counts, as well as the efficiency of sperm production, were also significantly reduced in TEGDMA-treated males. The results suggest that TEGDMA has adverse effects on the fertility and reproductive system of male mice.

Leached components from dental composites and their effects on fertility of female mice.

This study investigated the effects of leached components from a resin-based dental composite (Z-100) and bisphenol A (BPA) on female mouse fertility. Leached components or BPA (5, 25 and 100 microg kg(-1)) were administered intragastrically daily to the test and distilled water to the control groups for 28 d. Female mice were then mated with sexually mature untreated males and their fertility was assessed. The results revealed a significant reduction in the number of pregnancies--54.5% vs. 100% (control)--in mice treated with the leached components from the dental composite, which also showed an increase of 142% in relative ovary weights. Exposure to 25 and 100 microg kg(-1) BPA resulted in significant increases in the total number of resorptions out of the total number of implantations and significant increases in relative uterine weights. Relative ovarian weights were significantly increased at the highest dose. High performance liquid chromatography analysis showed that tri-(ethylene glycol)-dimethacrylate (TEG-DMA) was the major leached component (total: 5945 microg ml(-1)) from the composite, followed by bisphenol A glycerolate dimethacrylate (BIS-GMA) (total: 2097 microg ml(-1)) and BPA (total: 78 microg ml(-1)). The results suggest that leached components from the dental composite used and commercially purchased BPA have adverse effects on the fertility and reproductive system of female mice.

Reproductive toxic effect of bisphenol A dimethacrylate in mice.

The current study evaluated the effect of bisphenol A dimethacrylate (Bis-DMA) on mouse fertility. Adult male and female mice were exposed to intragastric Bis-DMA (0, 5, 25, and 100 microg/kg) daily for 28 days and then mated with sexually mature untreated mice and after mating fertility was assessed. Females mated by males that had been exposed to Bis-DMA had significant reductions in pregnancy rates and significant increases in the total number of resorptions out of the total number of implantations. Bis-DMA exposed males had significant reductions in body weights and relative testes weights and significant increases in seminal vesicle and preputial gland weights. Testicular and epididymal sperm counts as well as the efficiency of sperm production were also significantly reduced in these groups. Female mice exposed to Bis-DMA showed significant reductions in pregnancy rates, number of implantation sites, number of viable fetuses, and total number of resorptions out of the total number of implantations. Significant reductions in the body weights were observed at all doses, and significant increases were found in the relative weights of the ovaries and the uterus. The results suggest that Bis-DMA has adverse effects on the fertility and reproductive systems of male and female mice.

Assessment of antifertility activities of abamectin pesticide in male rats

The effects of abamectin pesticide on fertility of adult male Sprague–Dawley rats were investigated. Adult male rats were exposed to tap water containing 0, 571, 857, or 1714 ppm abamectin for 6 weeks. Based on fluid consumption, animals received 0, 1.19, 1.87, and 2.13 mg/animal/day abamectin, respectively. Fertility was significantly reduced in male rats ingesting abamectin at all three doses in that the number of females impregnated by them was significantly reduced. The number of viable fetuses was significantly reduced in females mated with males that ingested abamectin at 1.87 or 2.13 mg/animal/day. Significant increases in the total number of resorptions and the number of females with resorptions were observed in females mated with the exposed males at all three concentrations. The body weight gain and water consumption were significantly lower in males that ingested 2.13 mg/animal/day abamectin. Likewise, ingestion of abamectin at all three concentrations caused a significant increase in the weight of testes. Epididymal and testicular sperm counts and daily sperm production were significantly decreased in exposed males. The serum level of testosterone was significantly reduced, whereas the serum level of follicle-stimulating hormone was significantly increased in males that ingested abamectin at a concentration of 2.13 mg/animal/day. Histological evaluation of the testes revealed several abnormalities including infiltration with congested blood vessels with marked hemorrhage and a significant accumulation of connective tissue surrounding the seminiferous tubules. These results strongly suggest the adverse effects of abamectin pesticide on male rat fertility.

Assessment of reproductive and fertility effects of amitraz pesticide in male mice

Forty adult male Swiss mice were exposed to tap water containing 0, 40, 80, or 160 ppm amitraz for 12 weeks. Based on fluid consumption the mice received an average of 0, 5.42±0.47, 10.56±0.97, and 20.39±2.17 mg/kg/day amitraz, respectively. The average body weights gains and fluid consumption were significantly decreased in males exposed to amitraz pesticide. Fertility was significantly reduced in male mice ingesting 10.56±0.97 or 20.39±2.17 mg/kg/day amitraz in that the number of females impregnated by them was significantly reduced. The number of viable fetuses was significantly reduced in females mated with males that ingested 10.56±0.97 or 20.39±2.17 mg/kg/day amitraz. A significant increase in the total number of resorptions and the number of females with resorptions was observed in females impregnated with the exposed males. Absolute testis weight was significantly decreased at 10.56±0.97 mg/kg concentration. The weight of the epididymis was decreased in test males ingested 20.39±2.17 mg/kg amitraz. The seminal vesicles weights were significantly increased in male mice ingested 10.56±0.97 or 20.39±2.17 mg/kg/day amitraz. Similarly, the preputial gland weights were increased in males that ingested 5.42±0.47 or 10.56±0.97 mg/kg and decreased in males ingested 20.39±2.17 mg/kg amitraz. Testicular sperm counts and daily sperm production were significantly decreased in males that ingested 10.56±0.97 or 20.39±2.17 mg/kg/day amitraz. Epididymal sperm counts were significantly decreased in exposed male's at 10.56±0.97 or 20.39±2.17 mg/kg amitraz. These results strongly suggest that exposure to amitraz pesticide have an adverse effect on the fertility and reproductive system of male mice.

Effects of bisphenol A on adult male mouse fertility

The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the effect of bisphenol A (BPA), a contaminant of resin-based dental composites and sealants, on the fertility of male mice. Forty adult male Swiss mice were divided into four groups of 10. BPA (5, 25 and 100 micro g kg(-1) [corrected] was administered intragastrically daily to the mice in the test groups and distilled water to the control group for 28 d. Male fertility was assessed by mating each mouse with two untreated females. Females mated with male mice having ingested 25 and 100 micro g kg(-1) [corrected] BPA showed a significant reduction in pregnancy rates. Furthermore, the total number of resorptions out of the total number of implantations was significantly increased in females impregnated with males having ingested all three doses of BPA. Males having ingested 25 and 100 micro g kg(-1) [corrected] BPA showed a significant reduction in testicular sperm counts and in the efficiency of sperm production. Epididymal sperm counts were also significantly reduced in males that had ingested BPA. There were significant reductions in the absolute weights of the testes and seminal vesicles. These results suggest that male fertility and reproduction is impaired by bisphenol A.

Long-term exposure of male and female mice to 50 Hz magnetic field: effects on fertility.

The effect of an extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic field on the fertility of adult male and female Swiss mice was investigated. Adult male and female mice were exposed to a 50 Hz sinusoidal magnetic field at approximately 25 microT (rms) for 90 days before they were mated with unexposed counterparts. There were no exposure related effects on the fertility of male or female mice. The number of implantation sites, viable fetuses, and the total number of resorptions were not significantly affected in females impregnated by males exposed to the 50 Hz magnetic field as compared with the control group. The number of implantation sites, viable fetuses and the total number of resorptions in exposed females were also not statistically different from the control group. There were no significant effects on the weights of the testes, seminal vesicles, preputial gland or body weights of males exposed to 50 Hz magnetic field. Furthermore, body and uterine weights were not affected in females exposed to 50 Hz field; however, ovarian weight was significantly increased in females exposed to the same field. These results suggest that exposure of male and female mice to low frequency magnetic field had no adverse effects on fertility and reproduction in mice.

Assessment of aggression, sexual behavior and fertility in adult male rat following long-term ingestion of four industrial metals salts.

1. The effect of long-term ingestion of the industrial metals salts, manganese sulfate, aluminum chloride, lead acetate and copper chloride was investigated on aggression, sexual behavior and fertility in male rat. Adult male rats ingested solutions of these salts along with drinking water at a concentration of 1000 p.p.m. for 12 weeks. 2. Male rat sexual behavior was suppressed after the ingestion of manganese sulfate, aluminum chloride, lead acetate and copper chloride. The ingestion of solutions of these salts markedly prolonged the intromission and ejaculation latencies. Aluminum chloride and copper chloride reduced the copulatory efficiency. 3. Male rat aggression was also abolished after the ingestion of manganese sulfate, aluminum chloride, lead acetate and copper chloride. The ingestion of solutions of these salts markedly suppressed lateralizations, boxing bouts, fight with stud male and ventral presenting postures. 4. Fertility was reduced in male rats ingested with lead acetate. The total number of resorptions was increased in female rats impregnated by males ingested with manganese sulfate and lead acetate. 5. Body, absolute or relative testes, seminal vesicles weights were dropped in adult male rats ingested with manganese sulfate, aluminum chloride, lead acetate and copper chloride. However, the absolute or relative preputial gland weights were not affected. Collectively, these results suggest that the long-term ingestion of manganese sulfate, aluminum chloride, lead acetate and copper chloride would have adverse effects on sexual behavior, territorial aggression, fertility and the reproductive system of the adult male rat.

The toxicity of p-Aminophenol in the Sprague-Dawley rat: Effects on growth, reproduction and foetal development

p-Aminophenol ( p-AP) was fed in the diet to groups of 40 male and 45 female Sprague-Dawley rats at levels of 0.07, 0.2 or 0.7% for up to 6 months. Methaemoglobin levels were determined after 6 wk. During wk 12, urine was collected from ten rats/sex/group for evaluation of mutagenicity in the Ames test. Clinical chemistry, haematology and histopathology studies were performed in subgroups after 13 and 27 wk. In addition, after 13 wk, 25 females/group were mated to untreated males in a teratology study. After 20 wk, 20 males/group were removed from the test diets and mated to untreated virgin females in a dominant lethal mutagenicity study. These males remained untreated until they were killed at 27 wk. Rats that had been maintained on the test diets throughout the study were also killed at wk 27. The high dose level of 0.7% p-AP resulted in a significant (10–15%) reduction in body-weight gain in both sexes. There was no increase in the level of methaemoglobin and, other than slight reductions in total erythrocytes and haemoglobin in female rats at 13 wk, there were no toxicologically important differences between groups in haematology or clinical chemistry values at any time during the 27 wk of treatment. Dose-related nephrosis was seen in both sexes after 13 and 27 wk and in the high-dose males that were removed from the test diet for a 7-wk recovery period. The compound was not teratogenic, but an increase in developmental variations associated with maternal toxicity was noted at the mid- and high-dose levels. In the dominant lethal study, an increase in the total number of resorptions (but not litters with resorptions) was observed in the high-dose group in the first of two matings but this observation was not confirmed in a follow-up study. Mutagenic activity was not detected in the urine of rats fed p-AP.

INFLUENCE OF TRYPAN BLUE ON RESORPTION OF RAT EMBRYOS.

TERATOGENIC agents have been found to cause an increase in fœtal mortality as well as developmental malformations. In a series of 206 embryos between 10½ and 14½ days of gestation from Wistar rats injected with 1 ml. of a 1 per cent solution of trypan blue at 8½ days of pregnancy, 45 embryos, or 21.8 per cent, were found to be undergoing resorption. These resorption products were examined and eight of them were serially sectioned at 5µ for histological investigation. A number of sites of complete resorption were observed, but they were not counted, so that the total number of resorptions was considerably in excess of the 45 products examined. Even so, this proportion of resorptions (21.8 per cent) is considerably greater than the 6.0 per cent of resorptions recorded by Beck et al.1 for a control group of Wistar rats, although much lower than the total resorption rate (56.2 per cent) recorded for rats injected with 1 per cent trypan blue in the same experiment.