Total Number Of Cigarettes Research Articles

Effects of Nicotine Metabolic Rate on Cigarette Reinforcement.

The rate of nicotine metabolism, estimated by the nicotine metabolite ratio (NMR), is an important determinant of tobacco dependence. This study investigated the effect of NMR on smoking behavior due to nicotine reinforcement during ad libitum smoking. As part of a larger study, participants were stratified based on saliva NMR as fast and slow metabolizers. After smoking a cigarette and measuring nicotine blood concentrations, participants smoked as desired over a 90-minute period. Analysis included time to first cigarette, total number of cigarettes, total number of puffs, and weight of tobacco consumed. Sixty-one (48%) participants were fast metabolizers and 66 (52%) slow metabolizers by NMR. No significant differences were found regarding the smoking topography variables by NMR. Normal metabolizers by genotype (n = 79) had a shorter time to first cigarette than reduced metabolizers (n = 39; p = .032). Blacks smoked fewer cigarettes (p = .008) and took fewer total puffs (p = .002) compared with Whites. Among Whites, fast metabolizers by NMR had a shorter time to first cigarette compared with slow metabolizers (p = .014). Among fast metabolizers, Whites had, compared with Blacks, shorter latency to first cigarette (p = .003) and higher number of total puffs (p = .014) and cigarettes smoked (p = .014). Baseline cigarettes per day and nicotine elimination half-life significantly predicted topography outcomes. Saliva NMR did not predict cigarette reinforcement during a relatively brief period of ad libitum smoking. Differences were seen by race, with White fast metabolizers by NMR having shorter time to first cigarettes compared with slow metabolizers. After a 90-minute period of nicotine abstinence, NMR was not significantly associated with smoking reinforcement. Slow and fast metabolizers had similar time to first cigarette, number of cigarettes smoked, total number of puffs, and tobacco consumed; however, within-race differences show that within Whites, fast metabolizers had a faster time to first cigarette than slow metabolizers.

EVALUATION OF BCL-2 EXPRESSION IN CIGARETTE SMOKERS

Background: Tobacco use is the most important risk factor linked to oral cancer. Tobacco influences the DNA repair, cell cycle control, proliferation and apoptosis. The present study observed bcl-2 expression to verify its value as prognostic markers in cigarette smokers.Methods: The study sample comprised 40 smoking males; 20 with hyperplasia and 20 with dysplasia. The duration of smoking and the number of cigarettes were recorded. Hematoxylene and Eosin stained sections were used for histopathologic examination and immunostained sections for evaluation of the expression of bcl-2. The resulting data were analyzed statistically.Results: The dysplasia group had a higher mean duration of smoking, number of cigarettes per day and total number of cigarettes as well as higher mean area % and stronger bcl-2 immunoreactions compared to that of the hyperplasia group. Conclusions: Bcl-2 may be a valuable prognostic marker in evaluating the malignant potential of hyperplastic and dysplastic lesions in cigarette smokers.

The impact of preoperative smoking habit on rotator cuff tear: cigarette smoking influences rotator cuff tear sizes

Smoking is an important risk factor for the development of rotator cuff tears. We hypothesized that smoking may also influence rotator cuff tear size. The study included 408 patients who underwent arthroscopic repair of cuff tear. Cuff tears were classified during surgery. We analyzed the percentage of smokers and the association of the amount and duration of smoking exposure with the type of tear. The average number of daily cigarettes and the total number of cigarettes in life were studied using age and gender as covariates. Smokers comprised 131 of 408 patients (32.1%). A type I tear affected 95 patients (23.3%), type II affected 214 (52.5%), type III affected 74 (18.1%), and type IV affected 25 (6.1%). Smokers comprised 23.2% (22 patients) of patients with type I tear, 33.6% (72 patients) of patients with type II tears, 36.5% (27patients) of patients with type III tears and 40% (10 patients) of patients with IV tears. The frequency of smokers with at least a type II tear was 34.8% and differed significantly from the 23.2% of the type I tear patients (P = 0.033). Total number of cigarettes was significantly higher in patients with an at least a typeII tear (F(1,127) = 4.694, P = .032). Rotator cuff has a relatively hypovascular insertion into the greater tuberosity. Cigarette smoking negatively affects vascularity of tendons. There is a correlation between cigarette smoking habit, rotator cuff tear, and tear size. There was an increasing daily average number of cigarettes and a total number of cigarettes smoked in life across patients with increasing severity of tears.

Maximal gastric secretion in smokers and non-smokers with duodenal ulcer.

Sex, stature, age and smoking habits were investigated as possible determinants of maximal gastric secretion in pre-operative patients with duodenal ulcer. Stimulation was by an intravenous infusion of histamine (130 nmol kg-1 h-1) in 201 patients. Men were found to secrete significantly more than women, and smokers secreted significantly more than non-smokers. By multiple regression analysis, height and the total number of cigarettes smoked were found to be significant positive, and age significant negative factors in the magnitude of maximal gastric secretion. Upon standardization for these factors, the differences between the sexes and the smoking groups disappeared. It is suggested that, at least in men, chronic smoking increases maximal gastric secretion, and therefore could have a role in the aetiology of duodenal ulcer.

Environmental tobacco smoke, low birth weight, and hospitalization for respiratory disease.

The author examined the effect of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) on hospitalization for respiratory illness in low-birth-weight (LBW, less than 2,500 g) infants. This analysis was performed on the combined data of 3,285 infants from the Jing-An and Chang-Ning epidemiologic studies of children's health in Shanghai. Infants were classified into three ETS groups according to the total number of cigarettes smoked daily by household members: none, light (one to 19 cigarettes/d) and heavy (20+ cigarettes/d). There were no mothers who were smokers. Infants might have been hospitalized more than once during their first 18 mo of life. Risk and incidence density of hospitalization for respiratory disease increased with increasing smoking by household members among the LBW infants more rapidly than among the normal-birth-weight (NBW) infants. Compared with the NBW infants who were living in nonsmoking households, the odds ratios for the first episode of hospitalization for respiratory disease were 1.40 in the NBW infants who were living in light smoking households and 1.61 in those who were living in heavy smoking households. In the LBW infants, the odds ratios were 2.91 and 4.48 in light and heavy smoking households respectively, after adjustment for study area, sex, and feeding by simple logistic regression analysis. Ordinal logistic regression analysis for all episodes of respiratory hospitalization showed similar results.

Pilot study of the effects of a workplace smoking ban on indices of smoking, cigarette craving, stress and other health behaviours

Abstract Worksite smoking bans provide an ideal opportunity to examine the effects of enforced smoking restrictions on not only smoking behaviour, but also other health behaviours. This pilot study examines the short term effects of a such a ban on self-reported smoking behaviour, carbon monoxide and plasma cotinine levels and a number of other appetitive behaviours. The total number of cigarettes smoked on a working day and the number smoked just during working hours both declined following the introduction of a ban. Although the carbon monoxide levels of smokers during working hours demonstrated a similar trend to self-reported smoking, smokers' cotinine levels tended to increase, following an initial decrease following the ban. These data are suggestive of a compensatory process and a change in smoking topography, probably outside working hours. Measures of stress and craving also appeared to be affected by the introduction of smoking restrictions.

The effect of involuntary smoking on the occurence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

One hundred and three ever-married women with newly diagnosed Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), who have never smoked, and 179 ever-married women who were visiting friends or relatives at the same hospital during the same period and have never smoked, were interviewed regarding the smoking habits of their husbands. There was statistically marginally significant difference between the COPD cases and the controls with respect to their husband's smoking habits. The association was irregular with respect to daily number of cigarettes smoked but there was a smooth dose response curve with respect to life long total number of cigarettes smoked, with women whose husband smoked more than 300 thousand cigarettes having a relative risk of 1.8 (90% confidence interval of 0.9-3.6) compared to women whose husband has never smoked. These findings, and converging related evidence, indicate that exposure to environmental tobacco smoke may be a risk factor for the development of COPD.