Total Net Present Value Research Articles

Multi-criteria study and machine learning optimization of a novel heat integration for combined electricity, heat, and hydrogen production: Application of biogas-fueled S-Graz plant and biogas steam reforming

The current research introduces an environmentally friendly heat design method by employing biogas fuel, aiming to yield electricity, hydrogen, and heating load simultaneously. The proposed arrangement consists of a biogas-powered S-Graz plant and a biogas steam reforming cycle. Although methane-fueled S-Graz plants for multigeneration purposes have been studied in previous studies, research on employing biogas fuel to launch a S-Graz plant and integrating a biogas steam reforming cycle with such a plant has yet to be examined. The model is simulated using the engineering equation solver software, and the study includes thermodynamic, exergoeconomic, and sustainability assessments to show the potential of the suggested configuration. By conducting a sensitivity study, a machine learning optimization method within MATLAB is implemented to exhibit the final optimal solution for the proposed arrangement. This optimization uses artificial neural networks and a non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II algorithm in a triple-objective framework based on energy efficiency, sustainability index, and products’ specific cost. The optimization demonstrates that the mentioned objectives reach optimal values of 58.26 %, 4.56, and 15.56 $/GJ, respectively. Also, the optimal net output power and hydrogen production rate equal 5746 kW and 1.45 m3/s, respectively. Besides, the process determines the optimal exergy efficiency, total net present value, and payback period as 52.70 %, 50.3 M$, and 8.96 years, respectively. The total investment cost rate for this system also is found to be 219.8 $/h.

STUDI KELAYAKAN USAHA INDUSTRI PEMINDANGAN IKAN DI LINGKUNGAN MAPAK BELATUNG KELURAHAN JEMPONG BARU KECAMATAN SEKARBELA KOTA MATARAM

The potential of fish in Indonesian waters has two seasons, the first is the fishing season which usually occurs between April and November, the lean season occurs between December and March. During the fishing season, fishermen can get catches that exceed the catch capacity for each time they go sailing. The Mapak Belatung Community is a coastal community where most of the population depends on marine products and aquatic animal cultivation, one of which is fish. This is what finally gave birth to fish smoking activities. Unsold fresh fish are processed into pindang fish by fisherwomen in a simple way and then marketed in traditional markets around Mataram City. The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility of developing a fish smoking industry in the Mapak Belatung Environment, Sekar Bela District, Mataram City when viewed from the investment criteria of Net Present Value (NPV), Net Benefit Cost Ratio (Net B / C), Gross Benefit Cost Ratio (Gross B / C), Profitability Ratio (PR) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR). Based on the calculation of Net Present Value, it shows that the total NPV is Rp. 5,722,264, this means that the palm oil industry business at the research location is feasible to continue because the NPV result is positive (+). The calculation of Net B/C shows that the result is greater than 1 or 1.75, this means that the benefit obtained is 1.75 times the cost or expenses incurred. Based on the calculation of Gross Benefit Cost Ratio, it has a value greater than 1 (> 1), which is 1.233, meaning that the palm oil industry business at the research location is feasible to run, likewise the calculation result of Profitability ratio has a value greater than 1 (> 1), which is 1.97, meaning that the palm oil industry business at the research location is feasible to run. The Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of the palm oil industry at the research location has a value of 17.8 percent or greater than the applicable interest rate

Optimized phased planning for dynamic rehabilitation of integrated municipal infrastructure

ABSTRACT Phased planning for municipal infrastructure is based on the time-dependent status of multiple networks, which is in contrast to the traditional approach, where one-phase construction and a single status are considered for planning system activities. This study integrates and optimizes the corridor-wise intervention planning of water, sewer, and road networks where the number of equally long phases and intervention decisions are among the decision variables showing the extent to which phase number optimization can impact the cost and coordination of the interventions in interdependent systems. Optimizing the phase number for municipal infrastructure optimization within an evolutionary algorithm is a challenging task due to the evolutionary recombination between numerous planning solutions with different decision variable lengths. A multi-phase design and construction approach is developed for the rehabilitation of the system in a real case study in Montreal, Canada. The study involves 20 corridors in which a street section is co-located with water and sewer pipes. A metaheuristic single-objective optimization engine is employed to minimize the total net present value of intervention plan costs for the whole integrated system. The results show that phased optimization could bring about a 25% cost saving for the rehabilitation master plan and coordinated multi-systems intervention activities.

Influence of high-resolution data on accurate curtailment loss estimation and optimal design of hybrid PV–wind power plants

Hybrid photovoltaic (PV) - wind power plants (HyPPs), i.e., where the PV and wind systems are co-located and share the Point of Interconnection (POI) with the grid, have recently attracted more attention. This trend is driven by the expected reduced capital and operational expenditures achieved through, e.g., shared land and POI infrastructure for HyPPs compared to two individual PV and wind installations. However, if the POI is underdimensioned relative to the PV and wind capacities, the generation from either or both of the assets must at times be curtailed, unless mitigated by solutions like energy storage. This curtailment might lead to income losses. Moreover, as HyPPs typically are designed using wind and PV generation data on hourly resolution, the actual curtailment losses can be underestimated. This might in turn lead to HyPP designs which are techno-economically sub-optimal.In this study, a comparative analysis is conducted to analyze how the curtailment and income loss estimations for HyPPs, as well as the techno-economic optimal HyPP topologies, are impacted by varying the input data time resolution. One year of site measured PV and wind power generation data on 5 s resolution from an existing HyPP located in Eastern Germany are used as basis for the study. For a HyPP topology with an undersized POI, where the installed capacities of the POI, PV, and wind systems are all equal, the curtailment losses are estimated to be 1.45%, 1.43% and 1.09% using the 5 s, 1 min and 1 h resolution datasets, respectively. Moreover, using the 1 h instead of the 1 min dataset leads to a 1.86% overestimation of the total Net Present Value (NPV) for this HyPP topology. As the shares of the PV and wind systems increase relative to the POI capacity, the differences in the estimation of the curtailment losses and NPVs between the high- and low-resolution datasets become more significant.

Social Return on Investment (SROI) from the Community Waste Bank Implementation under the Learning Center of Systematic Waste Management Innovation According to the Circular Economy Concept

This article presents the results of social return on investment (SROI) evaluation in the community’s waste bank program implemented in the Moo 7 and Moo 8 Villages of Tan Diao Subdistrict, Kaeng Khoi District, Saraburi Province during 2020–2022, which is a part of the Learning Centre of Systematic Waste Management Innovation According to the Concept of Circular Economy project. This research employed participatory action research to collect data on total cost for investment and income from selling recyclable waste through in-depth interviews and focus groups with a total of 40 stakeholders including: 25 community members, 5 community leaders, 3 representatives from Tan Diao Subdistrict Administrative Organization, 5 village health volunteers, and 2 private waste buyers. The SROI analysis of the Moo 7 and Moo 8 waste banks (2020–2022) by using the discount rate based on the government bond yield at 3% shows the total net present value at 106,166.60 Thai Baht (2,941.76 USD), a ratio of cost-benefit analysis at 12.74 times, the payback period at 4.7 months, and the SROI result is 2.65 Thai Baht (0.073 USD). In other words, for every 1 Thai Baht invested in the community waste banks during this period, the benefits generated were equivalent to 2.65 Thai Baht (0.073 USD). This translates to a positive return on investment. The contribution of community waste bank under the project, can significantly change in 1) community relations with an intensive engagement in community waste management, 2) economic perspective as it generates employment and income, and reduces transportation costs for landfilling, and 3) environment term, as it reduces household waste and waste disposal. The suggestions have been developed in terms of policies and action plans for community waste management together with local administrative organizations to develop Tan Diao Subdistrict as a model of waste management.

Cost–Benefit Analysis of Monitoring Insect Pests and Aerial Spraying of Insecticides: The Case of Protecting Pine Forests against Dendrolimus pini in Brandenburg (Germany)

Monitoring of insect pests and aerial spraying of insecticides have proven to be effective in protecting forests against needle-feeding insect pests. However, the literature on the economic viability of insect monitoring and aerial spraying of insecticides is scant. This research conducts a cost–benefit analysis of monitoring insect pests and use of insecticides for 5600 ha of managed pine forests. The case studied is the mass outbreak of the pine tree lappet moth (Dendrolimus pini L.) in Brandenburg (Germany) in 2014. Costs were estimated based on information from standardized questionnaires and semi-structured expert interviews. Benefits were analyzed by comparing the loss of revenue due to D. pini with the costs of insect monitoring and insecticide spraying in two scenarios of pine production (with protection vs. without protection). The results show that monitoring D. pini and aerial spraying of insecticides are economically beneficial to forest owners. The total net present value (NPV) of protection was about EUR 1965 ha−1 at a discount rate of 0% and the benefit–cost ratio (BCR) was about 22.14. NPVs and BCRs per hectare were highest for protecting stands with high site index and stands in the age class of 20–39 years. Sensitivity analyses revealed that NPV results are more sensitive to changes in timber prices than to changes in protection costs. The authors conclude that monitoring insect pests and aerial spraying of insecticides are economically viable options to protect forests against needle-feeding insect pests.

Comprehensive assessment and sustainability improvement of a natural gas power plant utilizing an environmentally friendly combined cooling heating and power-desalination arrangement

Considering the significant waste heat generated by existing natural gas power plants, it is imperative to implement eco-friendly combined process designs to ensure their long-term sustainability. The present paper introduces and investigates a novel integrated process aimed at achieving multiple generational advantages within an environmentally friendly framework, with the ultimate goal of enhancing sustainability. The new structure incorporates a natural gas power plant, high-temperature and low-temperature organic Rankine cycles, a combined cooling and power subsystem, and a water desalination unit to produce power, heating, cooling, and freshwater simultaneously. This system is simulated within the Aspen HYSYS software and examined from energy, exergy, economic, environmental, and sustainability perspectives. Furthermore, parametric studies evaluate the impact of the overall system's various environmental, economic, and operational conditions. It is found that the production capacities of power, hot water, chilled water, and freshwater are 179,265.17 kW, 387.8 kg/s, 563.6 kg/s, and 21.4 kg/s, respectively. Hence, the overall energy and exergy efficiencies improve to 66.06% and 42.95%, respectively. The financial estimation also reveals a cost of energy of 0.1084 $/kWh and a total net present value of 818.67 M$. It is also determined that the cost per unit of destroyed exergy is equal to 7.156 $/GJ.

Comprehensive technical study of a novel polygeneration arrangement using natural gas power plant and geothermal energy for producing electricity, heat, fresh water, and methanol

Structural modifications play a crucial role in enhancing the sustainability of natural gas power plants owing to their significant contribution to greenhouse gas emissions and irreversibility factors. One primary solution is using waste heat recovery systems integrated with these power plants, producing different products. Furthermore, integrating renewable energy resources into the entire system within a co-feed framework may be a viable method for further enhancements. The current study focuses on a novel heat integration process combined with a natural gas power plant, which uses geothermal energy as an auxiliary energy source. The newly designed system encompasses a gas turbine cycle, two modified geothermal power plants, a water electrolyzer unit, and a methanol synthesis unit. The process is simulated utilizing the Aspen HYSYS software, and to evaluate its viability, analyses are performed pertaining to energy, exergy, environment, and economics. Furthermore, a comprehensive parametric analysis is conducted on the primary performance indicators. The simulation results show that the process’s energy, exergy, and electrical efficiencies equal 53.85%, 47.30%, and 40.26%, respectively. The environmental evaluation demonstrates that the specific carbon dioxide emissions associated with the total energy produced and the sum of power and heating are 0.27 kg/kWh and 0.294 kg/kWh, respectively. From the economic aspect, the total unit cost of the products and the cost of energy of the system are 20.69 $/GJ and 0.086 $/kWh, respectively. Also, total annual cost, investment cost, and net present value of 222.81 M$, 1010.64 M$, and 1220.57 M$, respectively.

Modelling the Effect of Water Removal by Reverse Osmosis on the Distillation of Mixtures of Short-Chain Organic Acids from Anaerobic Fermentation

Anaerobic fermentation (AF) to produce sustainable short-chain organic acids (SCOAs) has found no commercial application so far. This is due to several limitations, including the high energy consumption of the SCOAs’ separation from water by distillation. This study used AspenPlus simulations to investigate the benefits of reverse osmosis (RO) to remove water and concentrate the SCOAs from AF before their separation by distillation. The effect of RO on distillation reflux ratio, heat energy requirements, column diameter and equipment costs was simulated for the processing of model SCOA-containing streams, representing AF effluents. A total of 90 simulations were carried out, investigating three different SCOA compositions, corresponding to different ratios of lactic, acetic and propionic acids, three different concentrations of the total SCOAs (10, 50, 100 g/kg in the stream entering RO) and different extents of water removal by RO. RO brought a reduction in the distillation reboilers’ duty of up to more than 90%, with a reduction of column diameter of up to more than 70%. The total energy consumption, equipment cost and NPV (net present value) of the RO plus distillation process were in all cases more favourable than for the process without membranes.

Encouraging the reconversion of rubber plantations by developing a combined payment system

Rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) has been introduced to Southeast Asia for over a century. In various regions throughout Southeast Asia, over the past two decades, natural tropical forests have rapidly been converted into rubber monoculture. To encourage the reconversion of rubber plantations back to close-to-nature rainforests, we developed a theoretical combined market and government payment system. To evaluate the potential impacts of the system, we carried out a simulation study from 2020 to 2050 in Xishuangbanna, Southwest China. The results suggest that the payment system may encourage a total reconversion area of 198,490 ha with a total government payment of US$0.377 billion in net present value (NPV) by 2050. The total carbon sequestration benefit resulting from the replacement of rubber plantations would be 14.83 million tons of carbon over the modelled period. Sensitivity analyses revealed that rubber price was the most sensitive factor on the total NPV of compensatory payments, and followed by the discount rate. The rubber price increased by 96.8% could enhance the compensatory payments in NPV by 272%, whereas a 10% decrease in the discount rate resulted in a 18.9% increase of the compensatory payments in NPV. This new integrated payment system holds the potential of stimulating restoration of cash crop monoculture-dominated landscapes to multifunctional forest ecosystems.

Optimal Capacity and Cost Analysis of Battery Energy Storage System in Standalone Microgrid Considering Battery Lifetime

In standalone microgrids, the Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) is a popular energy storage technology. Because of renewable energy generation sources such as PV and Wind Turbine (WT), the output power of a microgrid varies greatly, which can reduce the BESS lifetime. Because the BESS has a limited lifespan and is the most expensive component in a microgrid, frequent replacement significantly increases a project’s operating costs. This paper proposes a capacity optimization method as well as a cost analysis that takes the BESS lifetime into account. The weighted Wh throughput method is used in this paper to estimate the BESS lifetime. Furthermore, the well-known Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm is employed to maximize battery capacity while minimizing the total net present value. According to simulation results, the optimal adjusting factor of 1.761 yields the lowest total net present value of US$200,653. The optimal capacity of the BESS can significantly reduce the net present value of total operation costs throughout the project by extending its lifetime. When applied to larger power systems, the proposed strategy can further reduce total costs.

Dynamic optimization of open-pit coal mine production scheduling based on ARIMA and fuzzy structured element

A dynamic optimization method was created to address the production schedule issue in an open-pit coal mine while taking into account the characteristics of the fuzzy structured element. The fuzzy mining capacities of all “geologically optimal push-back bodies” were then examined using the moving cove method. One of the most crucial elements in the process of open-pit coal mine production scheduling optimization is coal pricing. As a result, this work also presents a dynamic optimization technique for production scheduling that incorporates the prediction of economic time series and the generation of dynamic economic indices. An appropriate time series model is created to forecast the future coal price based on previous data on coal prices. The prediction results are used in the calculation of optimal mining body generation to dynamically obtain the optimal production scheduling model. The Baorixile Open-pit Coal Mine in China’s Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region is using this method. The Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average Model ARIMA is constructed to anticipate the coal price in the future 23 years by evaluating and processing the coal price from 2009 to 2022, and the ideal production scheduling scheme of the mine economics is afterwards identified. The ideal fuzzy coal mining volume, the potential production life, and the fuzzy total net present value (NPV) of the annual production scheduling are all provided at the same time. The optimization findings can better give fundamental support for mine design and future production since the fuzzy problem is accurately expressed by correct formulations.

Designing Watersheds for Integrated Development (DWID): Combining hydrological and economic modeling for optimizing land use change to meet water quality regulations

By combining information on nutrient output from the Soil & Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) and secondary data on local profits from different crop types, we devise a profit maximization problem subject to dynamic water quality constraints, which become gradually more restrictive over time. The solution aims to detect the optimal allocation of land parcels by crop type that maximizes the total net present value of landowner profits throughout the watershed. Over a nine-year time span, our model construct is applied to the Little River Experimental Watershed (LREW) in South Georgia. Water quality constraints involve the landowner adhering to specific permittable limits on numeric nutrient criteria recorded at the watershed outlet under various scenarios, including i) NO3–N constraints, ii) total phosphorus (P) constraints, and iii) concurrent NO3–N and P constraints. In the most extreme case, a reduction in aggregate profits of $24.1 million and $8.1 million was observed for combined NO3– N and P constraints relative to commensurate solo constraints on NO3–N and P, respectively. The Designing Watersheds for Integrated Development (DWID) model could support policymaking for ascertaining trade-offs between economics and water quality channelized through direct and indirect land use change considering environmental regulations in Georgia and beyond.

Design and Optimization of a Backup Renewable Energy Station for Photovoltaic Hybrid System in the New Jeddah Industrial City

This study aims to design and optimize a backup renewable energy station and possibility of the grid-connected hybrid photovoltaic (PV) power system for firms in 2nd Jeddah industrial city workshops. Wind and solar energy potentials were examined, and data from a variety of sources were obtained as part of the study process. It is important to utilize the application hybrid optimization model for electric renewables (HOMER) to evaluate relevant data as well as the suggested hybrid power system’s economic feasibility. The system’s payback is solely based on monthly grid bill savings and increased profits due to the absence of a power shortage. The most cost-effective system design is measured in terms of the original cost, ongoing cost, cost per unit, and total system net present value. As a result, fulfilling the load demand with 220 kW wind turbines and 500 kW solar PV is both cost-effective and efficient. The simulation results for the second scenario with a wind turbine show that a combination of a 500 kW PV, 300 kWh battery capacity, 22 kW wind turbine, and 315 kW converter is the most feasible solution for this case study, with SAR 4,433,658 net present cost (NPC) and SAR 0.1741 LCOE.

Economic and Ecological Impacts of Adjusting the Age-Class Structure in Korean Forests: Application of Constraint on the Period-to-Period Variation in Timber Production for Long-Term Forest Management

South Korea’s successful reforestation efforts over the past 50 years have led to abundant forest resources. However, intensive reforestation during the 1970s and 1980s skewed the forests’ age distribution towards forest stands aged 30 years or older, which results in an unbalanced distribution of age-class, requiring redistribution with harvest and effective regeneration plans to produce a sustained yield of timber as well as long term ecological benefits. During this conversion process, variations in timber production can occur, causing economic and ecological risks if excessive. To prevent these likely risks, permissible levels of increase and decrease in timber production can be restricted in the planning phase. In determining the appropriate variation rate in timber production, it is necessary to understand the impacts of variation in timber production on forest management. This study performed a sensitivity analysis to evaluate the economic and ecological impacts of constraining the period-to-period variation in timber production. A multi-objective linear programming (MOLP) forest management planning model was utilized to study forests in Mt. Gari, South Korea. Nine management alternatives were set with different levels of variation rate in timber production and further constraints. The total volume and net present value (NPV) of timber production, carbon storage, and water storage were analyzed for each alternative. As timber production variation rates decreased, the amount of timber production increased and forest carbon storage decreased; furthermore, NPV diminished as variation constraints strengthened. These differences were mainly caused by selection of regeneration species according to the constraint on variation in timber production. If the variation rate was strictly restricted, the area of timber species with short rotation age increased during conversion period, in order to reduce the gap of timber production between periods. At the latter part of planning horizon, the area of broad-leaved trees was enlarged as the burden of adjusting age-class structure reduced. The appropriate variation rate in timber production was determined to be 30%, based on considerations regarding the economic and ecological impact of the variation on the forest.

Steam gasification modeling of polyethylene (PE) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) wastes: A case study

This paper is the first to study the effect of adding PET, separator, and financials on a PE steam gasification plant based in Lebanon. The main aim is to shed light on the possibility of valorizing plastic wastes while reducing the environmental impact of landfilling and creating benefits. Using Aspen Plus, a plant that can turn plastic waste into syngas is designed and modeled. PE and PET model inputs of 797 and 500 kg/hr, respectively, were chosen based on Lebanese data. The addition of PET did not significantly improve the mole fractions of the end product when compared with PE only as an input feed. The final optimum conditions of this model were chosen based on sensitivity analyses of different parameters. There were concluded to be a temperature of 800 °C, pressure of 1 atm, Steam/Feed mass ratio of 0.57, water flowrate of 745 kg/hr, and syngas LHV of 9.45 MJ/Nm3. Calculations showed a total Net Present Value 6 times larger than the initial investment and a Payback Period of 2 years by implementing the model. Although based on a Lebanese case study, this research will urge the establishment of sustainable waste and financial policies in countries facing the same issues.

Integrating Habitat Quality of the Great Spotted Woodpecker (Dendrocopos major) in Forest Spatial Harvest Scheduling Problems

Biodiversity conservation has been broadly recognized in multi-objective forest management over the past decade. Nevertheless, habitat serves as one of the key influencing factors of biodiversity; while timber production and habitat quality are integrated into forest management operations, our knowledge about the trade-offs between the two is still limited. Thus, we formulated a habitat suitability index model for the great spotted woodpecker (Dendrocopos major) and developed a forest planning model that integrated timber revenue and habitat quality for a forest landscape in northeast China. We created three alternative management strategies, which spanned from timber benefit maximization to various management strategies restricted to differing amounts of suitable habitat. The results show that when the amount of suitable habitat comprised 39% to 65% of the landscape, this generated a 40.7% to 74.4% reduction in the total net present value, in comparison with the timber benefit maximization base scenario. The restriction of suitable habitat amount demands significantly decreased the total timber benefit in spatial planning problems. Our planning model provides an efficient approach to learning more about the trade-offs between timber production and wildlife habitat. Furthermore, the consideration of optimal habitat protection rather than increased habitat amount could be helpful for balancing targeting strategies among ecological and economic factors.

Solar chimney power plant combined with membrane distillation (SCPPMD), Part II: techno-economic characteristics

In this paper, the techno-economic characteristics of the solar chimney power plant combined with membrane distillation (SCPPMD) under typical operating conditions are further evaluated, based on the mathematical model of heat and mass transfer and performance analysis established in Part I and the economic evaluation model based on cash flow calculations. The sensitivity of some economic parameters and the effect of operating parameters and air gap spacing on system economy are discussed. The results show that the net present value is always positive during the service period. The total net income and total net present value are 16.79 and 2.72 million yuan respectively. The system economy is sensitive to inflation rate, loan interest rate, water price and electricity price, but not to operation and maintenance costs and personal income tax rates. The decrease of inlet seawater temperature and the increase of seawater thickness both lead to an increase in total water yield and a decrease in power generation. The increase in water yield compensates for the economic loss caused by the reduction in power generation, so the system profitability is improved. The reduction of air gap spacing causes a significant increase in total water yield and power generation. But too small an air gap has high requirements for membrane components in large-size system, inconvenient for construction, operation and maintenance.

Costs and benefits of an early intervention for juvenile offenders – The ‘Treatment Foster Care Oregon Program’

The aim of this study is to make a cost-benefit analysis of the Treatment Foster Care Oregon (TFCO) program, a treatment program for children and juveniles with behavioural problems who are placed in out-of-home placements. Compared to treatment as usual, TFCO has been shown to reduce the number of violent crimes. This study estimates the net present value (NPV) of the program by comparing the expected reduction in cost of violent crimes due to the introduction of the program to the incremental cost of the program. The result shows a positive NPV of $37,829 per participant, or a total NPV of $718,751.

Trade-off informed adaptive and robust real options water resources planning

Planning water resource systems is challenged primarily by two realities. First, uncertainty is inherent in the predictions of future supplies and demands due for example to hydrological variability and climate change. To build societal resilience water planners should seek to enhance the adaptability and robustness of water resource system interventions. Second, water resource developments typically involve competing interests which implies considering the trade-offs and synergies implied by the highest performing combinations of development options is useful. This work describes a real options based planning framework that generates adaptive and robust water system design alternatives able to consider and trade-off different goals. The framework can address different types of uncertainties and suggests the highest performing designs across multiple evaluation criteria, such as financial costs and water supply service performance metrics. Using a global city’s water resource and supply system as a demonstration of the approach, we explore the trade-offs between a long-term water management plan’s infrastructure services (service resilience, reliability, vulnerability) and its financial costs under supply and demand uncertainty. The set of trade-off solutions consist of different investment plans which are adaptive and robust to future changing conditions. Results show that the highest performing plans lower net present value (NPV) of needed investments by up to 18%, while maintaining similar performance across the other objectives. The real option value of delaying investments as much as possible approaches up to 14% of total NPV.