Analysis Of Total Fatty Acids Research Articles

Comparison of cover crop termination methods for small-scale organic vegetable production: effect on soil fertility and health

Termination methods and the timing of the termination of the cover crops are critical factors determining the efficacy of cover crops in improving soil fertility and quality. We hypothesized that different termination methods will produce varying quantities of organic residue which will affect microbial diversity and thereby nutrient cycling and availability. The objective of this study was to compare termination methods (roller-crimper, flail mowing, rotary mowing, sickle bar mowing, and occultation using black tarps) for fall-grown cover crop combination (hairy vetch-cereal rye) under organic vegetable production. Field experiments were carried out in three consecutive years (2018–2021) and soil samples were collected from 0 to 15 cm and processed for analysis. Soil organic matter content, nutrients, health parameters, enzymes, and microbial diversity were measured. Flail mowing significantly enhanced the potentially mineralizable nitrogen, available phosphorus, and active carbon. Total Phospholipid Fatty Acid (PLFA) analysis showed a 24% increase for flail mowed, 17% for rotary mowed, and 15% for sickle bar mowed termination methods. There was a significant increase in active carbon content which ranged from 38.9% (rotary mowed), 25.4% (sickle bar mowed), 23.5% (flail mowed), 16.4% for crimper rolled method, and with 2.8% (occultation) respectively. Individual termination methods had varying effects on select enzyme activities. Results indicated that integrating cover crops has the potential to modify soil microbial community structure and increase soil enzyme activities. In this study, flail mowing appeared to be a good method for managing cover crops of choice in terms of soil microbial functionality and fertility.

Enhancing stability of 1,3-dioleic acid-2-palmitate (OPO) through microencapsulation: A comparative study of single- and double-layer microcapsules

1,3-dioleic acid-2-palmitate (OPO), a widely used breast milk substitution fat, is susceptible to oxidation and the formation of harmful substances during preparation and processing. To overcome these challenges, single- and double-layer microcapsules were developed using microencapsulation technology and compared in terms of their functionality. Through optimized preparation conditions, the encapsulation efficiency reached 86.24% for single-layer microcapsules and 85.94% for double-layer microcapsules. Analysis using FTIR, XRD, and SEM confirmed the formation of well-enclosed structures in both types of microcapsules. DSC results demonstrated significantly higher enthalpy values (21.97 J/g and 50.80 J/g) for the microcapsules, surpassing unencapsulated OPO (0.88 J/g) (P < 0.05), highlighting the enhanced thermal stability achieved through microencapsulation. Storage experiments revealed that the average particle size of single-layer microcapsules increased from 2.1 μm to 10.3 μm, while the double-layer microcapsules maintained a particle size range of 3.0–4.0 μm. Following storage, the enthalpy values decreased by 70.30% for single-layer microcapsules and 56.54% for double-layer microcapsules. Additionally, TBA values rose from 7.67 mgMDA/kg oil to 15.22 mgMDA/kg oil for single-layer microcapsules, while the double-layer microcapsules consistently remained around 3.60 mgMDA/kg oil. Analysis of total fatty acids during storage revealed a decline of 16.47% in unsaturated fatty acids for single-layer microcapsules, compared to only a 1.00% decrease for double-layer microcapsules, highlighting the superior antioxidant activity of the double-layer structure. Ultimately, these findings demonstrate that double-layer microencapsulation technology enhances the stability of OPO, expanding its potential applications.

N fertilization did not raise soil greenhouse gas emissions in a reforested reclaimed-mine site over a short-term study

Bauxite mining is a human activity that can have drastic effects on the soil environment, altering its physical, chemical, and biological properties. To improve water and nutrient retention, microbiological activity, and environmental service, it is essential to recover and maintain soil organic carbon stocks. Reforesting reclaimed mine sites and fertilization are two strategies that can be used to eliminate nutrient limitation and accelerate biomass production and soil C sequestration. In this study, we investigated the secondary impacts of nitrogen (N) fertilization on greenhouse gas emissions, microbial community, and total phospholipid fatty acid analysis over a 17-day period at a reclaimed mine site in Brazil. Three forest species compositions were tested: only Eucalyptus, only Anadenanthera peregrina, and a mixture of 16 native forest species collected in fragments of Atlantic Forest. Our short-term observation did not reveal any significant effects of short-term N fertilization on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, total phospholipid fatty acid analysis, or the relative abundance of the microbial community. These initial short-term results were favorable for acceptance of the N fertilization recommendation for stimulating biomass regeneration in reclaimed mine sites because there were no negative impacts on environmental quality indexes, such as GHG fluxes. However, longer-term experiments are necessary to better understand the environmental costs and benefits of long-term N fertilization practices associated with reclaimed sites and confirm its recommendation.

Sütçü ineklerde toplam süt yağı üzerine etkisi olan yağ asitleri ve bazı fenotipik karakterlerin çoklu doğrusal regresyon ile belirlenmesi

This study aimed to determine the effect of milk fatty acid composition, breed, and pregnancy status on total milk fat in dairy cows. The study was conducted with a total of 400 milk samples collected form healthy Holstein and Simmental cows. Milk samples were collected for total milk fat and fatty acid analysis. To investigate the effects of milk fatty acids, breed and pregnancy status on total milk fat, multiple linear regression analysis was performed. As a result of the analysis, breed, pregnancy status, C11:0, C14:0, C18:0, C18:1 ω9 and C18:3 ω6 were found to be statistically significant (p

Predicting microbial responses to changes in soil physical and chemical properties under different land management

Microbial abundance and community structure can be altered directly and indirectly by soil physical and chemical characteristics which, in turn, can be influenced by land use management. This study utilized the cubist model to predict soil microbial communities based on soil properties at different depths and under different agricultural management in Dawson County, Montana, USA. A total of 538 soil samples were collected from three management treatments (control, no-tillage (NT), and no-tillage with livestock grazing in winter (NTLS)) from three depths (0–5, 5–15, and 15–30 cm). Soil physical and chemical properties and total phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis were used to predict soil biological properties. Root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), relative error (RE), mean bias error (MBE), and R squared (R2) were used to assess the performance of predictions. Results showed that the strongest correlation was between the total PLFA and soil microorganisms. Different soil chemical and physical properties were useful to predict soil microbial communities; ammonium-N, phosphorus, potassium, electrical conductivity, pH, organic matter, bulk density, sand, and clay significantly correlated with most soil microorganisms. Results indicated that the cubist algorithm produced promising results to predict most soil microorganism responses to various treatments and depths. However, this model did not perform well when attempting to predict the ratio of bacteria to fungi. The most important variable to predict all soil microorganisms was the total PLFA, with >90 % effectiveness. These results imply that applying pedotransfer functions (PTFs) to predict soil microbial communities in areas with limited soil data and monetary resources shows promise.

Fatty acids composition and lipolysis of Parmigiano Reggiano PDO cheese: effect of the milk cooling temperature at the farm.

The aim was to study the influence of cooling milk at 9°C at the farm versus keeping it at 20°C on Parmigiano Reggiano cheese lipolysis. A total of six cheesemaking trials (3 in winter and 3 in summer) were performed. In each trial, milk was divided continuously into two identical aliquots, one of which was kept at 9°C (MC9) and the other at 20°C (MC20). For each trial and milk temperature, vat milk (V-milk) and the resulting 21 month ripened cheese were analysed. Fat and dry matter and fat/casein ratio were lower in MC9 V-milk (p≤0.05) than in MC20. Total bacteria, mesophilic lactic acid and psychrotrophic and lipolytic bacteria showed significant differences (p≤0.05) between the two V-milks. Regarding cheese, fat content resulted lower and crude protein higher (p≤0.05) both in outer (OZ) and in inner zone (IZ) of the MC9 cheese wheels. Concerning total fatty acids, the MC9 OZ had a lower concentration of butyric, capric (p≤0.05) and medium chain fatty acids (p≤0.05), while the MC9 IZ had lower content of butyric (p≤0.05), caproic (p≤0.01) and short chain fatty acids (p≤0.05). The levels of short chain and medium chain free fatty acids (p≤0.05) were lower and that of long chain fatty acids (p≤0.05) was higher in MC9 OZ cheese. The principal component analysis of total and free fatty acids resulted in a clear separation among samples by seasons, whereas slight differences were observed between the two different milk temperatures. Storing milk at 9°C at the herd affects the chemical composition of Parmigiano Reggiano, with repercussion on lipolysis. However, the changes are not very relevant, and since the cheese can present a high variability among the different cheese factories, such changes should be considered within the "normal variations" of Parmigiano Reggiano chemical characteristics.

Lipidomic Analysis of Archival Pathology Specimens Identifies Altered Lipid Signatures in Ovarian Clear Cell Carcinoma

Cancer metabolism is associated with the enhanced lipogenesis required for rapid growth and proliferation. However, the magnitude of dysregulation of diverse lipid species still requires significant characterization, particularly in ovarian clear cell carcinoma (OCCC). Here, we have implemented a robust sample preparation workflow together with targeted LC-MS/MS to identify the lipidomic changes in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded specimens from OCCC compared to tumor-free ovarian tissue. We quantitated 340 lipid species, representing 28 lipid classes. We observed differential regulation of diverse lipid species belonging to several glycerophospholipid classes and trihexosylceramide. A number of unsaturated lipid species were increased in OCCC, whereas saturated lipid species showed a decrease in OCCC compared to the controls. We also carried out total fatty acid analysis and observed an increase in the levels of several unsaturated fatty acids with a concomitant increase in the index of stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) in OCCC. We confirmed the upregulation of SCD (the rate-limiting enzyme for the synthesis of monounsaturated fatty acids) by immunohistochemistry (IHC) assays. Hence, by carrying out a mass spectrometry analysis of archival tissue samples, we were able to provide insights into lipidomic alterations in OCCC.

Metabolomics reveal dynamic host responses in lipid, amino acid, and energy metabolism after acute exposure of gut microbiota in germ‐free rats

Background Integrating germ-free and gnotobiotic models have advanced the understanding of how gut microbiome impacts host physiology. High-throughput omics technologies further provide microbial and metabolite targets for translational purposes. Yet, limited knowledge is known about the immediate effects of natural microbial colonization on host lipid, amino acid, and energy metabolism. Methods To address this, germ-free Sprague Dawley rats were acclimated with the gut microbiota by cohousing them with microbiota-intact rats (1:1 ratio) for 10 days. Characterization of the microbiota composition in the feces was quantified by 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing. Cecal metabolites related to primary microbial and secondary host-bacterial co-metabolisms (e.g., tricarboxylic acid cycle, anaerobic fermentation, amino acids) were analyzed by H1-NMR based metabolomics. Targeted metabolomic analysis of serum eicosanoids and leukotrienes were examined by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Gas chromatography was used for analysis of hepatic total fatty acids. Results Natural colonization of the gut microbiota by coprophagy was sufficient to reconstitute the gut microbiota in conventionalized germ-free (GFC) rats. Among the colonizing bacteria, Akkermansia spp. was one of the top abundant genera in GFC rats and thus, could be one of the main contributors to the elevation of inosine and its metabolites, hypoxanthine and xanthine, in the cecal contents. Additionally, catabolism of choline to trimethylamine and dimethylamine was diminished, but there were no changes in creatine levels. GFC rats also exhibited more aromatic (e.g., tyrosine) and acidic (e.g., glutamate) amino acids, but less carboxamide-chained (e.g., glutamine, asparagine) amino acids. Increase of lactate levels suggested a favorability for anaerobic fermentation even though elevated succinate and fumarate indicated functional tricarboxylic acid cycle activity. These changes in energy and amino acid metabolism were paralleled in the serum of GFC rats. Analyzing hepatic lipid fractions revealed an increase of both ω6 and ω3 fatty acids in GFC rats, including their eicosanoid and leukotriene derivatives in circulation (e.g., leukotriene 4; 15S-hydroxy-5Z,8Z,11Z13E,17X-eicosapentaneoic acid). Conclusion This study demonstrates that acute exposure to the gut microbiota causes dynamic metabolic changes in the gut-liver axis.

Role of Snf-\u03b2 in lipid accumulation in the high lipid\u2010producing fungus Mucor circinelloides WJ11

BackgroundMucor circinelloides WJ11 is a high-lipid producing strain and an excellent producer of γ-linolenic acid (GLA) which is crucial for human health. We have previously identified genes that encode for AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) complex in M. circinelloides which is an important regulator for lipid accumulation. Comparative transcriptional analysis between the high and low lipid-producing strains of M. circinelloides showed a direct correlation in the transcriptional level of AMPK genes with lipid metabolism. Thus, the role of Snf-β, which encodes for β subunit of AMPK complex, in lipid accumulation of the WJ11 strain was evaluated in the present study.ResultsThe results showed that lipid content of cell dry weight in Snf-β knockout strain was increased by 32 % (from 19 to 25 %). However, in Snf-β overexpressing strain, lipid content of cell dry weight was decreased about 25 % (from 19 to 14.2 %) compared to the control strain. Total fatty acid analysis revealed that the expression of the Snf-β gene did not significantly affect the fatty acid composition of the strains. However, GLA content in biomass was increased from 2.5 % in control strain to 3.3 % in Snf-β knockout strain due to increased lipid accumulation and decreased to 1.83 % in Snf-β overexpressing strain. AMPK is known to inactivate acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) which catalyzes the rate-limiting step in lipid synthesis. Snf-β manipulation also altered the expression level of the ACC1 gene which may indicate that Snf-β control lipid metabolism by regulating ACC1 gene.ConclusionsOur results suggested that Snf-β gene plays an important role in regulating lipid accumulation in M. circinelloides WJ11. Moreover, it will be interesting to evaluate the potential of other key subunits of AMPK related to lipid metabolism. Better insight can show us the way to manipulate these subunits effectively for upscaling the lipid production. Up to our knowledge, it is the first study to investigate the role of Snf-β in lipid accumulation in M. circinelloides.

The effect of gut microbiota on the intestinal lipidome of mice

Gut microbiota significantly influence the plasma and liver lipidome. An interconnecting metabolite is acetate generated after degradation and fermentation of dietary fiber by the gut microbiota, which is metabolized in the liver into longer chain fatty acids and complex lipids reaching the circulation. Whether these systemic changes are accompanied by alternations of the intestinal lipidome is unclear. Therefore, we quantified glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids and sterols in ileum and colon, the two segments containing the highest densities of microbes in the gastrointestinal tract, of germfree and specific pathogen free mice using mass spectrometry-based lipidomics. We found that the presence of gut microbes lowers the free cholesterol content in colon while elevating phosphatidylcholine levels. Further, PUFA-containing phosphatidylcholine and -ethanolamine fractions are increased in ileum and colon of germfree compared to SPF mice. A total fatty acid analysis by GC–MS revealed higher levels of arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acid in the ileum of germfree mice indicating that the gut microbiota inhibits PUFA metabolism in the small intestine.

INFLUENCE OF BREWERS DRIED GRAINS ON THE RUMINAL VOLATILE FATTY ACIDS (VFA)PRODUCTION AND MILK CONSTITUENTS IN ZEBU COWS

Four lactating White Fulani (Zebu) cows fitted with permanent rumen cannular were fed four. diets: (A) Acha hay (Digitaria exilis Stapf, (B) 50% acha hay plus 50% brewers dried grains (BDG), (C) 75% BDG plus 25% hay and (D) 100% BDG in a 4 x 4 latin square design. Analysis of rumen total Volatile Fatty acids (VFAS), individual VFAs, ammonia-N and pH as well as some milk constituents were carried out simultaneously. Mean ruminal pH and total VFA (MM/100ml) were 7.1,6.2; 6.5, 8.0; 5.8, 14.9 and 5.8, 13.1 for A, B, C, and D respectively. The corresponding acetate to propionate (A/P) ratios were 4.97, 4.40, 3.20 and 3.40. The molar percent values of butyrate yielded by A and B were similar and less (P&lt;0.05) than the value for C or D. Ruminal ammonia-N (mg/100ml) ranged from 5.7 for A to 6.8 for D. Total VFA, NH3-N and pH of the rumen fluid were affected by time of feeding (P&lt;0.05). The correlations between ruminal pH and acetate (r = 0.98), pH and total VFA (r = -0.90), and acetate and propionate (r = -0.75) were significanct(P &lt;0.05). Cows on treatment A (acha hay) yielded higher percent milk fat (P&lt;0.05) and lower percent milk protein than those on B, C, or D. Treatment effects on milk pH and percentages of lactose, solids-not-fat (SNF) and ash were not significant. The observed depression in milk fat of cows on treatments B, C and D in comparison with cows on treatment A wasrelated to a decrease in rumen acetate and an increase in propionate. It was observed that the fermentation of BDG yielded acetate within limits required for efficient milk production.

Cellular Fatty Acid Analysis in Macrophage Using Stable Isotope Labeling.

Fatty acids (FAs) are essential for building complex lipids, posttranslational modifications, and energetics. FAs can be imported from extracellular sources or synthesized by cells. The analysis of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) allows for the quantitative analysis of long-chain and very-long-chain fatty acid content of cells. When coupled with isotopic labeling, this approach can elucidate the synthetic pathways being engaged by the cells, and the relative contribution of synthesis and import to maintain lipid content. Here, we describe a method for total cellular fatty acid analysis in macrophages.

Total Fatty Acid Analysis of Human Blood Samples in One Minute by High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry.

Total fatty acid analysis is a routine method in many areas, including lipotyping of individuals in personalized medicine, analysis of foodstuffs, and optimization of oil production in biotechnology. This analysis is commonly done by converting fatty acyl (FA) chains of intact lipids into FA methyl esters (FAMEs) and monitoring these by gas-chromatography (GC)-based methods, typically requiring at least 15 min of analysis per sample. Here, we describe a novel method that supports fast, precise and accurate absolute quantification of total FA levels in human plasma and serum samples. The method uses acid-catalyzed transesterification with 18O-enriched H2O (i.e., H218O) to convert FA chains into 18O-labeled free fatty acids. The resulting “mass-tagged” FA analytes can be specifically monitored with improved signal-to-background by 1 min of high resolution Fourier transform mass spectrometry (FTMS) on an Orbitrap-based mass spectrometer. By benchmarking to National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) certified standard reference materials we show that the performance of our method is comparable, and at times superior, to that of gold-standard GC-based methods. In addition, we demonstrate that the method supports the accurate quantification of FA differences in samples obtained in dietary intervention studies and also affords specific monitoring of ingested stable isotope-labeled fatty acids (13C16-palmitate) in normoinsulinemic and hyperinsulinemic human subjects. Overall, our novel high-throughput method is generic and suitable for many application areas, spanning basic research to personalized medicine, and is particularly useful for laboratories equipped with high resolution mass spectrometers, but lacking access to GC-based instrumentation.

Functional diversity and nutritional content in a deep-sea faunal assemblage through total lipid, lipid class, and fatty acid analyses.

Lipids are key compounds in marine ecosystems being involved in organism growth, reproduction, and survival. Despite their biological significance and ease of measurement, the use of lipids in deep-sea studies is limited, as is our understanding of energy and nutrient flows in the deep ocean. Here, a comprehensive analysis of total lipid content, and lipid class and fatty acid composition, was used to explore functional diversity and nutritional content within a deep-sea faunal assemblage comprising 139 species from 8 phyla, including the Chordata, Arthropoda, and Cnidaria. A wide range of total lipid content and lipid class composition suggested a diversified set of energy allocation strategies across taxa. Overall, phospholipid was the dominant lipid class. While triacylglycerol was present in most taxa as the main form of energy storage, a few crustaceans, fish, jellyfishes, and corals had higher levels of wax esters/steryl esters instead. Type and amount of energy reserves may reflect dietary sources and environmental conditions for certain deep-sea taxa. Conversely, the composition of fatty acids was less diverse than that of lipid class composition, and large proportions of unsaturated fatty acids were detected, consistent with the growing literature on cold-water species. In addition, levels of unsaturation increased with depth, likely suggesting an adaptive strategy to maintain normal membrane structure and function in species found in deeper waters. Although proportions of n-3 fatty acids were high across all phyla, representatives of the Chordata and Arthropoda were the main reservoirs of these essential nutrients, thus suggesting health benefits to their consumers.

Atypical Antipsychotics and the Human Skeletal Muscle Lipidome.

Atypical antipsychotics (AAPs) are a class of medications associated with significant metabolic side effects, including insulin resistance. The aim of this study was to analyze the skeletal muscle lipidome of patients on AAPs, compared to mood stabilizers, to further understand the molecular changes underlying AAP treatment and side effects. Bipolar patients on AAPs or mood stabilizers underwent a fasting muscle biopsy and assessment of insulin sensitivity. A lipidomic analysis of total fatty acids (TFAs), phosphatidylcholines (PCs) and ceramides (CERs) was performed on the muscle biopsies, then lipid species were compared between treatment groups, and correlation analyses were performed with insulin sensitivity. TFAs and PCs were decreased and CERs were increased in the AAP group relative to those in the mood stabilizer group (FDR q-value <0.05). A larger number of TFAs and PCs were positively correlated with insulin sensitivity in the AAP group compared to those in the mood stabilizer group. In contrast, a larger number of CERs were negatively correlated with insulin sensitivity in the AAP group compared to that in the mood stabilizer group. The findings here suggest that AAPs are associated with changes in the lipid profiles of human skeletal muscle when compared to mood stabilizers and that these changes correlate with insulin sensitivity.

Polyphasic characterization of Delftia acidovorans ESM-1, a facultative methylotrophic bacterium isolated from rhizosphere of Eruca sativa.

In this study, one bacterial strain, ESM-1, was isolated from rhizosphere of Eruca sativa, growing in Al Hofouf, Saudia Arabia, after enrichment with methanol as a sole carbon and energy source in a batch culture. ESM-1 was characterized by a polyphasic approach. The strain was identified as Delftia acidovorans at similarity level of 99.9% of the 16S rRNA gene sequences. Results of the Biolog Gen III MicroPlate test system showed that strain ESM-1 reacted positively to 47 (50%) including the one-carbon compound formic acid, and partially positive to 6 (∼6.4%) out of the 94 different the traits examined. The total cellular fatty acids composition of the strain ESM-1 was (C16:1ω7c/C16:1ω6c) and C16:0) and matched that of Delftia acidovorans at a similarity index of 0.9, providing a robustness to the ESM-1 identification. Furthermore, ESM-1 displayed a complex polar lipid profile consisting of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, glycolipid, aminolipid, in addition to uncharacterized lipids. The DNA G+C content of the strain was 66.6 mol%. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the strain ESM1-1 was clearly clustered within the Delftia clade and constructed a monophyletic subcluster with Delftia acidovorans NBRC14950. The results addressed that ESM-1 is a facultative methylotrophic bacterium indigenous to Al Hofouf region and opens the door for potential biotechnological applications (e.g., bioremediation) of this strain, in future. Additionally, these findings assure that the total cellular fatty acid analysis and 16S rRNA gene are reliable tool for bacterial characterization and identification.

Whole blood glycerophospholipids in dried blood spots − a reliable marker for the fatty acid status

BackgroundWhole blood total fatty acid analysis in capillary blood has recently been proposed for fatty acid status determination, but the accuracy of this method is affected by the fast turnover of triaclyglyceride (TAG) fatty acids, the individual hematocrit and postprandial state. MethodAn established method for the glycerophospholipid (GPL) analysis in plasma was adapted for the analysis of whole blood GPL and tested in a fat challenge test. Blood samples were collected from nine participants after receiving a standardised breakfast containing 42g of sunflower oil. Whole blood GPL fatty acids were compared against whole blood total lipid, plasma TAG and phospholipid fatty acids. ResultsAll fatty acid concentrations in dried blood samples showed a coefficient of variation <5.7%. The fat challenge test induced a significant increase of TAG fatty acid concentration (mean Δ=42.3%±35.7) and whole blood total fatty acid concentration (mean Δ=5.2%±3.7) whereas whole blood GPL fatty acids were hardly changed (mean Δ=1.3%±1.6). ConclusionWhole blood GPL fatty acids are a robust biological marker for the fatty acid status of fasted and non-fasted subjects. The influence of very recent dietary intake on whole blood GPL is smaller than on whole blood total lipids.

Effect of tehina processing and storage in the physical-chemical quality

Abstract: The effect of tehina processing and storage during six months at 25°C and 35°C on total phenolics, antioxidant activity, anthocyanins, and fatty acid analysis was evaluated. Tehina processing, storage period and temperature significantly (p≤0.05) decreased total phenolics, antioxidant activity and anthocyanins contents. The results showed that raw sesame seeds had the highest total phenolics (99.98 mg GAE/100 g) and lower levels were found in dehulled unroasted sesame seeds, tehina at zero time and roasted sesame seeds (62.53, 60.61 and 47.03 mg GAE/100 g, respectively). In addition, tehina during storage showed a significant decrease in total phenolics (60.61 to 42.45 mg GAE/100 g). Raw sesame seeds had the highest antioxidant activity (0.51 mg/mL), while the tehina, dehulled unroasted and roasted sesame had antioxidant activity values of 1.21, 1.35 and 1.79 mg/mL, respectively. Also, antioxidant activity of tehina at zero time was highest (1.21 mg/mL) and lowest was in tehina stored for six months (1.70 mg/mL). Sesame seeds and tehina had low levels of anthocyanins (1.26 and 0.50 mg cya-3-glu/100 g). Fatty acid analysis showed that sesame seeds (raw, dehulled unroasted and roasted) and tehina samples contain high percent of unsaturated fatty acid oleic (C18:1) and linoleic (C18:2). Keywords: sesame seeds, phenols, antioxidant activities, anthocyanins DOI: 10.3965/j.ijabe.20160905.2091 Citation: Rababah T M, Al-U’datt M, Al-Mahasneh M, Obaidat M, Almajwal A, Odeh A, et al. Effect of tehina processing and storage in the physical-chemical quality. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2016; 9(5): 218－226.

English

To assess biochar effect on soil microbial biomass, community and enzymatic activities, degraded acidic soil was amended with three different rates (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0%) of oak wood biochar (W0.5, W1.0 and W2.0) and bamboo biochar (B0.5, B1.0 and B2.0), with control as 0%. The soil and the biochar were mixed thoroughly, wetted and incubated at a constant temperature of 25°C. The amended soil properties were evaluated after the 1st, 8th and 16th weeks of the incubation. It was found that soil pH, total organic carbon (TOC) and urease increased significantly with increasing biochar rate while the activity of acid phosphatase decreased, the reason can be the inverse correlation of this enzyme with soil pH. TOC had positive correlation with urease. The β-glucosidase correlated positively with dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and negatively with C/N, suggesting that mineralization of organic matter provides substrates for this enzyme. The highest microbial biomass C as well as total Phospholipid fatty acid analysis (PLFA) was observed at the lowest rates, particularly the treatment of W0.5 had higher relative abundance of soil bacteria, fungi and gram-positive bacteria. Our results suggest that biochar application improve the fertility of degraded red soil by increasing soil pH, TOC and DOC which, in turn, enhance soil enzymes, microbial biomass and community. Key words: Biochar, enzymes, microbial biomass, microbial community, phospholipid fatty acids.

A comprehensive study of the impact of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contamination on salt marsh plants Spartina alterniflora: implication for plant-microbe interactions in phytoremediation.

These pot experiments aimed to investigate the effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on plant uptake, rhizophere, endophytic bacteria, and phytoremediation potentials of contaminated sediments. Salt marsh plant Spartina alterniflora was selected and cultivated in phenanthrene (PHE)- and pyrene (PYR)-contaminated sediments (for 70 days). The results indicated that the amount of PHE removed from the sediments ranged from 13 to 36 %, while PYR ranged from 11 to 30 %. In rhizophere sediment, dehydrogenase activities were significantly (P < 0.05) enhanced by higher concentration of PHE treatments, while polyphenol oxidase activities were prohibited more than 10 % in non-rhizophere sediment. Compared with the control, PHE treatments had also significantly (P < 0.05) lower total microbial biomass; especially for gram-negative bacteria, this decrease was more than 24 %. However, the PYR treatments had little effect on the dehydrogenase, polyphenol oxidase, and total phospholipid fatty acid analysis (PLFA) biomass. The greatest abundance of PAH-ring hydroxylating dioxygenases isolated from gram-negative bacteria (PAH-RHDα-GN) of rhizoplane and endophyte in roots were found at high concentration of PHE treatments and increased by more than 100- and 3-fold, respectively. These results suggested that PAH pollution would result in the comprehensive effect on S. alterniflora, whose endophytic bacteria might play important roles in the phytoremediation potential of PAH-contaminated sediments.