Total Essential Amino Acid Content Research Articles

Comparison of nutritional value of snakehead fish from Guangdong and Deqing varieties.

Environmental pollution and overfishing of wild fish resources have led to a significant decrease in snakehead fish, thus leading to the increased demand for breeding the snakehead fish. Guangdong and Deqing snakehead fish are two common consumed varieties. However, their nutritional value was unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the nutritional value of snakehead fish from Guangdong and Deqing varieties feeding with different fodders by analyzing and comparing the proximate composition, fatty acids and amino acids. Results showed that the contents of carbohydrate, energy and fat contents in Guangdong variety were lower than that in Deqing variety feeding commercial fodder or offal. Besides, Guangdong variety contained the highest contents of polyunsaturated fatty acids (27.99 ± 1.99%) and EPA + DHA (2.70 ± 0.04%), as well as total essential amino acid content (2550.29), compared to Deqing variety feeding commercial fodder or offal. Overall, snakehead fish from Guangdong variety displayed the highest nutritional value, and thus was a reasonable choice for farmers and consumers. The findings of this study would help farmers to choose the suitable feeding variety and patterns of snakehead fish from the perspective of fish nutritional value, which is beneficial to the sustainable fish farming.

Evaluation of carcass traits, meat quality and the expression of lipid metabolism-related genes in different slaughter ages and muscles of Taihang black goats.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of slaughter age on carcass traits, meat quality, and the relative mRNA levels of lipid metabolism-related genes in different muscles of Taihang black goats. In this study, the triceps brachii (TB), longissimus dorsi (LD) and gluteus (GL) muscles of 15 grazing Taihang black goats slaughtered at the age of 2, 3, and 4(designated as 2-year-old, 3-year-old, and 4-year-old, respectively) were collected. The differences in carcass shape, meat quality, amino acid composition and lipid metabolism gene expression among Taihang black goats of different ages and from different plant parts were compared. Compared with goats at other ages, goats slaughtered at the age of 4 had greater live and carcass weights, meat weights, bone weights and skin areas (P<0.05). LD in the 4-years-old had the lowest cooking loss and moisture content. The content of crude protein in 2-year-old was significantly greater than that in the other muscles. The highest fat content was in LD, followed by TB, for goats slaughtered at the age of 4. Eight out of 9 essential amino acids had higher content in the TB compared with other muscles, regardless of age. The total essential amino acid content was highest in the 4-year-old and lowest in the GL muscle at the age of 3. The SREBP-1c and ATGL genes were significantly more abundant in the TB muscle than in the other muscles for goats slaughtered at the age of 2. At the the age of 4, the ATGL and PPARγ genes were significantly more abundant in the GL than in the LD, while the FAS genes were significantly less abundant in the GL than in the other muscles. Similarly, compared with those in goats of other ages, the relative mRNA expression levels of the FAS and H-FABP genes in goats slaughtered at the age of 4 were the highest, and the relative mRNA expression of the PPARγ gene was the lowest (P<0.05). The relative mRNA expression of the H-FABP and FAS genes was positively correlated with the intramuscular fat (IMF) content, while the relative mRNA expression levels of the PPARγ and ATGL genes was negatively correlated with the IMF content. Overall, a better nutritional value was obtained for TB from 4-year-old goats, in which the total essential amino acid and fat contents were greater than those of other muscles. The comprehensive action of lipid metabolism genes was consistent with that of the IMF content, among which the FAS, H-FABP, PPARγ and ATGL genes had positive and negative effects on the process of IMF deposition in Taihang black goats.

Filter cake extract from the beet sugar industry as an economic growth medium for the production of Spirulina platensis as a microbial cell factory for protein

BackgroundBeet filter cake (BFC) is a by-product of sugar beet processing, which is difficult to dispose of and involves severe environmental concerns. Spirulina platensis is a microalga with a high protein content essential for human and animal nutrition. The present study aimed to utilize the beet filter cake extract (BFCE) to produce Spirulina platensis commercially. However, the cultivation of S. platensis on BFCE to produce economically single-cell protein has not been reported previously.ResultsThe batch experiment revealed the maximum dry weight at Zarrouk’s medium (0.4 g/L) followed by 0.34 g/L in the treatment of 75% BFCE. The highest protein content was 50% in Zarrouk’s medium, followed by 46.5% in 25% BFCE. However, adding a higher concentration of 100% BFCE led to a protein content of 31.1%. In the adaption experiment, S platensis showed an increase in dry cell weight and protein content from 25 to 75% BFCE (0.69 g/L to 1.12 g/L and 47.0% to 52.54%, respectively) with an insignificant variation compared to Zarrouk’s medium (p ≤ 0.05), indicating that S. platensis can be economically produced when cultivated on 75% BFCE The predicated parameters from response surface methodology were NaNO3 (2.5 g/L), NaHCO3 (0.67 g/L), BFCE (33%) and pH = 8, which resulted in biomass yield and protein content (0.56 g/L and 52.5%, respectively) closer to that achieved using the standard Zarrouk’s medium (0.6 g/L and 55.11%). Moreover, the total essential amino acid content was slightly higher in the optimized medium (38.73%) than SZM (36.98%).ConclusionsTherefore, BFCE supplemented medium could be used as a novel low-cost alternative growth medium for producing a single-cell protein with acceptable quantity and quality compared to the standard Zarrouk’s medium.Graphical

Structural, physicochemical, and immune-enhancing properties of edible insect protein isolates from Protaetia brevitarsis larvae.

Edible insects are promising future food resources globally. Herein, the structural, physicochemical, and bio-functional properties of edible insect protein isolates (EPIs) extracted from Protaetia brevitarsis larvae were investigated. The results showed that EPIs have a high total essential amino acid content; moreover, β-sheet is the major secondary protein structure. The EPI protein solution was highly soluble and electrically stable and did not aggregate easily. In addition, EPIs exhibited immune-enhancing properties; EPI treatment of macrophages induced the activation of macrophages and consequently promoted the production of pro-inflammatory mediators (NO, TNF-α, and IL-1β). Moreover, macrophage activation of EPIs was confirmed to occur through the MAPK and NF-κB pathways. In conclusion, our results suggest that the isolated P. brevitarsis protein can be fully utilized as a functional food material and alternative protein source in the future food industry.

Comparative performances of different farming systems and associated influence of ecological factors on Gracilaria sp. seaweed at the south-east coast of the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh

The production performance and biochemical composition of agar-enriched Gracilaria sp. were evaluated under three farming systems (off-bottom net, floating long-line and off-bottom long-line) from October 2021 to April 2022. For this study, 25 off-bottom long-line (14 m × 5 m), 20 off-bottom net (1.8 m × 3.5 m), and 10 floating long-line (10 m × 3 m) were established and managed in a participatory farming approach with coastal communities at the south-east coast of the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh. While growing to a length of 30–40 cm, Gracilaria sp. was partially harvested every 15–30 days, depending on the culture months. The average biomass production in the floating long-line system was 135% and 67.2% higher than the off-bottom long line and off-bottom net culture systems, respectively. Harvested Gracilaria sp. from floating culture was very clean, mostly free from encrusting organisms and impurities, and had an attractive reddish coloration. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that the growth performances of Gracilaria sp. were positively influenced by high salinity, dissolved oxygen, and nutrient concentration and negatively influenced by high temperature, turbidity, and total suspended solids. Gracilaria sp. harvested from the floating long-line system had higher amount of protein and lipids compared to the off-bottom systems. The total essential amino acid content of Gracilaria sp. in the floating long-line system was 18.4% and 13.3% higher (p < 0.05) than in off-bottom long-line and off-bottom net culture systems, respectively. Among the 10 minerals analyzed, Ca, K, and Zn contents were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the floating long-line system. Among fatty acids, the n6-PUFA content of Gracilaria sp. in the floating long-line system was 11.2% higher (p < 0.05) than in the off-bottom long-line system. The Gracilaria sp. from the floating long-line culture system contained 18.8–21.3% higher agar than the off-bottom systems. The study also revealed that Gracilaria sp. obtained from the floating long-line system contained significantly lower heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Pb, and As) than the off-bottom systems. The findings of the present study demonstrated that raft-based floating long-line systems could be a promising culture technology for the production of agar-enriched Gracilaria sp. along the coastal areas of Bangladesh and elsewhere.

Earth Worming-An Evaluation of Earthworm (Eisenia andrei) as an Alternative Food Source.

Aside from their bioremediation roles, little is known about the food and feed value of earthworms. In this study, a comprehensive evaluation of the nutritional composition (proximate analysis and profiles of fatty acids and minerals) and techno-functional properties (foaming and emulsion stability and capacity) of earthworm (Eisenia andrei, sourced in New Zealand) powder (EAP) were investigated. Lipid nutritional indices, ω6/ω3, atherogenicity index, thrombogenicity index, hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic acid ratio, and health-promoting index of EAP lipids are also reported. The protein, fat, and carbohydrate contents of EAP were found to be 53.75%, 19.30%, and 23.26% DW, respectively. The mineral profile obtained for the EAP consisted of 11 essential minerals, 23 non-essential minerals, and 4 heavy metals. The most abundant essential minerals were potassium (8220 mg·kg-1 DW), phosphorus (8220 mg·kg-1 DW), magnesium (744.7 mg·kg-1 DW), calcium (2396.7 mg·kg-1 DW), iron (244.7 mg·kg-1 DW), and manganese (25.6 mg·kg-1 DW). Toxic metals such as vanadium (0.2 mg·kg-1 DW), lead (0.2 mg·kg-1 DW), cadmium (2.2 mg·kg-1 DW), and arsenic (2.3 mg·kg-1 DW) were found in EAP, which pose safety considerations. Lauric acid (20.3% FA), myristoleic acid (11.20% FA), and linoleic acid (7.96% FA) were the most abundant saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids, respectively. The lipid nutritional indices, such as IT and ω-6/ω-3, of E. andrei were within limits considered to enhance human health. A protein extract derived from EAP (EAPPE), obtained by alkaline solubilisation and pH precipitation, exhibited an isoelectric pH of ~5. The total essential amino acid content and essential amino acid index of EAPPE were 373.3 mg·g-1 and 1.36 mg·g-1 protein, respectively. Techno-functional analysis of EAPPE indicated a high foaming capacity (83.3%) and emulsion stability (88.8% after 60 min). Heat coagulation of EAPPE was greater at pH 7.0 (12.6%) compared with pH 5.0 (4.83%), corroborating the pH-solubility profile and relatively high surface hydrophobicity (1061.0). These findings demonstrate the potential of EAP and EAPPE as nutrient-rich and functional ingredients suitable as alternative food and feed material. The presence of heavy metals, however, should be carefully considered.

Effects of Different Dietary Protein Levels on the Growth Performance, Physicochemical Indexes, Quality, and Molecular Expression of Yellow River Carp (Cyprinus carpio haematopterus)

A 12-week rearing trial was carried out to estimate effects on the growth performance, physicochemical indexes, quality, and the molecular expression of Yellow River Carp (Cyprinus carpio haematopterus) using five practical diets, including dietary protein levels of 220, 250, 280, 310, and 340 g/kg. The results illustrated that the fish's weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) were significantly influenced, with an ascending dietary protein level of up to 250 g/kg (p < 0.05). The carp muscle contents of total saturated fatty acids (∑SFA), monounsaturated fatty acids (∑MUFA), polyunsaturated fatty acids (∑PUFA), and fatty acids (∑FA) decreased significantly with the ascending dietary protein levels, except for the 250 g/kg protein diet (p < 0.05). Only the glutamic acid and total essential amino acid (∑EAA) contents were significantly influenced by the ascending dietary protein levels (p < 0.05). The relative GH expression of the carp muscle significantly decreased with the increase in the dietary protein level up to 310 g/kg, and then it significantly increased (p < 0.05). In the intestines, the peak relative TOR expression was observed on the 220 g/kg protein diet, while the relative 4EBP1 expression was significantly influenced by the dietary protein level up to 250 g/kg (p < 0.05). In the muscle, the peak relative TOR and 4EBP1 expression levels were observed on the 250 g/kg protein diet. In gills, the lowest relative Rhag, Rhbg, and Rhcg1 expression levels were observed on the 250 g/kg protein diet. Based on all of the aforementioned results, the optimal dietary protein level for Cyprinus carpio haematopterus (160.24 ± 15.56 g) is 250-280 g/kg.

Evaluation of Amino Acid Profiles of Rice Genotypes under Different Salt Stress Conditions.

Amino acids are building blocks of proteins that are essential components of a wide range of metabolic pathways in plant species, including rice species. Previous studies only considered changes in the amino acid content of rice under NaCl stress. Here, we evaluated profiles of essential and non-essential amino acids in four rice genotype seedlings in the presence of three types of salts, namely NaCl, CaCl2, and MgCl2. Amino acid profiles in 14-day-old rice seedlings were determined. The total essential and non-essential amino acid contents in cultivar Cheongcheong were considerably increased upon NaCl and MgCl2 application, whereas total amino acids were increased upon NaCl, CaCl2, and MgCl2 application in the cultivar Nagdong. The total amino acid content was significantly lower in the salt-sensitive cultivar IR28 and salt-tolerant Pokkali under different salt stress conditions. Glycine was not detected in any of the rice genotypes. We observed that cultivars with the same origin respond similarly to each other under salinity stress conditions: cultivars Cheongcheong and Nagdong were found to show increased total amino acid content, whereas the content in foreign cultivars IR28 and Pokkali was found to decrease. Thus, our findings showed that the amino acid profile of each rice cultivar might depend on the origin, immune level, and genetic makeup of the respective cultivar.

Yellow mealworms (Tenebrio molitor) as an alternative animal feed source: A comprehensive characterization of nutritional values and the larval gut microbiome

The present study aimed to evaluate the potential of yellow mealworms (Tenebrio molitor) reared using local agricultural by-products as an alternative feed for monogastric and ruminant animals. The mealworms were raised on oat-based (OB) and wheat-based (WB) by-products, and their nutritional properties and in vitro digestibility were evaluated, simulating the digestive system of both monogastric and ruminant animals. Furthermore, the gut microbiome of mealworm larvae was studied. Crude fat and most minerals were higher in larvae fed WB than those fed OB (P < 0.05), reflecting the nutritional profiles of the substrates. Larvae and pupae generally shared a common nutritional profile: lower contents of crude fiber, crude protein, and total amino acids, and higher crude fat, total fatty acids, and gross energy levels compared to adults (P < 0.05). Total essential and non-essential amino acid contents in larvae and pupae were similar to those of a commercial soybean meal (SBM). The in vitro dry matter and protein digestibility of larvae and pupae were similar to SBM and significantly higher (30%) than the values for adults for both monogastrics and ruminants. Firmicutes and Proteobacteria were the most abundant gut microbial phyla in larvae, and the gut microbiome revealed remarkable plasticity in response to altered nutritional status, such as starvation. A new insight into the nutrition of mealworm's metamorphic stages fed on agricultural by-products and how feeding modulates the larval gut microbiome provides an innovative approach to exploit mealworms as a sustainable and alternative animal feed source in the future.

Effect of processing and substitution levels of Ukwa (Treculia africana) on the anti-nutrient factors, in-vitro starch and protein digestibility and total essential amino-acid content of snack bars

IntroductionUkwa (Treculia africana) is an indigenous edible seed. It is a strategic store of vital food nutrients that are available during a specific crucial time of the year when reliable sources of these nutrients are under cultivation and extremely scarce. In the past, only poor rural residents used to eat it, but today it is not only a specialty meal enjoyed by Nigeria's elite and metropolitan residents but also a source of foreign exchange.MethodsIn this study, Ukwa was processed into whole, dehulled, malted and defatted flours. Maize and coconut flours were blended with the respective Ukwa flours at the ratio of 0:95:5, 20:75:5, 25:70:5, 30:65:5, 35:60:5 and 95:0:5 for Ukwa flour:Maize flour:Coconut grits respectively for development of snack bars. A two-factor factorial experiment in a completely randomized block design was applied for the study of the effect of processing, substitution levels of Ukwa flour and the interaction of the two variables on the responses analyzed. Anti-nutrient content and proximate compositions of the flours were determined using standard procedures.ResultsProcessing significantly reduced the anti-nutrient content and increased protein content of Ukwa flours. Up to 51.72% reduction of tannin was obtained by dehulling. Defatting, malting and dehulling resulted in 18.75, 34.37 and 65.62% reduction respectively in oxalate content. Highest reduction was obtained by dehulling, and was 70.69% in phytate, 79.95% in saponin, and 48.17% in trypsin inhibitor activity. Crude protein content of snack bars had 16.16 to 25.46% substitution main effect, and 19.43 to 22.65% processing main effect. In-vitro protein and starch digestibility increased with processing and decreased with increase in substituted level of Ukwa in the blend. Improvement, up to 9.97% by dehulling, 9.86% by malting and 8.64% by defatting, was recorded in in-vitro protein digestibility. An increase of 3.00 to 24.10% by defatting, 5.90 to 29.09% by malting and 9.70 to 31.80% by dehulling was recorded in in-vitro starch digestibility.DiscussionOur study revealed that, all the processing methods adopted reduced the anti-nutrient content of ukwa flours. Protein content and total essential amino-acid (TEAA) showed significant increase with increased substituted level of ukwa flour. In-vitro protein and starch digestibility decreased with increase substituted level of ukwa flour. Snack bars formulated with 20% Ukwa showed the highest in-vitro starch and protein digestibility irrespective of the method of processing. Malted Ukwa based snack bars recorded the highest values of TEAA. Processing of this nutritious seeds and use of its flour to develop snack bars could enhance utilization and give convenience to consumers and encourage extensive farming of the crop.

Physicochemical Characteristics, Techno-Functionalities, and Amino Acid Profile of Prionoplus reticularis (Huhu) Larvae and Pupae Protein Extracts.

The amino acid profile, techno-functionalities (foaming stability/capacity, emulsion stability/capacity, solubility, and coagulation), and physicochemical characteristics (colour, particle size, surface hydrophobicity, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry) of protein extracts (PE) obtained from Prionoplus reticularis (Huhu grub) larvae (HLPE) and pupae (HPPE) were investigated. Total essential amino acid contents of 386.7 and 411.7 mg/g protein were observed in HLPE and HPPE, respectively. The essential amino acid index (EAAI) was 3.3 and 3.4 for HLPE and HPPE, respectively, demonstrating their nutritional equivalence. A unique nitrogen-to-protein conversion constant, k, and the corresponding protein content of the extracts were 6.1 and 6.4 and 72.1% and 76.5%, respectively. HLPE (37.1 J/g) had a lower enthalpy than HPPE (54.1 J/g). HPPE (1% w/v) exhibited a foaming capacity of 50.7%, which was higher than that of HLPE (41.7%) at 150 min. The foaming stability was 75.3% for HLPE and 73.1% for HPPE after 120 min. Both protein extracts (1% w/v) had emulsifying capacities that were 96.8% stable after 60 min. Therefore, protein extracts from Huhu larvae and pupae are of a good nutritional quality (based on their EAAI) and have techno-functional properties, such as foaming and emulsification, that afford them potential for certain food technology applications.

Dietary metabolizable energy and crude protein levels affect pectoral muscle composition and gut microbiota in native growing chickens

The experiment aimed to study effects of dietary metabolizable energy (ME) and crude protein (CP) levels alone and in interaction on performance, pectoral muscle composition and gut microbiota in native growing chickens. A total of 648 10-wks-old Beijing-You Chicken (BYC) female chickens were randomly allocated to 9 groups with 6 replicates per group and 12 chickens per replicate, and the chickens were fed with a 3×3 factorial diets (3 levels of dietary ME: 11.31 MJ/kg, 11.51 MJ/kg, 11.71 MJ/kg; and 3 levels of dietary CP: 14%, 15%, 16%). The results showed that dietary ME and CP levels didn't affect average feed intake (AFI), body weight gain, feed gain ratio (P > 0.05), but ME level significantly affected the AFI (P < 0.05); mortality rate of 11.31 MJ/kg group was the highest (P < 0.05). Dietary ME, CP levels, and the interaction significantly affected pectoral CP and crude fat (CF) content of the growing chickens (P < 0.01). Dietary CP level had opposite effects on pectoral CP and CF content (P < 0.01). The 16% CP increased the pectoral CF content, which may have a negative impact on meat flavor. Dietary ME level affected 11 types of pectoral free amino acids (FAA) contents, including aspartic acid, L-threonine (P < 0.05), also amino acid classification, for example, total amino acid (TAA) and essential amino acid (EAA) content (P < 0.05). The 11.51 MJ/kg group had the highest TAA, EAA, delicious amino acid (DAA) content and EAA percentage (P < 0.05), while 11.31 MJ/kg group had the lowest bitter amino acid (BAA) content and BAA percentage and the highest fresh and sweet amino acid (FSAA) percentage (P < 0.05). Dietary CP level significantly affected glutamine and tyrosine content (P < 0.05). The interaction of dietary ME and CP level affected C20:3n6 content, saturated fatty acid (SFA), and unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) percentage (P < 0.05). The CP level significantly affected SFA percentage (P < 0.05). The 16% CP level increased the diversity of gut microbiota, but at the same time increased the relative abundance of Proteobacteria (P < 0.05), which is a sign of microbiota disorder. The increase of dietary ME level resulted in a gradual decrease in the diversity and relative abundance of gut microbiota. In conclusion, the present study suggested that the medium dietary ME (11.51 MJ/kg) and low CP (14-15%) levels can be helpful for enhancing pectoral muscle composition, increase meat quality such as flavor and nutritional value, and benefit for gut microbiota in native growing chickens.

Biochemical composition, protein quality and amino acid profile of red‐toothed triggerfish (Odonus niger), an underutilised fish

SummaryThe present study aims to assess the seasonal and sex‐wise variations in proximate composition, amino acid profile and protein quality of Odonus niger, which will be the first report for this species. High‐protein (15.15%–20.05%) and low‐fat contents (0.46%–1.94%) were observed for the species studied. The highest protein was observed in September and December for male and female fishes respectively. The total essential amino acid (TEAA) content was 58.65–77.41 mg g−1 (males) and 60.25–77.38 mg g−1 (females) and leucine was the predominant EAA in both the sexes. The EAA index and biological value ranged between 17.50–22.56 and 7.38–12.89 for males and 18.02–22.48 and 7.94–12.80 for female fishes respectively. In male, TEAA followed Sept&gt;Jan &gt; Dec &gt; Aug &gt; Oct &gt; Nov and in female it was Oct &gt; Sept&gt;Dec &gt; Nov &gt; Aug &gt; Jan. The chemical score for histidine and threonine was more than the FAO recommended values. Overall, the nutritional quality of this unconventional species proved very good and comparable with other commercially important lean fishes.

Research on meat quality of Qianhua Mutton Merino sheep and Small-tail Han sheep.

In this study, we analyzed the meat quality of Qianhua Mutton Merino sheep (QHMM). QHMM and Small-tail Han sheep (STH) were selected as the test animals. After slaughtering, the longissimus dorsi muscles were tested to determine the nutrient composition, content of amino acid, fatty acid, and muscle fiber diameter. According to the nutrient test result, the protein content of QHMM was higher than that of STH. However, the fat content was significantly lower (P < 0.05) than STH. Additionally, total amino acid content, total essential amino acid content, total half-essential amino acid content, total non-essential amino acid content, and flavor amino acid content of QHMM were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those of STH. Moreover, the contents of C22:1 n9, C18:2 n6, C18:3 n6, C22:6 n6, and C10:0 of the muscle in QHMM were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those of STH. Furthermore, the essential amino acid score, the total unsaturated-to-saturated fatty acid ratio, and the polyunsaturated-to-saturated fatty acid ratio of QHMM were greater than those of STH. Additionally, the muscle fiber diameter of QHMM was considerably lower (P < 0.01) than that of STH. In conclusion, the meat quality of QHMM was better than that of STH.

Broken Xinyang Maojian tea supplementation in a high-fat diet improves the growth performance, flesh quality and lipid metabolism of Yellow River carp (Cyprinus carpio)

This study explored the protective effect of broken tea on growth, antioxidant capacity, nutritional composition and lipid metabolism in fish fed a high-fat (HF) diet. A total of 450 Cyprinus carpio (18.79 ± 3.16 g) were divided into five groups and fed for 8 weeks: the control diet group (C), HF diet group (HF), and the HF diet plus 1 %, 2 % and 3 % broken Xinyang Maojian tea (BTMaojian) groups (HF+1%BT, HF+2 %BT and HF+3 %BT). We found that the weight gain rate (WGR) of carp was increased significantly in the HF+ 3 %BT group compared with the control group (P < 0.05). The elevated hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA), alanine aminotransaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and triglyceride (TG) in the HF group were attenuated by BTMaojian treatment (P < 0.05). Moreover, the low total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) content in serum and hepatopancreas in the HF group were significantly increased by the addition of BTMaojian (P < 0.05). The total essential amino acid content in muscle was significantly increased in the HF+ 2%BT group compared with the HF group (P < 0.05). Additionally, the highest linoleic acid content in muscle was found in the HF+ 3%BT group. The excessive hepatopancreas fat accumulation caused by the HF diet was alleviated in the 2 % and 3 % BTMaojian supplementation groups. The mRNA level of most key lipid metabolism genes in the hepatopancreas, intestinal tract, muscle and adipose tissue tended to be increased in the HF group and decreased in the BTMaojian treatment groups. Taken together, these results indicated that the addition of 2 % or 3 % BTMaojian likely positively affected growth performance, enhanced flesh quality, and alleviated harmful symptoms, including low antioxidant capacity and excessive hepatic fat accumulation in carp fed a HF diet. Thus, BTMaojian can be used as a green feed additive in C. carpio feed.

Comprehensive Evaluation of Clinical Application of Balanced Compound Amino Acid Injection.

BackgroundTo provide a reference for hospital drug selection and rational clinical drug selection based on the evaluation of the safety, nutritional quality, and economy of 27 manufacturers of five varieties (18AA, 18AA-I, 18AA-II, 18AA-IV, 18AA-V) of balanced compound amino acids for injection and (18AA-IIoriginal research).MethodsThe safety of compound amino acids for injection was evaluated by comparing the antioxidant sulfite contents. Based on the amino acid scoring standard mode and the whole egg protein mode as proposed by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization (FAO/WHO) in 1973, we compared the formula. The first limiting amino acid content and the comprehensive quality of the total essential amino acid (EAA) contents of the six formulations were studied. The price/content ratio was used to evaluate their economy.ResultsSimilar variety produced by different manufacturers have the same formula and contents of balanced compound amino acids for injection. Safety: 18AA-IIoriginal research and 18AA-II had the lowest sulfite content. Compared with 18AA-IIoriginal research, the sulfite content of 18AA-I, 18AA, 18AA-V, and 18AA-IV were higher (10 times, 16.67 times, 16.67 times, and 33.33 times, respectively). The lower the sulfite content, the safer the product. Nutritional quality: The proportions of amino acids in the five varieties of compound amino acid injection were all suitable. The order of the first limiting amino acids for the formulations was 18AA-IIoriginal research = 18AA-II>18AA >18AA-I = 18AA-IV>18AA-V. The order of the EAA values for the formulations was 18AA-IIoriginal research = 18AA-II>18AA>18AA-I > 18AA-IV > 18AA-V. The overall effectiveness order was 18AA-IIoriginal research = 18AA-II>18AA > 18AA-I>18AA-IV>18AA-V. Economy: Among the 27 manufacturers, 12 manufacturers had a price/content ratio higher than that of 18AA-II original research manufacturers, and 15 manufacturers had a price/content ratio lower than original research manufacturers.ConclusionThrough its security, effectiveness, and economy of the comprehensive research, we recommended 18AA-II and 18AA-IIoriginal research with high safety, efficacy, and reasonable price as the first choice. 18AA and 18AA-I with better safety and reasonable price, secondary recommendation. 18AA-IV or 18AA-V with poor safety, efficacy, and economy are not recommended.

Amino Acid Contents of Some Eggplant Species Grown in Different Region

In this study, amino acid contents of eggplant samples grown in Turkey (dark and light coloured eggplant) and Nigeria (white garden egg, bitter apple and bitter tomato) were determined by HPLC. Amino acid amounts in eggplant samples ranged from 0.02 to 8.41 mg g-1 dw. The lowest amount was determined as leucine in dark tomato, while the highest amount was determined as lysine in white garden egg sample. The total amino acid amounts in the white garden egg, bitter apple, dark eggplant, light eggplant and bitter tomato samples were found to be 54.41±3.90, 44.04±3.46, 43.22±3.23, 33.37±2.58 and 59.91±4.44 mg g-1 dw. In addition, essential total amino acid contents were found to be 26.36±1.91, 23.30±1.82, 25.00±1.78, 19.31±1.44 and 27.21±2.03 mg g-1 dw, respectively. Lowest total essential amino acid content was found in light eggplant (19.31±1.44 mg g-1 dw) grown in Turkey, while the highest in bitter tomato sample (27.21±2.03 mg g-1 dw) grown in Nigeria. The differences observed in amino acid contents of eggplant varieties grown both in Turkey and Nigeria can be attributed to the differences in their genetic makeup and geographical origins and climate conditions.Keywords: Eggplant, essential amino acid, total amino acid, white garden egg, bitter apple, bitter tomato

Effects of Defatting Methods on the Physicochemical Properties of Proteins Extracted from Hermetiaillucens Larvae.

In this study, we investigated the effects of various defatting methods, including organic solvent (aqueous, acetone, ethanol, and hexane) extraction and physical (cold pressure) extraction, on the nutritional, physicochemical, and functional properties of proteins extracted from Hermetia illucens larvae. The total essential amino acid contents were higher with cold pressure protein extraction than other treatments. The surface hydrophobicity with cold pressure treatment was the lowest, and there were no significant differences among the other treatments. The protein solubility after defatting with organic solvent was higher than for other treatments. The nonreduced protein band at 50 kDa of the defatted protein prepared using organic solvent was fainter than in the cold pressure treatment. The cold pressure-defatted protein showed the highest emulsifying capacity, and the water extracted protein showed the lowest emulsifying capacity. Although organic solvents may be efficient for defatting proteins extracted from insects, organic solvents have detrimental effects on the human body. In addition, the organic solvent extraction method requires a considerable amount of time for lipid extraction. Based on our results, using cold pressure protein extraction on edible insect proteins is ecofriendly and economical due to the reduced degreasing time and its potential industrial applications.

Replacement of dietary fish meal with Clostridium autoethanogenum protein on growth performance, digestion, mTOR pathways and muscle quality of abalone Haliotis discus hannai

The present study was conducted to evaluate the replacement of dietary fish meal (FM) with Clostridium autoethanogenum protein (CAP) on abalone Haliotis discus hannai. Five isonitrogenous and isolipidic experimental diets with graded levels of FM replaced by CAP (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%, respectively) were fed to abalone (initial weight: 21.83 ± 0.25 g) for 110 days. The five diets were named as CAP0, CAP25, CAP50, CAP75 and CAP100, respectively. The results showed that total replacement of dietary FM by CAP did not significantly affect the growth of abalone compared with the control. The highest weight gain rate was observed in the CAP25 group. Compared to the CAP0 group, the CAP25 group also had significantly higher total essential amino acids content in muscle and trypsin activity in digestive gland. The expressions of mammalian target of rapamycin, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and threonine kinase/protein B were significantly upregulated, and the expression of AMP-activated protein kinase α2 was significantly downregulated in the muscle of abalone in the CAP25 and CAP50 groups. The crude protein content, hardness, hydroxyproline content, pH value, pyridinium crosslink content, activities of lysyl hydroxylase and prolyl 4-hydroxylase in muscle were significantly elevated in the CAP25 and CAP50 groups. Considering the growth performance, digestion, mTOR pathways and muscle quality, 25% replacement of dietary FM by CAP (4.1% of dietary CAP inclusion level) was recommended for abalone.

Evaluation of soybean stinkbug (Riptortus pedestris) powder, as a food ingredient and its nutritional composition

Riptortus pedestris is a potential edible insect, and its powder can be considered as an ideal nutrient source. This study sought to determine the nutritive quality of the powder from Riptortus pedestris. The protein and crude fat content of dried R. pedestris powder were 77.61 g 100 g&lt;sup&gt;–1&lt;/sup&gt; and 18.01 g 100 g&lt;sup&gt;–1&lt;/sup&gt;, respectively. It contained 18 amino acids and 6 fatty acids comparable to eggs and soybean. The total essential amino acid contents could meet the requirement of preschool children and adults. The unsaturated fatty acid content in R. pedestris powder was comparatively more than saturated fatty acid content. Essential unsaturated fatty acids content, especially linoleic acid, was quite high than egg or some other edible stinkbugs. Additionally, R. pedestris powder was rich in various mineral substances, and the macro-element and micro-element contents were more balanced than other edible stinkbugs. These results suggest that R. pedestris powder could be a highly nutritious, alternative novel nutrition source for humans.