Total Flavonoid Content Values Research Articles

Optimasi Metode Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE) untuk Menentukan Kadar Flavonoid Total Ekstrak Etanol Kulit Pisang Kepok (Musa Paradisiaca.L)

Indonesia is a country that has a lot of banana diversity. One of the banana plants that is widely found in Indonesia is the Kepok banana (Musa Paradisiaca.L). Kepok banana skin has a very high content of flavonoids and phenols. Flavonoids are known as good antioxidants because they can find reactive oxygen species with the phenolic hydroxyl group that flavonoids have. The aim of this research was to determine the results of the optimization of the Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE) method on the total flavonoid content of kapok banana peel ethanol extract. Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE) was done to extraction flavonoid from ethanol extract of kepok banana peel (Musa Paradisiaca.L). The sample collected from Widoro village, Karangsambung sub-district, Kebumen regency. Optimum extraction condition was determined by the Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The Box- Behnken design (BBD) was used to evaluate the influence of 3 factors with 3 levels extraction that is power level (10%, 30%, 50%), ethanol concentration (50, 70, 96%), and extraction time (3, 5 and 7 minutes) with 15 different runs. The research showed that optimum extraction condition was at 24,14 % of power level, 66,26% ethanol concentration, and time extraction of 3,52 minutes with calculations from the Design Expert program, the total flavonoid content response was 8.491 Mg QE/g. The total flavonoid content value obtained experimentally was 8,246 Mg QE/g under condition of 30 % power level, 70% ethanol concentration, and time extraction of 5 minutes. Based on the result, total flavonoid content can be significantly increased by optimizing the MAE process use RSM.

Mistletoe (Loranthus europaeus Jacq.): antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticholinesterase activities

Plants are natural resources responsible for different biological activities. Determining the biological activities of plants is very important. In our study, some biological activities and total phenolic and flavonoid contents of Loranthus europaeus Jacq. were determined. In this context, ethanol and methanol extracts of the plant were obtained using the soxhlet device. Total antioxidant, total oxidant, and oxidative stress statuses were determined using Rel Assay kits. Antimicrobial activity was tested against standard bacterial and fungal strains using the agar dilution test. Anticholinesterase activity was determined by detecting acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activities. Determination of total phenolic content was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. Total flavonoid quantification was performed using an aluminum chloride assay. As a result of the study, TAS values (Total antioxidant status) of ethanol and methanol extracts of the plant were determined as 5.620±0.134 and 6.384±0.134 mmol/L, respectively. TOS values (Total oxidant status) were determined as 10.997±0.183 and 13.368±0.222 µmol/L, respectively. OSI values (Oxidative stress index) were measured as 0.196±0.004 and 0.209±0.003, respectively. TPC (Total phenolic content) value was determined as 34.49±1.78 and 55.82±2.34 mg/g, respectively, and TFC (Total flavonoid content) value was determined as 46.10±2.40 and 55.49±1.15 mg/g, respectively. Ethanol and methanol extracts of the plant were found to be effective against bacterial and fungal strains at concentrations between 50-200 µg/mL. In addition, the anti-AChE values of ethanol and methanol extracts were determined as 13.51±0.81 and 22.79±1.86 µg/mL, respectively, and the anti-BChE values were determined as 27.84±0.62 and 33.08±1.63 µg/mL, respectively. According to the results obtained, it was determined that L. europaeus has antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticholinesterase activity. In this context, it is thought that it can be used as a natural material in pharmacological designs.

The Effect of Maturity Stage on Polyphenolic Composition, Antioxidant and Anti-Tyrosinase Activities of Ficus rubiginosa Desf. ex Vent. Extracts.

Ficus spp. are often used as food and in traditional medicine, and their biological activities as anti-inflammatory and diuretic, for wound healing, and as antimicrobial agents have been largely reviewed. The aim of this work was to investigate the polyphenol content and the antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase properties of the extracts from F. rubiginosa, a very poorly explored Ficus species. For this purpose, F. rubiginosa leaves were collected at three different maturity stages (H1, H2, and H3), and the environmentally sustainable methanolic extracts were evaluated for the total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and total catechins content (TCC). The polyphenolic profile was studied using HPLC-UV/DAD and UHPLC-MS, and the antioxidant activity was determined in vitro using DPPH, FRAP, and ABTS assays. The study showed that the H2 extract had higher TPC and TFC values (113.50 mg GA/g and 43.27 mg QE/g, respectively) and significant antioxidant activity. Therefore, the H2 extract was selected to study the anti-tyrosinase activity. The results also showed that H2 was able to bind and inhibit tyrosinase, with rutin being the compound responsible for the measured activity on the enzyme.

Drying Kinetics and Quality Assessment of Noodles from Piper sarmentosum Roxb. (Kaduk) Leaves

Piper sarmentosum Roxb., commonly known as ‘Kaduk’, is a plant that holds significant importance in various cultures for its culinary and medicinal properties in Southeast Asia. The drying behaviour of P. sarmentosum leaf-based noodles (PSLN) was represented by a thin-layer drying kinetic model. The PSLN underwent drying at various temperatures ranging from 40 to 80 °C, with an examination of six different drying kinetic models: Lewis, Page, Henderson-Pabis, two-term exponential, Logarithmic, and Midilli and Kucuk. Subsequently, the PSLN extract was analysed for total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC), as well as antioxidant activity using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. Evaluation of the appropriate drying kinetic model included the calculation of the coefficient of determination, as well as root mean square error, and chi-square values. Among the six models, the Midilli and Kucuk model emerged as the most accurate in describing the drying kinetics for PSLN, as indicated by its superior goodness of fit. The effective moisture diffusivity ranged from 1.22 × to 4.86 × , with an activation energy of 35.86 kJ/mol. PSLN dried at 50 °C exhibited higher TPC and TFC values of 121.60 ± 0.20 mg GAE/g dry extract and 2.05 ± 0.00 mg QE/g dry extract, respectively, compared to other temperatures. Furthermore, the DPPH activity in the PSLN exhibited an inhibition value of 92.49 ± 0.03%. Overall, drying PSLN products at 50 °C is recommended for retaining phenolics, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity.

Exploring the Bioactive Potential of Moroccan Lemon Grass (Cymbopogon citratus L.): Investigations on Molecular Weight Distribution and Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Potentials.

Research on lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus L.) revealed a variety of active molecules and examined their biological characteristics. However, most of these studies were conducted on wild varieties, while cultivated plants were addressed less. This study aimed to characterize the biomolecules and biological activities of lemon grass growing under North African conditions in Morocco. Phenolic compound profiles of aqueous (AE), ethanol (EE), and methanol (ME) extracts and their fractions were obtained with steric exclusion chromatography on Sephadex G50 gel and identified by LC-MS/MS. Then, total polyphenols (TPC), flavonoids (TFC), and antioxidant activities (FRAP: scavenging value and TAC: Total Antioxidant Capacity) of the fraction were evaluated, as well as the antimicrobial activity. The obtained results showed that the ME contained eight major compounds (i.e., apigenine-7-O-rutinoside and myricitine-3-O-rutinoside). The AE showed the presence of five molecules (i.e., kaempferol-3-O-glucuronide), while EE showed the presence of three molecules (i.e., quercetine-3-O-rutinoside). Regarding the chemical characterization, the highest value of total phenolic content (TPC) was obtained in AE (25) (4.60 ± 0.29 mg/g), and the highest value of total flavonoid content (TFC) was obtained in ME (29) (0.7 ± 0.08 mg/g). Concerning the antioxidant activity, the highest FRAP was obtained in ME (29) (97.89%), and the highest total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was obtained in ME (29) (89.89%). Correlation between FRAP, TPC, and TFC was noted only in fractions of AE and ME. All tested extracts of C. citratus and their fractions showed a significant antimicrobial effect. The lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was recorded for ME against E. coli. Extracts' biological activities and their fractions were governed by their active molecules. These data are new and clarify a novel aspect of bioactive molecules in the extracts of cultivated C. citratus. Equally, throughout this research, we clarified the relationship between identified molecules and their biological properties, including antioxidant and anti-microbial activities, which is new for the study area. This study is suggested as a reference for comparative studies and other assays of other biological activities for the study plant.

Design of experiment for extraction optimization and antioxidant assay studies of biologically active compounds of propolis

Bees gather propolis from tree sap and combine it with their saliva to seal and sanitize the hive. There are various countries where propolis extracts are used in food and beverage as additives mainly due to the presence of phenolic compounds. Therefore, extraction is the initial and the most vital step in the purification and recovery of phenolic compounds from propolis. The purpose of this study is to enhance propolis extract yield by thoroughly optimizing the extraction process and to evaluate and compare the antioxidant assay of the propolis extracts. Several factors such as the chemical nature of phenolic compounds, composition of solvents, temperature and solvent pH may influence the extraction efficiency and quantity of phenolic compounds. These factors have been extensively studied by univariant optimization; however, the univariant optimization fails to consider the effect of interaction between variables on extraction efficiency. Therefore, the Design of Experiment (DoE) approach is adopted in this study in order to evaluate the correlation between various parameters and their impacts on the extraction of propolis in order to determine TPC, TFC, and DPPH scavenging activity. The DoE was carried out to correctly optimize different extraction parameters including the percentage of ethanol in extraction solvent, temperature and time. The ethanol percentage showed the highest F ratio and minimum p-value for the extraction of 28 total phenolic compounds and flavonoids with a negative correlation showing the presence of more polar compounds in propolis. While in the case of DPPH scavenging assay, the temperature was found to have a significantly positive effect on the extraction efficiency. Optimized extraction parameters obtained by the design were found to be different for TFC, TPC and DPPH, e.g., optimum solvent composition for TFC, TPC and DPPH were 51%, 50% and 90%, respectively. The ultrasonic extracts of propolis showed a higher TPC (574.017 µg GAE/g); in 51% ethanol/water at 25 °C while sonicated for only 2 min. The total flavonoid content (TFC) was found higher (353.16 µg Quercetin/g) in 50% ethanol/water when sonicated for 60 min at 56 °C. DPPH scavenging assay showed higher capacity (1617.27 µg Ascorbic acid/g) in 90% ethanol/water at 62 °C for 60 min sonication. Fourteen propolis samples from Pakistan and Turkey were extracted in order to compare TPC, TFC, and DPPH assay results. In Pakistani propolis, the TPC, TFC, and DPPH scavenging assay varies from 418–1026 µg/g, 264–866 µg/g, and 302–1162 µg/g, respectively. Turkish propolis was demonstrated to have higher TPC, TFC, and DPPH scavenging assay values than Pakistani propolis, with values of 1312–1535 µg/g, 1182–1446 µg/g, and 885–2756 µg/g, respectively. It was found that propolis produced naturally possesses more potential phenolic compounds than propolis purchased from farmer’s markets.

Phytochemical profile and antioxidant activity of torch ginger (Etlingera elatior) inflorescence extract after in vitro simulated digestion

Background: Torch ginger (Etlingera elatior) is an edible flower whose inflorescence is utlized for culinary purposes to enchance the taste of traditional dishes containing polyphenols and antioxidant compounds. However, investigation on the phytochemical profile and antioxidant activity of torch ginger inflorescence extract following simulated gastrointesinal digestion is still limited. Objective: This study aims to determine the phytochemical profile and evaluate the antioxidant activity of the inflorescence extract after in vitro simulated digestion. Methods: Torch ginger inflorescence (TGI) was extracted by ultrasound-assisted extraction with different solvents (water,50%, and 80% aqueous ethanol). Total phenolics content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activity were determined by ORAC, DPPH, FRAP, and metal ion (Fe2+) chelating activity. The solvent extraction that gave the highest value of TPC, TFC, and antioxidant activities was used for an in vitro digestion and identification of phytochemicals profile by LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS. Furthermore, the TPC, TFC, and antioxidant capacities of digested TGI extract were compared to those of undigested extract. Results: TGI contained 90.24% moisture. The 80% aqueous ethanol extract exhibited the highest antioxidant capacity, with an ORAC value of 1,156.61 ± 11.55 mM TE/g extract, DPPH radical scavenging capacity of 1,087.68 ± 14.37 mM TE/g extract, FRAP value of 799.30 ± 1.45 mM TE/g extract, and Fe2+ chelating capacity of 42.32 ± 3.48% /mg extract. The 39 phytochemicals were identified for 9 flavonoids and 5 phenolic acids. The putative bioactive compounds for antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and anticholesterol were detected in TGIE, such as catechin, 2-hydroxycinnamic acid, astragalin, chlorogenic acid, coumarin, and procyanidin B2. After passing through an in vitro simulated mouth, gastric, and intestinal digestion, the TGI extract exhibited higher values of TPC, TFC, and antioxidative capacities than the undigested extract. Conclusion: This study reviewed the phytochemical components presented in the 80% aqueous ethanol TGIE. The expressed antioxidant capacity was increased when the TGIE passed through the in vitro simulated digestion, which could potentially represent a promising source of endogenous antioxidants in food and nutraceutical applications. Keywords: Antioxidant, edible flower, gastrointestinal digestion, phytochemicals, Torch ginger inflorescence

Effect of distinct drying approach on bioactive compounds and nutritional profiling of Ulva intestinalis and Padina tetrastromatica from the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh

Marine algae have been visualized as fostering a prevalent actuation of bioactive substances that have noteworthy therapeutic effects. The current investigations deployed a trio of separate drying methods, i.e., oven drying, freeze drying, and sun drying, to quantify the total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and dietary vitality of Ulva intestinalis and Padina tetrastromatica. By mining and scrutinizing it to the quercetin and gallic acid standards, TPC and TFC were derived. Among three drying techniques, freeze drying asserted higher TPC (12.59 ± 1.07 in U. intestinalis and 68.74 ± 1.95 mg of GA/g in P. tetrastromatica) and TFC (7.92 ± 0.97 in U. intestinalis and 58.15 ± 2.05 mg of quercetin/g in P. tetrastromatica) values. Ulva intestinalis and P. tetrastromatica also contain a high amount of protein (18.34% and 8.7%, respectively). The findings demonstrated that green seaweed possessed higher levels of potassium (2.20%) and molybdenum (2.41%) and brown seaweed showed higher amounts of potassium (2.41%) and calcium (1.11%). Where rapid drying methods are recommended to enhance constituent levels, freeze-drying could be an attractive alternative to oven and sun drying, as it addresses the drawbacks associated with prolonged drying periods.

Determination of flavonoid and anthocyanin contents, and antioxidant activity of selected Philippine soybean (Glycine max) genotypes

Soybeans contain flavonoids and anthocyanins that are associated with health benefits related to antioxidant activities. In this study, the total flavonoid content (TFC), total anthocyanin content (TAC), and the relative antioxidant activities (AOA) of selected Philippine soybean genotypes were screened in order to select and recommend promising genotypes that may be used for further breeding and varietal development. Using the aluminum trichloride method, the genotypes POP 1-44 (TFC = 0.619 g/100 g), PHL 29272 (TFC = 0.616 g/100 g), and Tiwala 6 (TFC = 0.608 g/100 g) were determined to have the highest calculated TFC values. pH differential and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays distinguished all three black-seeded soybean genotypes PHL 29272 (TAC = 177.010 mg/100 g; AOA = 24.476%), PHL 29502 (TAC = 143.750 mg/100 g; AOA = 25.745%), and PHL 29552 (TAC = 123.572 mg/100 g; AOA = 29.297%) with the highest anthocyanin contents and relative antioxidant activities. Genotype PHL 29272 was consistently found among those with the highest results for the three tests. Significant correlations (α = 0.05) were found between flavonoid content and antioxidant activity (p < 0.0001), and between anthocyanin content and antioxidant activity (p < 0.0001). In conclusion, the study was able to identify genotypes that can be recommended as the most suitable candidates for soybean breeding activities.

Mechanism-based antioxidant activity of Rubiaceae species collected from Ilocos Norte, Philippines

The Rubiaceae family, comprising 550 species in the Philippines, is a significant source of bioactive components with ethnopharmacological uses. This study assessed the total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activity of six Rubiaceae species, collected in Ilocos Norte, Philippines: Guettardella microphylla (Bartl. ex DC.) Merr., Timonius ternifolius (Bartl. ex DC.) Fern.-Vill., Kanapia monstrosa (A. Rich.) Arriola & Alejandro, Pyrostria triflora Arriola, Calaramo & Alejandro, Pyrostria subsessilifolia (Merr.) Arriola & Alejandro, and Psychotria luzoniensis (Cham. & Schltdl.) Fern.-Vill. Identification of the plant species was done using morphological characterization. The TFC results ranged between 1.86-3.81 mg quercetin equivalent/g dry weight (GAE/g DW), while TPC indicated 5.47-17.17 mg gallic acid equivalent/g dry weight (QE/g DW). G. microphylla showed the highest TFC (3.81±0.20 mg QE/g DW) while P. triflora exhibited the highest TPC (17.17±0.83 mg GAE/g DW). Antioxidant profiling showed P. luzoniensis exhibiting the highest activity in the NOS, ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP assays. G. microphylla showed the highest hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity, while T. ternifolius demonstrated the highest hydroxyl radical scavenging activity. Findings suggest that the crude methanolic extracts of the Rubiaceae species have relatively high TPC and TFC values and exhibit promising antioxidant capacities.

Phytochemicals, Antioxidant, and Antidiabetic Effects of Ranunculus hirtellus Aerial Parts and Roots: Methanol and Aqueous Extracts.

Ranunculus hirtellus, also known as crowfoot (buttercup), has a rich tradition of use in various biological contexts. While antibacterial studies on extracts from this plant have been conducted, the phytochemical composition, antioxidant properties, and antidiabetic effects remain unexplored. In this study, the phytochemical, antioxidant, and antidiabetic effects of its methanol and aqueous extracts were investigated. Our approach involved gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS), alongside quantitative and qualitative methods, for phytochemical profiles. Additionally, concerning biological activities, the antioxidant effect was assessed through 2, 2-diphenyl-pieryl hydrazyl (DPPH) and 2, 2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS) assays, while the antidiabetic effect was examined through the α-amylase inhibitory assay. The chloroform, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane extracts of R. hirtellus revealed the presence of 14 distinct compounds. In the methanol extract, sterols, quinones, glycosides, lactones, lignin, and flavonoids were identified. The aqueous extract contained sterols, alkaloids, glycosides, triterpenes, terpenoids, quinones, leucoanthocyanins, and lactones. The total flavonoid content (TFC), total phenolic content (TPC), total tannin content (TTC), and reducing sugar content (RDC) were determined in plant extracts, and a linear relationship was found between these parameters. Additionally, the TTC, TPC, and TFC values for both extracts hovered around 0.3786, 0.0476, and 0.1864 μg/mL, respectively, across all plant concentrations, while RDC ranged from 0.9336 to 1.0119 μg/mL in all four extracts. In vitro assays demonstrated dose-dependent antidiabetic activity in both methanolic and aqueous extracts by inhibiting α-amylase. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity observed in the DPPH assay was greater in the aqueous extract compared with the methanolic extract. In addition, the ethyl acetate extract exhibited the highest inhibition among chloroform and n-hexane in the ABTS assay. The results suggest that R. hirtellus can be a potential source of natural antioxidants and antidiabetic agents, and further studies are warranted to investigate the underlying mechanisms of its therapeutic effects.

Optimizing the drying conditions of date plum (Diospyros lotus L.) to conserve its phenolic content and antioxidants for preparing a highly bioaccessible polyphenol-rich tea

AbstractDate plum (Diospyros lotus L.) fruits are a good source of bioactive compounds and antioxidants. Drying can increase the shelf life of the fruit and its applications in the food development industry. Optimizing the drying conditions can help to produce prime-quality dried date plum fruits and conserve nutrients including phytochemicals. This study used a two-factor graphics-optimal design to optimize convective drying considering the air velocity and drying temperature of date plum fruits. The independent factors considered included drying temperature (43.78–86.21 °C) and air velocities (0.54–1.96 m/s), and the responses included total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazy (DPPH) radical scavenging activity of date plum fruit. The optimized drying conditions (68 °C and 1.75 m/s) resulted in desirable TPC, TFC, FRAP, and DPPH values. The findings indicated that long drying time at low temperatures significantly decreased the phenolics and antioxidants. Date plum tea with different decoction times (5, 10, and 15 min) was prepared from fruits dried at optimum conditions. A decoction time of 5 min resulted in the highest catechin, vanillic, epicatechin, syringic acid, and quercetin-3-glucoside content, which were 2.45 ± 0.04, 11.06 ± 0.11, 22.03 ± 0.11, 12.95 ± 0.08, and 9.37 ± 0.10 mg/L; respectively. In vitro gastrointestinal digestion revealed that the tea product can be a source of highly bioaccessible (> 80%) gallic acid, catechin, vanillic acid, and quercetin-3-glucoside. Applying optimized drying conditions to dehydrate date plum fruit can be useful in preparing a highly bioaccessible polyphenol-rich tea.

Comparative study of different Malaysian Stingless bee propolis: Physicochemical characterization, Phytochemical contents and Antibacterial activity

Stingless bee propolis is known to contain a variety of bioactive compounds, including phenolic and flavonoids, which have been linked to its antibacterial properties. Nevertheless, the phytochemical compositions of stingless bee propolis are significantly influenced by a complex interplay of multiple factors such as geographical origin, floral source, and bee species. This study aimed to assess the physicochemical properties, phytochemical contents, and antibacterial activity of propolis from different stingless bee species found in the same environment and ecological system. The propolis samples obtained from Heterotrigona itama, Geniotrigona thoracica and Tetrigona apicalis were subjected to physicochemical analysis to determine the pH, moisture, lipid, resin, and wax contents. The total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) were measured by Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetric and aluminium chloride methods, respectively. The antibacterial activity was determined using the agar well diffusion method against four Gram-positive bacteria, including Bacillus cereus, Micrococcus luteus, Streptococcus mutans, and Staphylococcus aureus. The physicochemical analysis of the propolis samples yielded the following results: moisture (12.17-16.45%), lipid (2.95-9.48%), resin (39.00-51.00%), wax (26.50-37.00%), and pH (5.07-5.61). Results revealed that propolis produced by G. thoracica displayed significantly higher moisture (16.45±0.38%), and resin contents (51.00±1.41%), as well as significantly lower percentage of lipid (2.95±0.12%), and wax content (26.50±0.71%). Similarly, G. thoracica propolis extract exhibited significantly higher TPC (200.70±0.06mg/mL GAE) and TFC (141.60±3.63mg/mL QE) values compared to the other propolis samples. Additionally, G. thoracica propolis extract was significantly active against B. cereus and M. luteus with inhibition zones of 15.00 and 16.00, respectively, and minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) of 390.63μg/mL. A strong correlation was found between resin content, TPC and antibacterial activity of propolis. This study indicated that the presence of high resin content in propolis resulted in a high concentration of phenolic compounds, which contributed significantly to its antibacterial activities. Furthermore, the research highlighted the species-dependent effect of propolis on its physicochemical characteristics, phytochemical composition, and antibacterial properties. The observed antibacterial efficacy of G. thoracica propolis suggested that the propolis extract held promise as an alternative treatment option against bacterial infections. Further research is warranted to fully elucidate the specific phenolic compounds that could contribute to its antibacterial properties.

Evaluation of the nutritional properties and the antioxidant activity of rice bean (<i>Vigna umbellata</i>) seeds collected in Sơn La province

Vigna umbellata is an underutilized species in Vietnam, and more information about its nutritional values needs to be provided. This study investigated the nutritional composition and antioxidant activity of the seeds of 10 rice bean varieties collected from different districts of Son La province. Moisture content, ash and nutritional composition, including total protein, lipid, and carbohydrate were estimated. The 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging assay, total phenolic content (TPC), and total flavonoid content (TFC) were carried out to assess the antioxidant activity. The results showed as follows: moisture content ranged from 0.44% to 1.23%, total ash values were obtained in the range between 38.46 and 45.72 mg/g DW, total protein content spread from 106.65 to 156.77 mg/g; total lipid varied from 7.37 to 11.90 mg/g, and total carbohydrate dominated the nutritional profile with 786.10 to 834.73 mg/g. Remarkably, there were significant differences (p < 0.05 using ANOVA) among the rice bean species from various districts of Son La province regarding moisture and protein content. Still, similar values were observed for other parameters (p > 0.05). The IC50 of the DPPH assay ranged from 259.06 µg/mL to 479.99 µg/mL, while the TPC varied from 2.85 to 4.98 mg GAE/g, and TFC values were in the range between 6.46 and 13.73 mg QE/g DW. Both TPC and TFC were significantly negatively correlated to antioxidant activity. This study is the first report on the nutritional compositions and antioxidant activity in the seeds of 10 rice bean varieties collected in Son La province. The findings in this study contribute to valorizing the V. umbellata species, which might be a promising plant as a low-priced staple food for ethnic people in mountainous regions.

The Effect of Drying Time on the Antioxidant Properties of Single Black Garlic Powder

Black garlic is a processed product derived from fresh garlic that generally has a taste and aroma that is less preferred. A drying process is employed to increase the attractiveness of consuming black garlic. This study aims to assess the impact of the drying time on the antioxidant activity and content of antioxidant compounds such as phenolics, flavonoids, and tannins in single black garlic. The drying time is expected to yield a single black garlic powder that is more convenient for consumption, whether in capsule form or as an addition to food products. With low moisture content, single black garlic powder has a longer shelf life and high antioxidant activity, potentially commanding a higher market value. In this research, the drying time was carried out on a single black garlic using an oven for 6, 12, 18, and 24 hours. The analysis of the total phenolic content (TPC), entire tannin content (TTC), and total flavonoid content (TFC) was determined using a Uv-Vis spectrophotometer, and each component was measured concerning gallic acid equivalent for TPC, quercetin for TFC, and tannic acid for TTC. Antioxidant activity was determined using the DPPH method, and the outcomes were expressed as IC50 values. The research shows that the extended drying time leads to an augmentation of the antioxidant compound in black garlic. Drying for 24 hours produces significant outcomes, showing potent antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 37,019 ppm (powerful antioxidant category), total phenolic content value is 44,785 ± 0,033 mgGAE/g, total flavonoid content value is 32,033 ± 0,008 mgQE/g, and total tannins content value is 74,884 ± 0,057 mgTAE/g. Statistical analysis using a one-way ANOVA showed a significant influence of drying time on TPC, TFC, and TTC (p < 0,05). The longer the drying time, the higher the antioxidant activity and the content of compounds acting as antioxidants in black garlic powder.

Heat, ultrasound, and microwave assisted extraction methods for recovering bioactive components from hawthorn fruit (Crataegus monogyna Jacq.)

AbstractIn this work, an assessment of effective solvents and extraction methods was carried out to recover the bioactive compounds from hawthorn fruit (Crataegus monogyna Jacq.). Extractions assisted by heat, microwave, and ultrasound were carried out using various organic solvents (methanol, ethanol, and isopropanol). pH differential, Folin–Ciocalteu's, and aluminum chloride methods were used to determine total monomeric anthocyanin (TMA), total phenolic compound (TPC), and total flavonoid content (TFC), consecutively. Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP), 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl Hydrate (DPPH), and 2,2′- azino- bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6- sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assays were used to measure the antioxidant activity (AA) of the extracts. The outputs revealed that extraction methods and solvents significantly affect anthocyanin concentration, TPC, TFC, AA, and color values of hawthorn fruit extracts. Due to the highest recovered TMA (0.152 ± 0.002 mg ECy3Gl/g of dry weight), TPC (49.14 ± 0.38 mg gallic acid equivalents/g of dry weight), and TFC (18.38 ± 0.19 mg quercetin equivalents/g of dry weight) contents, the ultrasonic-assisted extraction is superior to heat and microwave-assisted extractions. Accordingly, it was also observed that the methanol solvent is more profound than ethanol and isopropanol. Further, the bioactive compounds' content and the extracts' antioxidant activity are shown to be highly correlated. Thus, hawthorn extracts are considered to have antioxidant properties because of their concentrated bioactive compounds.

Bioactive polyphenolic compounds and antioxidant potentials of two leafy vegetables in Bangladesh: the Momordica charantia and the Ipomoea aquatica

Momordica charantia and Ipomoea aquatica leaves are two green leafy vegetables in Bangladesh that are commonly consumed considering their characteristic taste and abundant availability in nature. The aim of this study was to determine the available bioactive phenolic constituents as well as total flavonoid content (TFC), tannin content (TTC), phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant activity (TAA) and DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50) of the ethanolic extracts of M. charantia (MCE) and I. aquatica (IAE). HPLC–DAD and UV–visible spectrophotometer were used to determine the phenolic compounds and antioxidant properties, respectively. In this study, TFC, TTC, TPC, TAA and IC50 values were in the order of IAE (40.73 ± 1.0 mg QE/g) > MCE (34.60 ± 0.46 mg QE/g); MCE (40.93 ± 0.70 mg TAE/g) > IAE (31.13 ± 0.42 mg TAE/g); MCE (27.76 ± 0.58 mg GAE/g) > IAE (21.29 ± 0.43 mg GAE/g); MCE (52.03 ± 0.21 mg AAE/g) > IAE (40.77 ± 0.15 mg AAE/g) and MCE (333.22 ± 67.37 µg/mL) > IAE (560.74 ± 10.25 µg/mL). M. charantia ethanolic extracts contained five hydroxycinnamic acid: ferulic acid, chlorogenic acid, p-coumaric acid, rosmarinic acid and cinnamic acid; five flavonoids: epicatechin, quercetin, catechin, rutin hydrate and myricetin; two hydroxybenzoic acid: gallic acid and vanillic acid; and one phenolic aldehyde: vanillin. Whereas, I. aquatica extracts possessed four hydroxycinnamic acid: chlorogenic acid, p-coumaric acid, trans-ferulic acid and trans-cinnamic acid; four flavonoids: epicatechin, quercetin, catechin, and rutin hydrate; two hydroxybenzoic acid: gallic acid and vanillic acid; and one phenolic aldehyde:vanillin. These underutilised sources of leafy vegetables may be used to develop functional foods by emphasising their remarkable bioactive components.Graphical

Evaluation of antioxidant and antacid activities of crude methanol and peptide extracts of Momordica charantia, Luffa cylindrica, and Jatropha curcas

Background: There are many uses for therapeutic-based compounds in the food and pharmaceutical industries, and natural products are one of the best sources of these compounds. Momordica charantia (Family Cucurbitaceae), Luffa cylindrica (Family Cucurbitaceae), and Jatropha curcas (Family Euphorbiacece) have been documented for various medicinal applications. Objective: This study aimed to assess the anti-ulcer and antioxidant properties of M. charantia, L. cylindrica and J. curcas extracts and their crude peptide. Methods: The plant samples were collected, identified, and authenticated at Forest Herbarium, Ibadan, Nigeria. The samples were allowed to air dry, were pulverized, and then were extracted using methanol. The peptidic principles were extracted using Dichloromethane: Chloroform: Water mixtures in the ratio 1:1:0.5 and concentrated in vacuo. The peptidic extracts were screened for peptide and peptide-related compounds by TLC bioautography using Ninhydrin, Pyridine, and modified G-250 reagents. The extracts were assessed for antioxidant (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, DPPH), free radical scavenging activity, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antiulcer activity. The antiulcer activity was evaluated using the artificial gastric acid neutralizing activity. Results: It was observed that all M. charantia, L. cylindrica, and J. curcas and their crude peptide extracts contain phenols and flavonoids. The TPC values of the crude methanol extracts were greater than those of the corresponding peptide extracts for all three species. The TFC of M. charantia and L. cylindrica crude methanol extracts were lower than their crude peptide extracts, while the TFC of J. curcas crude methanol extract was higher than the TFC value for its crude peptide extract. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of the crude extracts and crude peptide extract of M. charantia, L. cylindrica, and J. curcas was low when compared to the standard (Gallic acid). The M. charantia crude peptide extract had the lowest IC50 value of 282.4 μg/mL, indicating that it had better scavenging efficacy compared to the other extracts that were examined, while the lowest IC50 value was obtained from J. curcas methanol extracts (411.7 μg/mL). The result from this study shows that M. charantia, L. cylindrica, and J. curcas and their crude peptide possess artificial gastric acid neutralizing activity, which implies that they can be used as antacids to reduce the acidity of the stomach. Hence, the plants were evaluated for their efficacy in managing peptic ulcers by their ability to reduce the acidity of the stomach by raising the pH of the stomach. This is the first report on the antacid potential of Momordica charantia, Luffa cylindrica, and Jatropha curcas in literature. Conclusions: The results from this study support the ethnomedicinal claims that M. charantia, L. cylindrica, and J. curcas can be used in the management of peptic ulcers, and these plants could serve as sources of lead compounds to produce natural antiulcer drugs. There were traces of the presence of linear peptides and cyclic peptides (cysteine-rich cyclotides). Keywords: Antiulcer, Antioxidant, Peptides, Momordica charantia, Luffa cylindrica, Jatropha curcas

Characterization of the Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of Bog Bilberry (Vaccinium uliginosum L.) Leaf Extracts Obtained via Various Extraction Techniques.

This investigation aimed to assess the chemical composition and biological activities of bog bilberry (Vaccinium uliginosum L.) leaves. Hydroethanolic extracts were obtained using four extraction techniques: one conventional (CE) and three alternative methods; ultrasound (UAE), microwave (MAE) and high-pressure (HPE) extractions. Spectrophotometric analysis was conducted to determine their chemical content, including the total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC). Furthermore, their antioxidative and antimicrobial properties were evaluated. HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography) analysis identified and quantified 17 phenolic compounds, with chlorogenic acid being the predominant compound, with the lowest level (37.36 ± 0.06 mg/g) for the bog bilberry leaf extract obtained by CE and the highest levels (e.g., HPE = 44.47 ± 0.08 mg/g) for the bog bilberry leaf extracts obtained by the alternative methods. Extracts obtained by HPE, UAE and MAE presented TPC values (135.75 ± 2.86 mg GAE/g; 130.52 ± 1.99 mg GAE/g; 119.23 ± 1.79 mg GAE/g) higher than those obtained by the CE method (113.07 ± 0.98 mg GAE/g). Regarding the TFC values, similar to TPC, the highest levels were registered in the extracts obtained by alternative methods (HPE = 43.16 ± 0.12 mg QE/g; MAE = 39.79 ± 0.41 mg QE/g and UAE = 33.89 ± 0.35 mg QE/g), while the CE extract registered the lowest level, 31.47 ± 0.28 mg QE/g. In the case of DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) antioxidant activity, the extracts from HPE, UAE and MAE exhibited the strongest radical scavenging capacities of 71.14%, 63.13% and 60.84%, respectively, whereas the CE extract registered only 55.37%. According to Microbiology Reader LogPhase 600 (BioTek), a common MIC value of 8.88 mg/mL was registered for all types of extracts against Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive bacteria) and Salmonella enterica (Gram-negative bacteria). Moreover, the alternative extraction methods (UAE, HPE) effectively inhibited the growth of Candida parapsilosis, in comparison to the lack of inhibition from the CE method. This study provides valuable insights into bog bilberry leaf extracts, reporting a comprehensive evaluation of their chemical composition and associated biological activities, with alternative extraction methods presenting greater potential for the recovery of phenolic compounds with increased biological activities than the conventional method.

Phenolic profile of unripe areca nuts cultivated in various districts of Karnataka, India

AbstractBackgroundAnnual production of areca nut in Karnataka state exceeds 1.08 million tonnes, contributing 80% and 49% to Indian and global production, respectively. Areca nut (pericarp of Areca catechu L.) is found to be a rich source of valuable phenolic compounds. Total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) were estimated in 21 unripe areca nut samples collected from the major areca nut growing regions of Karnataka state. Arecoline, a prominent alkaloid present in areca nut was estimated and phenolic profile of one areca nut sample was generated using UHPLC–MS/MS studies.ResultsA significant variability was found in TPC, TFC and arecoline content among the samples, belongs to different agroclimatic zones. Flavonoids were found to be the major phenolic compounds present in these unripe areca nut samples. The median values of TPC, TFC and arecoline were found to be 99.609 ± 0.002 mg gallic acid equivalent, 78.86 ± 0.007 mg catechin equivalent and 2.17 ± 0.13 mg/g of the sample on fresh weight basis. A positive correlation was found to exist between TPC and arecoline content in the green unripe areca nuts of 6–7 months' maturity. Through UHPLC–MS/MS studies, 61 prominent compounds have been identified.ConclusionThe TPC and TFC of areca nuts collected from different districts of Karnataka falling in various agroclimatic zones varied significantly. In general, the arecoline content found in all these samples was less than that reported elsewhere, and the variability among the samples was also found to be minimal. A positive correlation was observed between TPC and arecoline. UHPLC–MS/MS studies showed the presence of about 52 unique phenolic compounds.