Total Foreign Exchange Earnings Research Articles

Socio-Economic Status of Textile Workers with Special Reference to Puthiyamputhur Village of Thoothukudi District

In the world of textiles, India stands out thanks to its vast manufacturing capacity and plenty of raw materials. The textile industry, along with other significant sectors, not only forms the backbone of the economy but also makes significant contributions. It is worth mentioning that around 27 percent of the country's total foreign exchange earnings come from textile and apparel exports alone. The success and sustainability of the textile industry are greatly affected by how satisfied the employees are. The economic and social standing of the textile workers in the Puthiyamputhur hamlet of Thoothukudi District is the primary subject of this research.

Tourism, Employment Generation and Foreign Exchange Earnings in Nepal

An activity of travelling has remained one of the leading contributors of global economic activities, particularly, in employment generation and foreign exchange earnings. With the 56-folds growth of international tourist arrivals from 1950 to 2018 globally, Nepalese tourism industry is widening its scope for employment generation and foreign exchange earnings. The aim of this study is to analyze role of tourism on employment generation and foreign exchange earnings in Nepal. For this, a descriptive study design was employed. Analysis was done by using secondary data of the period 2010-2019. Number of tourist arrival in 2019 (1,197,191) was found nearby double compared to the 2010 (602,867), however, the status of average length of stay remained almost same within this period. Data show, on average, that most of the tourists had visited Nepal for holiday celebration (58.6%), followed by trekking and mountaineering (11.2%) and pilgrimage (11.4%). Average annual share of tourism earnings on total export earnings in 2010-2018 was 21.7% whereas share of tourism earnings on total foreign exchange earnings was 6.2%. It is estimated that every 6 tourists visited create 1 employment opportunity in Nepal. Despite the situation of almost double in number of tourist arrival from 2010 to 2019, this study concludes that there was no significant increase in the share of tourism in total foreign exchange earnings and total employment in Nepal.

Evaluation of Hararge coffee (Coffea arabica L.) landraces for moisture stress tolerance

Arabica Coffee is an important export commodity for Ethiopia, contributing 25 to 30 % of the country’s total foreign exchange earnings. Moisture stress is one of the major constraints of coffee production in Hararge, Eastern Ethiopia. Moisture stress affects the growth, yield and quality of coffee. Local coffee landraces are source of desirable traits including moisture stress tolerance. Accordingly, this study was conducted to evaluate Hararge coffee landraces for moisture stress tolerance. Treatments consisted of 200 coffee landraces (178 from seven districts of east Hararge Zone and 22 from two districts of west Hararge Zone). The coffee landraces were field planted in July 2005 at Mechara Agricultural Research Center using augmented design with six trees per plot or accessions. Moisture stress tolerance was recorded from three randomly selected coffee trees per plot, three times a day (in the morning, noon and night) from January 05 to 25, 2014. The stress tolerance was determined using 1-5 scale by visual scoring (1- all leaves green and turgid, 2- most leaves still turgid but younger leaves show leaf folding; 3- all leaves wilt or fold, 4- Leaves partially turning pales, and partly shed showing severe wilting and 5-leaves completely turning brown and dry, mostly dropping). The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The result of this study revealed that the coffee landraces varied in their level of tolerance to moisture stress. The 200 coffee landraces were grouped into seven clusters based on their level of tolerance to moisture stress. Nine coffee landraces (4.5%) were highly tolerant to moisture stress, 25 (12.5%) were tolerant, and 36 (18%) were moderately tolerant. On the other hand, 60 coffee landraces (30%) were less tolerant; while 57 (28.5%), 11(5.5%) and 2 (1%) were moderately sensitive, sensitive and highly sensitive to moisture stress, in that order. There was variation in coffee landraces for moisture stress tolerance both between and within areas of the collection. Hence, it is advisable to maintain and use promising coffee landraces in coffee breeding. Screening of the landraces under controlled conditions like green house and studying of mechanisms of moisture stress is also the way forward.

Impact of Covid-19 on Tourism Sector in Nepal.

Tourism is an important source of foreign exchange earnings for the government and contributes to the livelihood of millions in developing countries. The purpose of this paper is to explore and illuminate the preliminary impacts of COVID-19 in tourism sector in Nepal and further the paper puts forward policy recommendations for government to avert the worst effects and facilitate recovery. In Nepal, the travel and tourism sector contributes to 8 percent of GDP, 6.7 percent of total employment, and it generates 6 percent of the total foreign exchange earnings. Nepal Tourism Board estimates that loss of 85.2 billion USD monthly from tourism sector only and three in five employees lost their jobs due to COVID-19 in Nepal. The “Visit Nepal 2020” campaign had cancelled which aimed to attract 2 million tourists in the country this year. Tourism sector has already suffered a huge loss, and it is going to take quite to restore. The government should form special task force to create economic response package that will support Nepalese, their job, their businesses from the global impact of COVID-19, and to ready the economy to recover.
 Keywords: Covid-19, Tourism, Economy, Nepal

Impact of Covid-19 on Tourism Sector in Nepal.

Tourism is an important source of foreign exchange earnings for the government and contributes to the livelihood of millions in developing countries. The purpose of this paper is to explore and illuminate the preliminary impacts of COVID-19 in tourism sector in Nepal and further the paper puts forward policy recommendations for government to avert the worst effects and facilitate recovery. In Nepal, the travel and tourism sector contributes to 8 percent of GDP, 6.7 percent of total employment, and it generates 6 percent of the total foreign exchange earnings. Nepal Tourism Board estimates that loss of 85.2 billion USD monthly from tourism sector only and three in five employees lost their jobs due to COVID-19 in Nepal. The “Visit Nepal 2020” campaign had cancelled which aimed to attract 2 million tourists in the country this year. Tourism sector has already suffered a huge loss, and it is going to take quite to restore. The government should form special task force to create economic response package that will support Nepalese, their job, their businesses from the global impact of COVID-19, and to ready the economy to recover.Keywords: Covid-19, Tourism, Economy, Nepal.

Tourist Arrivals in Sri Lanka: A Comparative Study of Holt- Winter’s versus Box- Jenkin’s Modeling Methods

Tourism is one of the vastly growing and largest industries in the world. Contribution of tourism to Sri Lanka’s total foreign exchange earnings in 2016 amounted to 14.2%. After the civil strife in Sri Lanka, tourist arrivals continue to grow annually. Therefore, the post- conflict tourist arrivals were considered for this study. Forecasting is an essential analytical tool in tourism policy and planning. In all the regions at all times, there is no specific model that outperforms other models regularly. Therefore, the objective of this study is to compare Holt-Winter’s and Box- Jenkin’s methods of modeling the tourist arrivals and to recommend a better method to forecast the future tourist arrivals in Sri Lanka. Appropriate tests were applied in modeling exercises for both methods. The results demonstrate that, during June 2009 to June 2017, nearly 10.5 million of tourists had visited the island. Both models are adequate for forecasting tourist arrivals. However, based on the forecasting accuracy measures of the model, the Box-Jenkin’s method outperforms the Holt- Winter’s method. The Box- Jenkin’s model gives approximately 90% forecasting accuracy and therefore it is recommended to forecast the tourist arrivals in Sri Lanka. Accordingly, around 1.15 million of tourists arrived in Sri Lanka in the second half of the year 2017, and it is about 5.7% increase compared to the same period in 2016. Further, over 235,000 tourists arrived in December 2017, which was the highest monthly arrival in the history of Sri Lanka tourism so far.

Impact of agricultural exports on economic growth in Ethiopia: The case of coffee, oil seed and pulses

A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate School in partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Award of the Masters of Science Degree in Agricultural and Applied Economics of Egerton University. Advisors: Prof. Job Kibiwot Lagat (PhD) and Dr. Delessa Daba (PhD)

Ghana Cocoa Industry—An Analysis from the Innovation System Perspective

This paper discusses Ghana’s cocoa industry from the innovation systems perspective. Cocoa is the major cash crop of Ghana. Its importance is not only in the contribution of about 25% annually of the total foreign exchange earnings but also on account of being the source of livelihoods for many rural farmers and the related actors in the value chain. The critical actors in the innovation system are the farmers, the researchers, the buyers, the transporters, public officers, consumers and the policy makers. By the roles and functions they perform, they impact on the dynamics of the cocoa industry. The paper describes the trends in cocoa production and processing and highlights the key characteristics and implications. It discusses the policy reforms in the cocoa industry and the major drivers of the reforms. The Ghana Cocoa Board (COCOBOD) is one of the biggest public institutions in Ghana and its subsidiaries are major actors in the production process of cocoa for export. The key reforms in the policies governing the industry were the dissolution of the monopoly of Produce Buying Company and the deregulation of cocoa purchasing to allow Licensed Buying Companies (LBCs) to enter the business in 1992/93 crop season. There was also the dismantling and re-organization of the Cocoa Services Division into two separate units—the Cocoa Swollen Shoot Virus Disease Control Unit (CSSVDCU) and the Seed Production Unit (SPU). The processing of cocoa into cocoa butter, cocoa paste and confectioneries is an important component of the value chain especially with the national goal of processing 50% of cocoa before export. The paper discusses policy implementation in the cocoa industry underscoring the successes and failures. It highlights lessons for other primary commodity producing countries especially those whose development contexts are similar to Ghana’s.

Indirect and Direct Taxation of Agriculture in Sudan: The Role of the Government in Agriculture Surplus Extraction

As the largest country in Africa, Sudan is endowed with significant economic potential in relation to its agricultural resources. It has a total cultivable area of about 207.4 million acres, of which less than 10% is currently being cropped. In addition, the water resources are substantial; all three Niles flow through the country. But these resources are underexploited; for example, less than 50% of the total water potential is now being utilized (D'Silva 1985). Sudan's agricultural potential also lies in its sectoral diversity. The agricultural sector contains three subsectors: irrigated, traditional rainfed, and mechanized rainfed. Each subsector produces food and cash crops for local consumption and exports. The irrigated subsector is dominated by large government schemes, such as the Gezira and Rahad, which are operated as parastatals. These schemes specialize in the production of cotton, groundnuts, wheat, sorghum, and sugarcane. This subsector covers more than 4 million acres; the mechanized rainfed subsector covers more than 7 million acres and is confined to the production of sorghum and sesame. The traditional subsector, containing the majority of the population, covers more than 9 million acres. Besides being the major source of the nation's livestock, this subsector also produces sorghum, millet, groundnuts, sesame, gum arabic, and other minor crops. Because of the large land area of the country, the mechanized and traditional rainfed subsectors are widely dispersed. They are found in the east, south-center, and the west, with the irrigated subsector located in the central and northern parts of the country (D'Silva 1985). Like other less developed sub-Saharan countries, agriculture is important in the economy of the Sudan. If the comparison is confined to productive sectors alone, the share of agriculture in gross domestic product (GDP) will increase to 75%. The contribution of agriculture to total employment and total foreign exchange earnings is estimated at 44% and 93%, respectively. In addition, agriculture provides most of the nation's domestic food supply, and most of the nonagricultural industry depends upon agriculture for raw materials.

Arabica Coffee Production in Kenya: An Overview

Coffee is of basic importance to the Kenyan economy, producing about 30 per cent of the total foreign exchange earnings. In the 1960s severe losses from coffee berry disease led to the launching of an intensive breeding programme that has resulted in a new cultivar which is disease resistant, high yielding, and compact in growth and produces good quality arabica coffee.

The Stagnation of Brazil's Exports: Reply

In a recent issue of this Journal Thomas C. Lowinger presented a Comment on an earlier paper of mine.' My paper discussed three features of Brazilian trade and development during the years 1947-1962. First, I pointed out that, contrary earlier discussions that had considered Brazilian exports mainly in terms of coffee and its unpromising prospects, the stagnation of aggregate Brazilian export receipts during the period under consideration had been due largely the performance of noncoffee exports. Second, I noted that this poor export experience had been caused not by adverse world demand conditions, but by Brazilian policies that had limited the supply of noncoffee exports.2 The implication was that, if the Brazilian authorities would relax the measures discriminating against exports of noncoffee products, they could realistically expect substantial increases in noncoffee exports and thus in total foreign exchange earnings. Finally, I analyzed the special features that export stagnation, coming together with rapidly growing domestic demand, had imparted Brazilian economic development. Lowinger's Comment does not dispute my analysis in the latter two areas. He does, however, believe that to attribute the overall stagnation of Brazil's exports 'largely' its noncoffee exports would not be in accord with the post-1953 evidence. In addition, he considers it misleading view the entire post-World War II period in terms of one explanatory model; and suggests 1953, the year of a Brazilian devaluation, for demarcating two periods in Brazil's postwar export experience. I will discuss these two issues in sequence. There is a straightforward way test my hypothesis that the behavior of Brazil's aggregate export receipts (Xa) has been governed mainly by the behavior of noncoffee exports, (Xn0). This is regress annual observations of the first differences of Xa against

WTO And Indian Textile Trade: Emerging Challenges

India has the largest acreage under cotton in the world but yield is poor (308kg per hector). The country has a well developed textile industry of cotton as well as synthetic fibres/yarn supported by silk, wool and jute. The Textile Industry in India (including the garment industry) is contributed 6 percent of the gross domestic product and 18 percent of the total foreign exchange earnings of the country. Indian textile industry can be broadly classified into the organised sector comprising mechanized spinning and composite mills and the unorganized sector comprising power looms and handlooms. Textile sector generates largest employment next only to agriculture. Over 50 percent of the employees are women who help to sustain the family income. The garment industry alone provides employment to more than 4 million workers and   supports the people working in ancillary units.