Total MUFA Content Research Articles

A comparison of the quality of plain yogurt and its analog made from coconut flesh extract

The aim of this study was to compare the quality of plain yogurt made from cow milk (n = 10) and its plant-based analog made from coconut flesh extract (n = 14). Coconut yogurt alternatives were divided into 2 experimental groups based on differences in their color, which were noted after the packages had been opened. The first group included products with a typical white color (n = 8), and the second group comprised products with a grayish pink color (n = 6) that developed as a result of oxidative processes. In comparison with its plant-based analog, plain yogurt was characterized by higher values of lightness (L*), yellowness (b*) and chroma (C*), higher titratable acidity, a higher content of retinol and α-tocopherol, higher nutritional value of fat, and lower values of water-holding capacity (WHC) and redness (a*). Plain yogurt had lower volatile acidity than its plant-based analog with a grayish pink color. A comparison of yogurt analogs with different colors revealed that the product with a grayish pink color was characterized by a lower value of L*, and higher values of a*, b*, C*, and pH. An analysis of its fatty acid profile demonstrated that it also had a higher proportion of C14:0 and C18:1 cis-9; higher total monounsaturated fatty acids content; a lower proportion of C10:0, C12:0, and C18:2; a lower total content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and essential fatty acids; and a lower ratio of PUFA to saturated fatty acids. The yogurt analog with a grayish pink color had a lower total content of tocopherol isoforms than the remaining products. The yogurt analog with a white color had the highest WHC and γ-tocopherol content. Consumers should be aware of the fact that coconut yogurt alternatives may have nonstandard quality attributes. The differences between such products and yogurt made from cow milk should be explicitly communicated to consumers so that they could make informed purchasing decisions.

Consumption of walnuts suppresses the conversion of palmitic to palmitoleic acid and enhances omega-3 fatty acid metabolism in the heart of fructose-fed rats

Walnut consumption mostly has a positive implication for cardiovascular health. Walnut diet effects on the cardiac fatty acid (FA) metabolism of healthy rats and those with fructose diet-induced metabolic burden were analysed. Both walnuts and fructose increased CD36 transporter level and the nuclear content of some/all of Lipin 1/PPARα/PGC-1 complex partners, as well as cytosolic and nuclear FOXO1. However, fructose, independently of walnuts, increased the content of palmitic (PA), oleic, and vaccenic acid (VA), while in walnut-fed rats failed to increase palmitoleic acid (POA) level and the POA/PA ratio, as well as total MUFA content. In opposite, walnuts reduced the level of PA and VA and increased alpha-linolenic, eicosapentaenoic and docosapentaenoic acid level, regardless of fructose. In conclusion, both fructose and walnuts stimulated the uptake and oxidation of FA in the heart, but the walnuts, opposite to fructose, favourably altered cardiac FA profile in healthy and metabolically compromised rats.

IMPACT OF GREEN FORAGES IN SPRING, IN THE STEPPE REGIONS OF TIARET “CHEHAIMA AND NAIMA”, ON THE FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF THE "BICEPS FEMORIS" MUSCLE OF LAMBS

This work aimed to assess the impact of a diet based on green pastures of steppe rangelands and another based on a concentrate diet, on the composition of the intramuscular lipid fraction of different sections of the biceps femoral muscle of lambs, in two regions of the wilaya of Tiaret, in winter and in spring. The biceps femoral muscle sample collection came from 20 different lamb carcasses (10 samples for each of our two study regions, with 05 samples for each season). These samples were taken on different occasions in large butcher shops. Total SFA content in both regions shows dominance in lambs from the regimen concentrate, that C 16: 0 and C 18: 0 are the most dominant. There is no remarkable difference in total MUFA content, and on individual monounsaturated FA, between the two regimens. In both regions, the most dominant FAs in the intramuscular lipid fraction of pasture lambs are C18: 3n3 followed by C18: 2n6 cis-9, C20: 4n6, C20: 5n3, and C22: 6n3, compared to those from concentrate regimen; however, lambs from Chehaima concentrate regimen had the most dominant FA in their intramuscular fat, C18: 3n6 followed by C20: 4n6, compared to those from pastures of Naima. The values of the ratio n-6 / n-3 correspond to the nutritional recommendations. The feed ratio ΣPUFA / ΣSFA of lambs from pastures in the Chehaima region is the only one that corresponds to the desired value. Based on this research, it is concluded that lambs that have grazed grass in steppe rangelands have the richest meat in omega 3, which is more desirable and benefits for human health.

Breast and Thigh Meat Chemical Composition and Fatty Acid Profile in Broilers Fed Diet with Dietary Fat Sources

Experiment was conducted to evaluate effects of different fat sources on breast and thigh meat chemical composition and fatty acid profile in broilers. Treatments were 1) DF1: basal diet + soybean oil; 2) DF2: basal diet + chicken fat; 3) DF2: basal diet + tallow; 4) DF3: basal diet + tallow and lard, and 5) DF5: basal diet + lard. Addition of different fat sources had no significant impact on relative organ weight (P>0.05). Breast meat crude fat content was suppressed in DF1 and DF5 relative to DF4 (P<0.05). Total SFA content was downtrended and total PUFA content was elevated in DF1 relative to other groups for both breast and thigh meat (P<0.05). Total MUFA content did not differ in breast meat however, it was lower in DF1 and DF3 compared to DF2, DF4 and DF5 (P<0.05). The n-3 PUFA was not affected by fat sources in breast meat, whereas it was elevated in DF1 relative to DF3, DF4 and DF5 in thigh meat (P<0.05). Breast and thigh meat n-6 PUFA was improved in DF1 in comparison to DF2, DF3, DF4 and DF5 (P<0.05). Ratio of PUFA to SFA upgraded in DF1 and DF3, and downgraded in DF2, DF4 and DF5 for breast meat; and upgraded in DF1 than other groups for thigh meat (P<0.05). Breast and thigh meat n-6 to n-3 PUFA was upgraded in DF1 group compared to other groups (P<0.05). To sum up, results indicated that dietary fat sources with different fatty acid content can significantly influence the breast and thigh meat composition and fatty acid profile without negative impact on the relative organ weight. Where DF1 group exhibited better result based on fatty acid profile and lower breast meat fat content which can be preferred for quality broiler meat production.

Fatty acids profile of milk and milk products in cow and buffalo fed roughage based diet

Diet composition is an important determinant of milk production and composition, including milk fatty acid profile. Present experiment evaluated the influence of diet on milk fatty acid composition of cow and buffaloes, which have varying genetic potential of milk secretion and mammary lipogenesis. Sixteen of each multiparous crossbred cows and Murrah buffaloes were divided in 2 equal groups of each species with 8 animals in each group making 4 groups altogether (groups 1 and 2 for cows and groups 3 and 4 for buffaloes). Cows and buffaloes of groups 1 and 3 were fed ad lib. berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum) fodder along with wheat straw, whereas, animals of groups 2 and 4 were offered concentrate mixture and wheat straw. Fatty acid profiles were determined of milk samples and ghee (clarified butter oil) prepared at fortnight intervals by indigenous and creamery (commercial) methods from the total milk collected from each group. Total milk fat, protein, total solids and solid not fat contents of milk were similar between cow and buffaloes irrespective of dietary changes. Total CLA content in milk was higher in berseem fed groups of both the species. In conclusion, total PUFA and SFA levels of cow and buffalo milk with same feeding regimen were nonsignificant. However, the total MUFA content significantly increased in cows when fed with green fodder as compared to buffaloes. Furthermore, total CLA content in ghee prepared using indigenous method was higher as compared to that of creamery method.

Effect of caponization on the production performance, slaughter yield and fatty acid profile of muscles of Greenleg Partridge cocks

The study was conducted to assess the effects of surgical caponisation on the production performance, share of respective elements of the carcass, basic chemical composition and fatty acid profile of muscles of Greenleg Partridge cocks. Two hundred twenty healthy day chicks were randomly distributed into two experimental groups (caponised and un-caponised). The birds were caponised at the age of 8 weeks old and slaughtered at 23 weeks of age. It was observed that capons tended to consume more feed. The studies found that the caponisation has increased the content of fat and its share in body weight. Further, the caponization has led to an increase in the final body weight and the cold carcass weight in week 23 and an increase in the weight of the stomach. The weight of breast muscles and the content of both depot fat and intramuscular fat was shown to have increased. Caponization caused advantageous changes in the fat profile, in particular of the thigh muscle in which the total content of MUFA and PUFA and PUFAn-6 was increased in capons.

Effects of immunocastration and time after second Improvest dose on adipose tissue fatty acid profile of finishing barrows.

The effects of immunocastration and time after second Improvest dose on proximate composition and fatty acid profile of adipose tissue from jowl and belly of finishing barrows were determined. Physically castrated (PC) and immunologically castrated (IC) barrows were assigned to treatments at birth. Within 5 d of age, PC barrows were physically castrated and IC barrows were administered Improvest (gonadotropin-releasing factor analog; Zoetis, Kalamazoo, MI) at 16 and 20 wk of age. Diets were formulated with corn and soybean meal and did not contain ethanol coproducts. Subsequently, PC (n = 23) and IC (n = 24) barrows were slaughtered biweekly from 22 to 28 wk of age, 2 to 8 wk following second Improvest dose. Adipose tissue samples were collected from the jowl and belly. Main effects of castration method and time after second Improvest dose and their interaction were analyzed with the MIXED procedure of SAS. Overall, IC barrows were heavier at slaughter (136.1 vs. 100.6 kg; P < 0.01), had similar HCW (P = 0.13), and were leaner (50.9 vs. 48.9%; P < 0.01) than PC barrows. In jowl adipose tissue, IC barrows had less lipid content (64.7 vs. 80.2%; P < 0.01) than PC barrows at 2 wk. However, there were no differences (P ≥ 0.75) in lipid content between IC and PC barrows from 4 to 8 wk. Total MUFA content was reduced (42.5 vs. 44.8%; P = 0.04) and PUFA content was greater (16.9 vs. 14.8%; P < 0.01) in IC compared to PC barrows. Increasing time after second dose reduced (P = 0.04) PUFA content from 17.5% at 2 wk to 15.4% at 8 wk. In IC barrows, iodine value (IV) was increased by 6.9 and 3.3 g/100 g compared with PC barrows at 2 and 4 wk, but IV was not different between castration methods (P ≥ 0.95) at both 6 and 8 wk. Meanwhile, in belly adipose tissue, IC barrows had less lipid content than PC barrows (75.3 vs. 82.7%; P < 0.01). Lipid content was unchanged over time (P = 0.34) in either PC or IC barrows. Total SFA and MUFA content of the belly were similar for both IC and PC barrows. Belly adipose tissue from IC barrows had greater concentrations of PUFA than PC barrows (16.2 vs. 14.7%; P < 0.01). In IC barrows, IV was increased by 5.3 g/100 g compared with PC barrows at 2 wk, but IV was not different between castration methods (P ≥ 0.91) from 4 to 8 wk. Results indicate that as time after second Improvest dose progressed, IV of jowl and belly was reduced. This was accompanied by an increase in lipid deposition in jowl, while lipid content remained constant in belly.

Fatty acid composition and lipogenic enzyme protein expression in subcutaneous adipose tissue of male pigs vaccinated against boar taint, barrows, and entire boars

Objectives of this study were to compare fatty acid composition of subcutaneous adipose tissue of entire boars, barrows, and male pigs vaccinated against boar taint with a vaccine containing a GnRH analogue-protein conjugate (Improvac, Pfizer Animal Health) and to investigate the association between fatty acid composition and protein expression of key lipogenic enzymes in entire boars, barrows, and vaccinated pigs. Differences between groups were observed in the content of total SFA (P≤0.001), MUFA (P=0.035), and n-6 PUFA (P≤0.001) but not n-3 PUFA (P=0.373). Total SFA were greater (P<0.001) in barrows and vaccinated pigs compared with entire animals. This was accompanied by an increase (P<0.05) in the protein expression of the lipogenic enzyme fatty acid synthase in barrows and vaccinated pigs. Total MUFA content was increased (P<0.001) in barrows compared with entire and vaccinated pigs. This was not accompanied (P>0.05) by an increase in expression of stearoyl-CoA desaturase protein, the enzyme catalyzing MUFA biosyntheses. Total n-6 PUFA content did not differ (P<0.001) between entire and vaccinated pigs but was lower in barrows. Expression of Δ6-desaturase protein, one of the key enzymes of PUFA biosynthesis, was greater (P<0.05) in vaccinated pigs than in barrows but did not differ significantly between vaccinated and entire animals. We conclude that fatty acid profile of animals vaccinated against boar taint is similar to that of entire male pigs and that the effect of physical castration and vaccination on fatty acid composition involves changes in lipogenic enzyme protein expression.

Cholesterol and total fatty acid content inm. longissimus dorsiof Mangalitsa and Swedish Landrace

The objective of this paper is to investigate variability in chemical composition, total fatty acid and cholesterol content in m. longissimus dorsi (MLD) of Mangalitsa, swallow-belly (LM) and white (BM), and Swedish Landrace pigs (SL). Compared to SL, the total fat content has been 14.2% higher in BM, while it has been 10.2% higher in LM. SL fatteners contained significantly less cholesterol in MLD compared to LM and BM (−13.6 and −14.8%, P≤0.05). A higher percentage of SFA (+8.5 and +10.1%, P≤0.05) and PUFA (+8.0 and +9.4%, P≤0.05) has been established in MLD, originating from SL fatteners, compared to both Mangalitsa strains. The total MUFA content was higher in LM and BM than in SL (P≤0.05). A phenotypic correlation between protein content and ashes with water content in MLD has been positive (0.81 and 0.88), while the correlation between water content and total fats has been found to be negative (−0.99). A negative phenotypic correlation between MUFA and SFA, as well as PUFA and MUFA (−0.97 and −0.98) has been established, statistically significant at the level of P≤0.001. A positive phenotypic correlation between PUFA and SFA (0.90), statistically significant at the level of P≤0.001, has been found.

한우육의 육질등급 및 부위 별 지방산 조성 비교

본 연구는 수소 및 거세우(24-30개월) 15두(각 육질등급별 3두씩)를 공시 축으로 이용하여 한우육의 부위(목심, 채끝, 우둔, 양지머리, 등심)에 따른 육질등급(<TEX>$1^{++}$</TEX>, <TEX>$1^+$</TEX>, 1, 2, 3)의 지방산 조성을 비교하였다. 지방산 조성에서 C16:0 함량은 목심, 채끝과 우둔부위 3등급이 다른 등급보다 유의적으로 높았던 반면 양지머리와 등심부위에서는 2등급이 각각 28.26%, 28.74%로 3등급 26.16%, 25.30%보다 유의적으로 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). C18:1n9 함량은 목심 부위에서는 유의적인 차이가 나타나지 않았지만 채끝, 우둔, 양지머리와 등심부위에서는 <TEX>$1^{++}$</TEX>등급이 3등급보다 유의적으로 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). C18:3n3 함량은 채끝, 우둔과 목심 부위에서는 유의적인 차이가 나타나지 않았고 양지머리부위에서 <TEX>$1^{++}$</TEX>등급이 0.15%로 다른 등급보다 높았는데 등심부위에서는 3등급이 0.23%로 유의적으로 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). C18:3n6 함량은 목심과 등심부위에서만 유의적인 차이가 나타났는데 2등급이 다른 등급보다 유의적으로 높았다(p<0.05). SFA 함량은 다섯 부위에서 <TEX>$1^{++}$</TEX> 등급이 3등급보다 유의적으로 낮은 반면에 MUFA 함량은 <TEX>$1^{++}$</TEX>등급이 3등급보다 유의적으로 높게 나타났고(p<0.05) PUFA 함량은 3등급이 다른 등급보다 유의적으로 높았다(p<0.05). n-3 계열 불포화지방산 함량은 목심, 채끝과 우둔부위에는 유의적인 차이가 없었으나 양지머리부위는 <TEX>$1^{++}$</TEX> 등급이 0.15%로 다른 등급보다 높았던 반면 등심부위는 3등급이 0.23%로 다른 등급보다 유의적으로 높았다(p<0.05). n-6 계열 불포화지방산은 5 부위에서 3등급이 다른 등급보다 유의적으로 높은 함량을 나타냈다(p<0.05). The fatty acid composition of Hanwoo beef was investigated by different quality grades and cuts. Five cuts (strip loin, loin, chuck roll, top round, brisket) were obtained from 15 Hanwoo beef cattle [bulls and steers, 24-30 mon old]. For each quality grade of <TEX>$1^{++}$</TEX>, <TEX>$1^+$</TEX>, 1, 2, 3, three animals were selected. The contents of C18:0 in chuck roll, strip loin, brisket, top round and loin were significantly higher in 3 quality grades than those of the other grades respectively (p<0.05). The C18:1n9 content in the chuck roll was not significantly different among the different grades, but those of strip loin, top round, brisket, and loin were significantly higher in <TEX>$1^{++}$</TEX> quality grade than those of 3 quality grade (p<0.05). The C18:3n3 content was significantly higher in brisket of <TEX>$1^{++}$</TEX> quality grade and loin of 3 quality grade than the other grades for the same cut (p<0.05). However, those of strip loin, top round and chuck roll were not significantly different (p>0.05) among the different grades. The C18:3n6 content in chuck roll and loin was significantly higher for 2 quality grade than in those of the other grades (p<0.05). For five cuts, total SFA contents for 3 quality grade were significantly higher than in other cuts. The total MUFA content of <TEX>$1^{++}$</TEX> quality grade was significantly higher than in 3 quality grade (p<0.05). The total n-3 PUFA content was not significantly different in chuck roll, strip loin and top round; however, those of brisket were significantly higher in <TEX>$1^{++}$</TEX> quality grade (0.15%) and those of loin were significantly higher in 3 quality grade than in the other grades (p<0.05). The total n-6 PUFA content was significantly higher in 3 quality grade than in those of the other grades (p<0.05).

A Limousin specific myostatin allele affects longissimus muscle area and fatty acid profiles in a Wagyu-Limousin F2 population1,2

A microsatellite-based genome scan of a Wagyu x Limousin F(2) cross population previously demonstrated QTL affecting LM area and fatty acid composition were present in regions near the centromere of BTA2. In this study, we used 70 SNP markers to examine the centromeric 24 megabases (Mb) of BTA2, including the Limousin-specific F94L myostatin allele (AB076403.1; 415C > A) located at approximately 6 Mb on the draft genome sequence of BTA2. A significant effect of the F94L marker was observed (F = 60.17) for LM area, which indicated that myostatin is most likely responsible for the effect. This is consistent with previous reports that the substitution of Leu for Phe at AA 94 of myostatin (caused by the 415C > A transversion) is associated with increased muscle growth. Surprisingly, several fatty acid trait QTL, which affected the amount of unsaturated fats, also mapped to or very near the myostatin marker, including the ratio of C16:1 MUFA to C16:0 saturated fat (F = 16.72), C18:1 to C18:0 (F = 18.88), and total content of MUFA (F = 17.12). In addition, QTL for extent of marbling (F = 14.73) approached significance (P = 0.05), and CLA concentration (F = 9.22) was marginally significant (P = 0.18). We also observed associations of SNP located at 16.3 Mb with KPH (F = 15.00) and for the amount of SFA (F = 12.01). These results provide insight into genetic differences between the Wagyu and Limousin breeds and may lead to a better tasting and healthier product for consumers through improved selection for lipid content of beef.

Corn oil or corn grain supplementation to steers grazing endophyte-free tall fescue. II. Effects on subcutaneous fatty acid content and lipogenic gene expression1

Twenty-eight Angus steers (289 kg) were finished on a high-concentrate diet (85% concentrate: 15% roughage; CONC), or endophyte-free tall fescue pastures with corn grain supplement (0.52% of BW; PC), corn oil plus soybean hull supplement (0.10% of BW corn oil plus 0.45% of BW soybean hulls; PO), or no supplement (pasture only; PA). Subcutaneous adipose tissues were processed for total cellular RNA extraction and fatty acid composition by GLC. Relative expression of genes involved in lipogenesis [fatty acid synthase (FASN), acetyl-CoA carboxylase, lipoprotein lipase, stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD)] and activators of transcription [(peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma), C/EBPalpha, sterol regulatory binding protein-1, signal transducer and activator of transcription-5, and Spot-14] was determined by real-time quantitative PCR. Housekeeping gene (glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase and beta-actin) expression was used in analysis to normalize expression data. Total fatty acid content was greatest (P < 0.001) for CONC and least (P < 0.001) for PA. Supplementation of grazing cattle increased (P < 0.001) total fatty acid content compared with PA, but concentrations were less (P < 0.001) than for CONC. Myristic and palmitic acid contents were greater (P < 0.001) for CONC than for PO and PC, which were greater (P < 0.001) than for PA. Stearic acid content was greater (P < 0.01) for PO than for CONC, PC, and PA. Finishing on CONC increased (P < 0.001) total MUFA content by 68% compared with PA. Corn grain supplementation increased (P < 0.001) MUFA content compared with PA; in contrast, MUFA content did not differ (P > 0.05) between PO and PA. Corn oil supplementation increased (P < 0.001) trans-11 vaccenic acid content in subcutaneous fat by 1.2-, 1.7- and 5.6-fold relative to PA, PC, and CONC, respectively. Concentrations of the cis-9, trans-11 CLA isomer were 54, 58, and 208% greater (P < 0.01) for PO than for PA, PC, and CONC, respectively. Corn grain supplementation to grazing steers did not alter (P > 0.05) the cis-9, trans-11 CLA isomer compared with PA. Oil supplementation increased (P < 0.001) linoleic acid (C18:2) content by 56, 98 and 262% compared with CONC, PC, and PA, respectively. Relative mRNA expression of SCD was upregulated (P < 0.001) by 46-, 18- and 7-fold, respectively, for CONC, PC, and PO compared with PA. Relative FASN mRNA expression was also upregulated (P = 0.004) by 9- and 5-fold, respectively, for CONC and PC compared with PA. Grain feeding, either on CONC or supplemented on pasture, upregulated FASN and SCD mRNA to increase MUFA and de novo fatty acids in subcutaneous adipose tissue. Upregulation of SCD with grain feeding and reduced tissue CLA concentrations suggest that the decreased CLA concentrations were the result of limited substrate (trans-11 vaccenic acid) availability.

Effects of dietary factors, stocking biomass and domestication on the nutritional and technological quality of the Eurasian perch Perca fluviatilis

The ante mortem determinism of the quality components in fish is multivariate. Among the various influencing factors, the effects of (i) rearing biomass, (ii) dietary features and (iii) domestication process on the technological and nutritional variables in perch Perca fluviatilis here were studied using two-levels fractional factorial design 2 4–1 (resolution IV). This work allowed identifying two main factors, i.e. domestication and diet composition, which influence both technological and nutritional variables. Domestication was the parameter showing the greatest effect on both filleting yield (FY) and total saturated fatty acids (SFA) content, whereas diet composition chiefly influenced viscerosomatic index (VSI) and total poly- and mono-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA and MUFA) contents. Domesticated fish exhibited higher FY (42.8%) and total SFA (25.1% of total fatty acids or FA) content than wild fish (FY = 40.1%, total SFA = 22.9%). Concerning the effect of food composition, diet including only fish oil as lipid source (FO) induced higher VSI than diet including vegetable oil (FV) VSI = 8.8% vs 7.4%, respectively). Moreover, FV diet induced higher n-6 PUFA but lower n-3 PUFA contents in fillets than did the FO diet (total n-6 PUFA = 6.3% vs 5.4% and total n-3 PUFA = 52.6% vs 55.2% of total FA respectively). FV fish fillets had significantly higher total MUFA (17.7% of total FA) contents in muscle than FO fish (14.8%). Concerning this last variable, domestication played only a role in interaction with diet composition. With FO diet, no difference in total MUFA content between wild and domesticated perch was noticed. However, total MUFA content increased with FV diet and was significantly higher in fillets of wild fish (18.7% vs 16.6% of total FA for domesticated). No effect of either feeding rate or initial biomass on the body composition was noticed. In addition, perivisceral fat content was not influenced by any treatment.