Total Frequency Of Occurrence Research Articles

Suspected anthropogenic microparticle ingestion by Icelandic capelin

Documented ingestion of microplastics and other anthropogenic microparticles (AMP) by marine fishes has increased over the last decade. However, baseline datasets on AMP ingestion in Arctic fish species are limited. This study documents AMP ingestion in Icelandic capelin (Mallotus villosus) and investigates how this relates to several biological variables. A total of 160 capelin gastrointestinal tracts were sampled and digested using 10 % potassium hydroxide and visual inspection protocols. A total frequency of occurrence (%FO) of 52.5 % and a mean AMP abundance of 1.33 ± 2.37 per individual was found (particles > 45 μm). The colour of AMP detected was significantly different between sampling locations. However, no differences in %FO or mean AMP abundance were detected between sampling locations or related to body size, gut fullness, or sex. This research contributes to the growing body of knowledge on AMP ingestion by Arctic marine species.

Regularities of acupoint compatibility and application characteristics of methods of needling and moxibustion in the treatment of ankle sprain based on complex network analysis

To analyze the compatibility regularities of acupoints and the application characteristics of needling-moxibustionmethods in the treatment of ankle sprain by using complex network technology, so as to provide the basis and treatment ideas. The clinical research articles on acupuncture treatment of ankle joint sprain published from November 2011 to November 2021 were retrieved from databases of CNKI, Wanfang Data knowledge service platform, VIP information Chinese journal service platform and PubMed by using key words of "acupuncture""moxibustion" "acupuncture and moxibustion" "ankle injury" "ankle sprain" "injured ankle" and "syndesmotic injuries". After screening these articles according to our inclusion and exclusion criteria, a database of acupuncture treatment of ankle sprain was established. Then, analysis on the occurrence frequency of acupoints and their related meridians, and methods of needling manipulation, and the association rule analysis (quantitative analysis) about the closeness between acupoints, and the degree of support and confidence coefficient were conducted for acquiring the acupoint combinations with higher correlation in the compatibility using Apriori algorithm after modeling (with IBM SPSS Modeler18.0 software). Gephi 0.9.2 software was used to make complex network analysis, for which "k-core hierarchical analysis" and "community analysis" were used as the methods to analyze the network structure of acupoints, and the confidence value was used as the index to measure the importance of acupoints. A total of 201 articles meeting the criteria were collected, including 196 articles in Chinese and 5 in English. A total of 236 acupuncture prescriptions were extracted, involving 61 acupoints, with a total frequency of occurrence being 846. The top 10 acupoints were Ashi point, Kunlun (BL60), Jiexi (ST41), Qiuxu (GB40), Shenmai (BL62), Yanglingquan (GB34), Taixi (KI3), Zhaohai (KI6), Xuanzhong (GB39) and Shangqiu (SP5), with the occurrence frequency being 109, 79, 70, 68, 63, 59, 53, 52, 37 and 34, respectively. The results of descriptive analysis showed that the top 5 meridians were Gallbladder Meridian of Foot-shaoyang, Bladder Meridian of Foot-taiyang, Kidney Meridian of Foot-shaoyin, Stomach Meridian of Foot-yangming and Spleen Meridian of Foot-taiyin, with the frequency being 181, 153, 116, 105 and 53, respectively. Complex network analysis displayed that after "k-core hierarchical analysis" and "Community division", two communities were reserved, mainly involving 15 core acupoints such as Ahshi point, GB40, ST14, BL62, GB34, KI6, BL60, KI3, GB39, Zusanli (ST36), SP5; Taichong (LR3), Zulinqi (GB41), Sanyinjiao (SP6) and Rangu (KI2). The results of association rule analysis showed that the most relevant acupoint combination is "BL60-ST41" (support degree 34.83％), followed by "BL60-KI3" (support degree 26.37%), reflecting the principle of selection of local acupoint for ankle sprain. The therapeutic methods are filiform needle acupuncture, and the reducing technique and uniform reinforcing and reducing manipulation are the most commonly used approaches, but the reinforcing method is rarely used. In the treatment of ankle sprain, local acupoints and Ashi points are mainly used, in combination with reducing or uniform reinforcing and reducing manipulations, as well as the method of needling and moxibustion, which provides a good reference for clinical practice.

ВЛИЯНИЕ ФАКТОРОВ ОКРУЖАЮЩЕЙ СРЕДЫ НА ПОПУЛЯЦИОННО- ГЕНЕТИЧЕСКУЮ СТРУКТУРУ ДУБА ЧЕРЕШЧАТОГО (QUERCUS ROBUR L.) В БЕЛАРУСИ

Pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) is one of the main forest forming species in the Republic of Belarus. 18 allelic variants were identified by means of microsatellite loci analysis, which are grouped into 17 different combinations (haplotypes). Twelve of them are rare (the total frequency of occurrence is 15 %) and five are widespread (the proportion of occurrence varies from 7 to 48 %). The last of the named groups includes haplotypes No. 1 (μdt189, μdt3123, μdt4142, μcd494, μcd574, μkk4109), No. 2 (μdt190, μdt3120, μdt4141, μcd495, μcd574, μkk4109), No. 3 (μdt189, μdt3120, μdt4141, μcd494, μcd575, μkk4109), No. 8 (μdt189, μdt3121, μdt4142, μcd494, μcd574, μkk4109). It was found that the geographical distribution of the dominant haplotypes from west to east (along the gradient of climate continentality increasing) has the following order No. 8 – No. 7 – No. 3 – No. 1 – No. 2. It was revealed that haplotype No. 3 is predominantly found in oak forests growing on hills. Haplotype No. 8 prones to form forest stands in depressions, while haplotypes No. 1, No. 2 and No. 7 mainly occupied middle relief elements. The actually observed and theoretically expected frequencies of occurrence in different types of oak forests are close to each other only in the case of haplotype No. 2. For haplotypes No. 1 and No. 8 opposite tendencies of distribution were revealed. In those forest types where for haplotype No. 1 there was an increase in the actual frequency of occurrence compared to the expected one, for haplotype No. 8 there was opposite situation. The reverse trend was also true for this pare of haplotypes. The second pair for which opposite tendencies of distribution were also revealed is haplotypes No. 3 and No. 7.

Indonesian lexical bundles in research articles: Frequency, structure, and function

Recent studies show that lexical bundles in English are pervasively found in academic discourse. In addition, the characteristics of lexical bundles found vary and differ across registers and genres. Nevertheless, it is still interesting to carry out in languages other than English. This study aims to discover the characteristics of Indonesian lexical bundles that cover frequency, structure, and function in research articles. This study adopted a mixed-method. Identification of the lexical bundle was carried out using WordSmith 7.0 on a corpus comprising 3,125,546 words, taken from 1126 texts, and consisting of six disciplines. With a frequency threshold of 40 per million words and a minimum distribution of 5 texts, 197 lexical bundles have been obtained, consisting of three- to six-word bundles with a total occurrence of 51,813 times. In terms of structure, the incomplete structure is dominating the bundles by 78.7%, with a total frequency of occurrence 38,749 times. This research finds that the pattern of lexical bundles can be classified into five types: noun-based, prepositional-based, verb-based, adjective-based, and clause-based bundles. Lexical bundles in research articles are generally clause-based (49.2%). This indicates that Indonesian lexical bundles vary in structure. The use of clause fragments and passive verbs are the main features in this genre. In terms of the discourse function, research-oriented bundles are the functions that are commonly used, while participant-oriented bundles are the least. Each discourse function has its own structural characteristics. It is also found that one lexical bundle can have two functional categories. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the characteristics of written academic discourse. From the pedagogical point of view, the findings can be used as learning material for both native and non-native speakers.

Tropical Cyclone Activity Over the Western North Pacific in 2013

ABSTRACT This paper presents a review of tropical cyclone (TC) activity over the western North Pacific in 2013 and examines the main factors that influenced the pattern of activity. The 2013 season was characterized by an above-normal genesis number of named storms, near-normal total occurrence frequency, and near-normal accumulated cyclone energy. Both the tropical SSTs in the Pacific sector and the East Asian summer monsoon contributed to favorable conditions for active cyclogenesis. The monsoon circulation also controlled the TC track patterns. Three prevailing tracks were identified, along with four stages of track pattern transition that were characterized by different combinations of prevailing tracks. The different track patterns were associated with variations in the regional circulation, which in turn were closely related to the seasonal variation of the monsoon. The regional circulation was also influenced by the intra-seasonal oscillation. In particular, the quasi-biweekly oscillation (QBWO) was important during the early and late seasons, while the 30-60 day oscillation was significant in the active season from late July to early October. The QBWO mainly influenced the circulation in the subtropics and the midlatitudes, while the 30-60 day oscillation was related to the Pacific-Japan pattern, variation in the subtropical high, and tropical cyclonic circulation during the early, main, and late seasons, respectively.

THE VALUATION OF IMMUNOGENETICAL DISTINCTION BETWEEN THE DESCENDANTS OF DIFFERENT BULLS

The article presents the results of detailed genetical valuation between the descendants of different bulls in the period from 2003 till 2013. The aim of this research was to give a detailed genetic evaluation of the descendants of different bulls used in the herd of STE "Maximovca" at the relevant period of time.
 The object of the study was the heifers of Moldovan type of black-and-white cattle – the descendants of 11 bulls. Blood groups were determined by standard serological tests with the use of 49 monospecific sera from 9 genetic systems. All the attested livestock of breeding young growth of 2003-2013 are authentic, that is proved by the materials of the expertise of the authenticity of origin.
 According to AEB-locus at the descendants of all the bulls, common from 25 studied antigens were only 6 – B2, G2, O2, Y2, E′2 and Q′.
 The low frequency of occurrence of antigens P2, Q, T1, K ', J'2, P' is peculiar mainly for all the analysed descendants. The smallest genetic distance is identified between the descendants of bulls Academic 767 and Senior 7415 – 0,1291, and the highest one – between the descendants of bulls Abhazian 835 and Dikii 788 – 0,3095.
 The descendants of the evaluated bulls form four separate clusters: the first cluster consists of descendants of bulls Senior – Academic, the second cluster – Abiturient – Captain, the third cluster – Abhazian – Kiperush and the fourth cluster – Meteor – Karas. Herewith the linear belonging of bulls in the first three clusters is different and only both bulls of the fourth cluster (Karas, Meteor) refer to bloodline of Vis Back Ideal.
 The total frequency of occurrence of the basic alleles varied from 0,2250 (the descendants of bull Kiperush 79) to 0,4071 (the descendants of bull Dikii 788). The lowest coefficient of homozygosity turned out to be at the descendants of Abiturient 861 and Svet 732 – 5,7%. The greatest genetical resemblance is revealed between the descendants of bulls Academic 767 and Senior 7415 (r=0,8709). It is observed the tendency of increasing coefficient of homozygosity (descendants, born in 2009-2013) – 18%, that led to the shortening of numbers of effective working alleles from 17,3 (the descendants of bull Abiturient) to 5,4 (descendants of bull Meteor) and to shortening of the indicator of the degree of the possible genetical changeability to 86,4%.
 Alleles which are inherent to Holstein American, Canadian and European selection – B2O2Y2D 'and B2G2 are identified in the allele pool of the descendants of bulls Dikii, Svet and Senior.
 Conclusions. The main specific gravity in the structure of the allele pool of blood groups at the descendants of different bulls occupies the alleles, identified in the previous research of the herd of STE "Maximovca". The descendants of 9 bulls are the carriers of 11 alleles of EAB-locus which are characteristic for Red Steppe breed (B1I1, B2O1Y2, G2O1, G2D′, O2B′, G2O1Y2, O1Y2, Y2D′, Y2Y′, P1I′, O2D′).
 The tendency of the coefficient of homozygosity growth at the descendants, born in 2009-2013 (Ca=18%), led to reduction of the number of effective alleles from 17,3 to 5,4 and decrease of the indicator of the possible genetic variability to 86.4%.

Numerous mitochondrial DNA haplotypes reveal multiple independent polyploidy origins of hexaploids in Carassius species complex.

Evolutionary trajectory and occurrence history of polyploidy have been extensively studied in plants, but they remain quite elusive in vertebrates. Here, we sampled and gathered 4,159 specimens of polyploid Carassius species complex including 1,336 tetraploids and 2,823 hexaploids from a large geographic scale (49 localities) across East Asia, and identified a huge number of 427 diverse haplotypes of mitochondrial control region, in which 74 haplotypes with total occurrence frequency up to 75.498% were shared by hexaploids and tetraploids. Significantly, these diverse haplotypes were clustered into four major lineages, and many haplotypes of hexaploids and tetraploids were intermixed in every lineage. Moreover, the evolutionary trajectory and occurrence history of four different lineages were revealed by a simplified time‐calibrated phylogenetic tree, and their geographic distribution frequencies and haplotype diversity were also analyzed. Furthermore, lineage C and D were revealed to undergo population expansion throughout mainland China. Therefore, our current data indicate that hexaploids should undergo multiple independent polyploidy origins from sympatric tetraploids in the polyploid Carassius species complex across East Asia.

Which traits influence the frequency of plant species occurrence in urban habitat types?

Plants in cities must cope with various anthropogenic environments that differ from surrounding landscapes. Moreover, the differences in biotic and abiotic conditions among these habitats filter species with suitable traits and niche requirements. Here we aim to identify those attributes that promote species occurrence across and within urban habitat types of large cities. Species composition of spontaneously occurring vascular plant species was recorded in 1-ha plots in seven different urban habitat types in each of 32 European cities. Each species was characterized in terms of dispersal type, growth form, height, seed bank longevity, seed mass, selected leaf traits and ecological indicators including Ellenberg indicator values, Grime’s life strategies, and immigration pathways using information from available species-trait databases. For each species, total frequency of occurrence across all plots and habitat frequency of occurrence across plots of given habitat types were calculated and regression trees were used to relate them to traits and ecological indicators. The most frequently occurring species in the cities tended to be human-dispersed, nutrient-demanding plants that prefer drier to mesic soil conditions. These species do not possess the S-strategy and usually produce seeds of low mass forming short-term persistent seed banks. Habitat-specific responses were also revealed, indicating the effects of between- and within-habitat heterogeneity on trends in species performance in cities. Such patterns can be overlooked when differences in species occurrences in particular urban habitat types are not considered; thus, habitat-specific responses can resolve inconsistencies found when whole urban floras are analysed as a whole.

Temporal dynamics of demersal chondrichthyan species in the central western Mediterranean

Event Abstract Back to Event Temporal dynamics of demersal chondrichthyan species in the central western Mediterranean Martina F. Marongiu1, Cristina Porcu1, Andrea Bellodi1, Alessandro Cau1, Antonello Mulas1 and Maria C. Follesa1* 1 University of Cagliari, Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Italy The rapid expansion of fisheries and globalized trade are emerging as the principal drivers of coastal and ocean threat. Considering the important role of Chondrichthyes as predators at the top of food chain in marine ecosystems, knowledge on their biology remains scarce in the Mediterranean. In this regard, our objective is to give information on their spatial distribution, abundance and population structure. Data were collected for 25 demersal species, including batoid species, sharks and holocephalans from 1994 to 2013 during scientific bottom trawl surveys (MEDITS project) carried out around the Sardinian seas. The total frequency of occurrence (f%), the Biomass Index (BI, kg/km2), and the Density Index (DI, N/km2) were estimated for the continental shelf (10-200 m), slope (200-800 m), and overall (10-800 m) depth strata. Size trends were also calculated for the most abundant species considering all depth strata. The correlation among MEDITS figures (f%, BI, DI, size structure) and years were assessed by species computing the Pearson linear coefficient. From f% and abundance indexes investigation, only the small spotted catshark Scyliorhinus canicula and the thornback ray Raja clavata were ubiquitous in all strata investigated, instead, all the other species showed a preferential distribution for the shelf or the slope. In general, the temporal trends of BI and DI were stable or positive for both macro-strata, except for the longnose spurdog Squalus blainville which seemed to show a statistically significant decreasing trend. All analyzed species displayed temporal stable trends in size structure analysis, apart from Raja brachyura and Dipturus oxyrinchus that showed a statistically significant increase. Despite the time series analysis revealed stable or positive trends, it appears clear the need of urgent management measures to protect the demersal chondrichthyan species extending the monitoring over time and implementing the data collected by scientific and commercial trawl surveys. Keywords: chondrichthyans, distribution, abundance, population structure, Mediterranean Sea Conference: XV European Congress of Ichthyology, Porto, Portugal, 7 Sep - 11 Sep, 2015. Presentation Type: Poster Presentation Topic: Ecology, Conservation and Invasive Species Citation: Marongiu MF, Porcu C, Bellodi A, Cau A, Mulas A and Follesa MC (2015). Temporal dynamics of demersal chondrichthyan species in the central western Mediterranean. Front. Mar. Sci. Conference Abstract: XV European Congress of Ichthyology. doi: 10.3389/conf.FMARS.2015.03.00194 Copyright: The abstracts in this collection have not been subject to any Frontiers peer review or checks, and are not endorsed by Frontiers. They are made available through the Frontiers publishing platform as a service to conference organizers and presenters. The copyright in the individual abstracts is owned by the author of each abstract or his/her employer unless otherwise stated. Each abstract, as well as the collection of abstracts, are published under a Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 (attribution) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) and may thus be reproduced, translated, adapted and be the subject of derivative works provided the authors and Frontiers are attributed. For Frontiers’ terms and conditions please see https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/terms-and-conditions. Received: 16 Nov 2015; Published Online: 02 Dec 2015. * Correspondence: Prof. Maria C Follesa, University of Cagliari, Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Cagliari, 09126, Italy, follesac@unica.it Login Required This action requires you to be registered with Frontiers and logged in. To register or login click here. Abstract Info Abstract The Authors in Frontiers Martina F Marongiu Cristina Porcu Andrea Bellodi Alessandro Cau Antonello Mulas Maria C Follesa Google Martina F Marongiu Cristina Porcu Andrea Bellodi Alessandro Cau Antonello Mulas Maria C Follesa Google Scholar Martina F Marongiu Cristina Porcu Andrea Bellodi Alessandro Cau Antonello Mulas Maria C Follesa PubMed Martina F Marongiu Cristina Porcu Andrea Bellodi Alessandro Cau Antonello Mulas Maria C Follesa Related Article in Frontiers Google Scholar PubMed Abstract Close Back to top Javascript is disabled. Please enable Javascript in your browser settings in order to see all the content on this page.

Standing wave modes observed in the South China Sea deep basin

AbstractThis study deals with standing wave or seiche events using cruise observations, satellite altimeter data, and theoretical analysis. Cruise missions in summer 2007 and 2009 detected internal oscillation signals in the South China Sea (SCS) deep basin. The signals have average wavelengths of 320 and 390 km and the maximum amplitudes of 50–100 m at layers 500–700 m and 1500–1700 m. Satellite altimeter sea level anomaly (SLA) images and the second intrinsic mode function (IMF2) images derived from the empirical mode decomposition (EMD) analysis show that the observed internal oscillations are a portion of 2‐D seiche modes, which lasted for at least 2 weeks. We recognize that the observed internal oscillation signals represent seiche modes H5,3 and H5,1 derived from a rectangular model ocean basin with a uniform depth, a west‐east length of 1000 km and a north‐south width of 800 km. Statistical analysis of standing wave modes H4,0, H5,1, and H5,3 with the average wavelength of 500, 390, and 320 km indicates that from 1993 to 2012 (1045 weeks), total 94 events with total temporal coverage of 218 weeks are affirmed. The total occurrence frequency is 20.9%. Histograms of annual distributions of seiche events and timespans show an interannual variability of about 9 years, with peak years 1993, 1994, 1998, 2001, and 2011. While monthly distributions show an intraseasonal variability double‐peaked in May and October, transit periods of East Asia monsoon in the SCS.

Changes in vegetative communities and water table dynamics following timber harvesting in small headwater streams

In order to better understand the relationship between vegetation communities and water table in the uppermost portions (ephemeral–intermittent streams) of headwater systems, seasonal plot-based field characterizations of vegetation were used in conjunction with monthly water table measurements. Vegetation, soils, and water table data were examined to determine potential indicator species of near-surface water that could be used in rapid delineation of Streamside Management Zones (SMZs) by forest managers. Twelve watersheds were instrumented with three hundred screened wells, installed in grids of 25 per sub-watershed. Well locations were used to monitor water table and vegetation communities. Species were classified according to their wetland indicator status for Region 2; communities were evaluated using a prevalence index (PI). As part of a larger study, the uppermost reaches of the headwater systems were treated one of four treatments: (1) removal of all merchantable stems leaving understory intact with minimum surface soil disturbance (BMP1), (2) the same as treatment BMP1with the addition of logging debris in the drainage channel (BMP2), (3) total harvest with no BMPs applied (clearcut) and (4) no harvest (reference). Post-harvest increases in water table ranged from 1.6cm in BMP1 to 28.2cm in clearcut treatments during 2008, from 10.5cm in BMP1 to 54.2cm in BMP2 during 2009. PI differed significantly between channel and hillslope positions and represent distinctive vegetation communities. Forest clearcutting affected vegetation communities through combined direct and indirect disturbances. PI in the clearcut did not respond directly to changes in water table. In the two treatments where BMPs were employed, changes in vegetative communities corresponded to both changes in water table and changes in the microclimate as a result of harvesting intensity and changing stand heterogeneity. A vegetative indicator analysis, based on the presence of saturated soil conditions and water table elevation, was used to determine potential indicators of the true hydrologic boundaries of the headwater streams. Three potential indicator species (Viola blanda, Ludwigia glandulosa, and Arundinaria gigantean Ssp. Tecta) were more prevalent within “wet” channel positions but exhibited less total frequency of occurrence across the study areas than the fern species Polystichum acrostichoides, which is locally used for rapid estimation of intermittent stream extent). The combined use of the strong indicator species identified in this study and the “fern line” used by local industry foresters provides a means for rapid assessment of hydrologically functional SMZs in these headwater streams.

Comparison of the food intake and prey composition of payao-associated and free-swimming bigtooth pomfret Brama orcini

The food intake and prey composition of payao-associated Brama orcini were compared with individuals captured in open waters from February to May 2005 in Panay Gulf. An experimental multi-hooked handline was used to catch fish at the two sites. The food items of payao-associated and free-swimming fish in this fishing ground overlap; however, the total frequency of occurrence and abundance of all prey items were both higher in free-swimming fish than in payao-associated individuals. Invertebrates seemed to be preferred by this fish, and the ratio of prey weight to its body weight was significantly higher in unassociated fish than in fish caught near payaos. In open waters, B. orcini feeds predominantly on the sergestid shrimp Acetes sp., but it alters its diet by feeding on the small finfish that also aggregates near the payaos when the fish is associated with the floating structures. These results should be verified since they may be useful in managing the fishery resources aggregating near payao.

Ecology of two cytotypes ofButomus umbellatus III. Distribution and habitat differentiation in the Czech and Slovak Republics

The distribution, total frequency of occurrence, regional differences and habitat conditions of diploid and triploidButomus umbellatus L. were studied in the Czech and Slovak Republics. Triploids are more frequent than diploids, with numerous localities in warm lowland regions in river floodplains. Diploids were found primarily in the South Bohemian Třeboň basin, outside the warm regions. The two cytotypes do not differ in dependence on water depth. Triploids occur more in habitats with more alkaline and base-rich soils. Considering the total distribution of both cytotypes in the area studied, triploidB. umbellatus appears to be more successful than its diploid progenitor, owing to its wider habitat range and superiority in vegetative reproduction.

On using norms for low-frequency words

When norms are used to select words of various frequency of occurrence in the language, great care must be exercised in the selection of low-frequency words. The stability of estimates of frequency for rare words hinges heavily on the size of the corpus on which the word count is based, and on whether the frequency index takes into account the distribution across samples making up the corpus. Although some frequency norms directly provide an index that takes dispersion into account (The American Heritage Word Frequency Book), others do not (e.g., Kučera & Francis, 1967). Researchers predominantly use the Kučera and Francis norms, and they routinely take the total frequency of occurrence in the corpus as their frequency index, with no correction for dispersion.

Visibility and rate of coronal mass ejections

Two thirds of the Hα flares associated in time and position with coronal mass ejections (CME) observed by the Coronagraph/Polarimeter (C/P) or by the coronagraph on Skylab lie within 30° of the solar limb. Among type II flares (those with type II radio spectral bursts) with C/P observations, 10 are within 10° of the limb and 8 of these are associated with CME. The high rate of CME association at the limb is interpreted here to imply: (1) Most type II flares (at least 80%) are physically associated with mass motion in the corona (although about half of CME flares lack type II bursts). (2) The longitude window, centered on the plane of the sky, within which C/P and Skylab coronagraphs detect CME has halfwidth of 20° to 30°. (3) CME observed at polar position angles are unlikely to be flare associated. (4) The total number of mass ejections must be considerably greater than the number detected. The ratio of total number to observed number is estimated to be between 2 and 3, and the total occurrence frequency of coronal mass ejections at solar-cycle maximum to be comparable to that of flares of importance 1. The clear dependence of CME detection on flare position implies that the location of the mass ejection must be well described by the location of the associated flare, and that the ejected mass must have limited longitudinal extent in the corona, comparable to the width of the detection window and to the directly observed latitudinal extent of ∼35° +- 15° for CME observed by C/P and the Skylab coronagraph.

Factors related to sexual behavior in nondysfunctional couples

Abstract Self-report data were obtained from 99 heterosexual, nondysfunctional couples who were either married or living together. The dependent variable was total frequency of occurrence of 17 specific sexual activities. Four a priori hypotheses, reflecting social stereotypes regarding sexual behavior, were operationalized and tested. Of the seven independent variables measured, subjects' own level of enjoyment of sexual activities and their estimates of their partners' level of enjoyment were most highly correlated with behavior. Data for men and women were complementary: for men the best predictor of behavior was their estimate of their partners' level of pleasure; for women it was self-reported pleasure. These findings are interpreted in terms of culturally prescribed roles for lovemaking.